RESUMEN
Food consumption of 177 rural and 94 urban subjects (98 aged 12 years, 105 aged 35-44 years, and 68 aged 65-74 years) was studied in rural and urban Ilala district, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, to characterize rural-urban differences in the meal and snack patterns and intakes of energy and nutrients. Food consumption of each subject was studied using 24 h dietary recall once during the rainy season and once during the dry season. Micro Nutrica PC database, expanded with East African food composition tables, was used in the nutrient intake analyses. All urban and 92% of rural subjects had three daily meals, and snacks were as commonly eaten in both areas of the survey. Foods of animal origin, e.g. meat and milk, were seldom used by the rural subjects. The WHO/FAO recommended minimal daily allowances of energy and protein were not reached by 26 and 15% of the rural subjects, respectively (10 and 4% of the urban subjects). Mean intake of folic acid by rural subjects was clearly below that of the urban subjects. Intakes of sucrose, mono- and disaccharides combined, polysaccharides, fibre and cholesterol differed markedly in all age groups in rural and urban circumstances (P < 0.05). Intake of fat and saturated fat was extremely low in all age groups, particularly in the rural subjects. The data suggest that (sub)clinical protein-energy malnutrition is prevelant in Tanzania, and that the high intakes of sucrose and cholesterol and the low intake of fibre by the urban subjects may increase the prevalence of dental caries and cardiovascular diseases in that population.
Asunto(s)
Ingestión de Energía , Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Alimentos , Población Rural , Población Urbana , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Niño , Femenino , Alimentos/clasificación , Humanos , Masculino , Estaciones del Año , Tanzanía/etnologíaRESUMEN
The relationship between diet and dental caries in a Tanzanian population was studied. Mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, yeasts, salivary flow rate as well as buffer effect were also analyzed. A random sample of 12-, 35-44- and 65- to 74- year olds was drawn from Msongola (rural) and Ukombozi (urban), Dar-es-Salaam. The mean of two 24-h recalls was used for the assessment of food intake. The percentage of those with at least one carious tooth ranged from 30% in the 12-year-olds to 80% in the oldest age group. The mean number of decayed teeth (DT) increased significantly with age (P = 0.000) but was not significantly associated with the area of residence. DT increased significantly (P = 0.048) with the number of snacks per day and was also associated with dietary sucrose (P = 0.025), total carbohydrates (P = 0.002) and fiber (P = 0.002). Among salivary variables lactobacilli (P = 0.000) correlated positively with DT. Our study did not reveal any strong association between total energy intake and dental caries in rural or urban populations in Tanzania but snacking and sucrose intake were significantly associated with caries, in particular in the urban area.
Asunto(s)
Caries Dental/etiología , Dieta , Lactobacillus/aislamiento & purificación , Saliva/fisiología , Streptococcus mutans/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Tampones (Química) , Niño , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Índice CPO , Caries Dental/microbiología , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Fibras de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Sacarosa en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ingestión de Energía , Conducta Alimentaria , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Salud Rural , Saliva/metabolismo , Tasa de Secreción , Tanzanía , Salud UrbanaRESUMEN
The association of flow rate and biochemical and microbiological characteristics of saliva with diet was studied in 83 12-year-old children and in 127 adults (84 in the age group 35-44 years, 43 in the age group 65-74 years) living in rural and urban communities in Tanzania. No significant differences were observed between the salivary flow rates of the rural and urban subjects. The mean salivary flow rates were slightly lower in women than in men and significantly lower in the 12-year-old children than in the two older age groups (p < 0.05). The buffer effect was higher in the rural than the urban population. Further, it was lower in women than in men (p < 0.001). Salivary protein, IgG, and sialic acid concentrations were significantly higher in the rural than in the urban population, whereas amylase activity and IgA concentrations were lower. Microbiological studies showed mutans streptococci in 97% of the rural and in 91% of the urban subjects (n.s.). Lactobacilli grew significantly less often in the rural than urban samples (p < 0.01). Analyses of 24-hour dietary recalls showed that the rural and urban diets differed. The proteins in the rural diet were largely of plant origin, while in the urban diet animal proteins dominated. The rural diet contained also less sucrose but more fibre (mainly from grain) than the urban diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento , Dieta , Salud Rural , Saliva/química , Saliva/metabolismo , Sexo , Salud Urbana , Adulto , Anciano , Amilasas/análisis , Niño , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Fibras de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Humanos , Lactobacillus/aislamiento & purificación , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico , Saliva/microbiología , Proteínas y Péptidos Salivales/análisis , Tasa de Secreción , Ácidos Siálicos/análisis , Streptococcus mutans/aislamiento & purificación , TanzaníaRESUMEN
The prevalence and distribution of signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorders (CMD) were studied in a random sample of 100 adult Tanzanians. The associations between subjective and objective findings were analysed. Signs and symptoms of CMD were assessed by interview and clinical examination. Twenty-six per cent of subjects reported at least one symptom, and in 40% at least one clinical sign was present. No significant differences were observed between the sexes. Tenderness of the lateral pterygoid area and crepitation of the temporomandibular joint increased significantly with age. Several significant associations between subjective and objective findings were observed. The distribution of the signs and symptoms of CMD in Tanzanians was not dissimilar to that observed in the developed countries. The prevalence was not high by comparison, but sufficient to lend credence to the general view that CMD is a universal problem.