RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to describe the sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of a group of transgender women and travestis (TGW) with a history of incarceration and the institutional and social context of this experience in Brazil. METHODS: The analyzed data were derived from the TransOdara Study, a cross-sectional study conducted in five Brazilian capitals from December 2019 to July 2021. Participants were recruited using the Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) technique, in which, after an initial formative and exploratory stage, the first participants were identified; in turn, these participants recruited up to six other transgender women and travestis for the research. The study's outcome was the experience of incarceration throughout life, captured through the question: "Have you ever been arrested in your life?" RESULTS: A total of 1,245 TGW were interviewed, of which 20.3% (n=253) experienced incarceration. Incarceration was more frequent among those aged 33 to 42 years (35.6%), with lower level of education (45.5%, p<0.001), engaged in informal work (30.3%), without a partner (67.2%), and among those who reported illicit drug use (66.4%). The majority (60.9%) of TGW were incarcerated with cisgender men, and the most common reasons for imprisonment were drug trafficking (30.4%) followed by robbery (29.2%). Over a quarter of the interviewees (26.3%) experienced assault, and 13.8% reported experiencing sexual violence during incarceration. CONCLUSION: The results emphasize the high prevalence of incarceration among TGW. This incarceration takes place in male wards and in a context of high rates of physical and sexual violence.
Asunto(s)
Prisioneros , Personas Transgénero , Humanos , Estudios Transversales , Personas Transgénero/estadística & datos numéricos , Personas Transgénero/psicología , Brasil/epidemiología , Adulto , Femenino , Masculino , Prisioneros/estadística & datos numéricos , Prisioneros/psicología , Adulto Joven , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adolescente , Factores Socioeconómicos , EncarcelamientoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of the present study is to describe the sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of a group of transgender women and travestis (TGW) with a history of incarceration and the institutional and social context of this experience in Brazil. Methods: The analyzed data were derived from the TransOdara Study, a cross-sectional study conducted in five Brazilian capitals from December 2019 to July 2021. Participants were recruited using the Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) technique, in which, after an initial formative and exploratory stage, the first participants were identified; in turn, these participants recruited up to six other transgender women and travestis for the research. The study's outcome was the experience of incarceration throughout life, captured through the question: "Have you ever been arrested in your life?" Results: A total of 1,245 TGW were interviewed, of which 20.3% (n=253) experienced incarceration. Incarceration was more frequent among those aged 33 to 42 years (35.6%), with lower level of education (45.5%, p<0.001), engaged in informal work (30.3%), without a partner (67.2%), and among those who reported illicit drug use (66.4%). The majority (60.9%) of TGW were incarcerated with cisgender men, and the most common reasons for imprisonment were drug trafficking (30.4%) followed by robbery (29.2%). Over a quarter of the interviewees (26.3%) experienced assault, and 13.8% reported experiencing sexual violence during incarceration. Conclusion: The results emphasize the high prevalence of incarceration among TGW. This incarceration takes place in male wards and in a context of high rates of physical and sexual violence.
RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo é descrever as características sociodemográficas e comportamentais de um grupo de mulheres trans e travestis (MTT) com histórico de encarceramento e o contexto institucional e social desta experiência no Brasil. Métodos: Os dados são provenientes do Estudo TransOdara, de delineamento transversal, realizado em 5 capitais brasileiras no período de dezembro de 2019 a julho de 2021. As participantes foram recrutadas pela técnica Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS), onde, após uma etapa inicial formativa e exploratória, as primeiras participantes foram identificadas; elas, por sua vez, recrutavam até outras seis mulheres trans e travestis para a pesquisa. O desfecho do estudo foi a experiência de encarceramento durante a vida apreendido através da pergunta: "Você alguma vez na vida já foi presa?". Resultados: Um total de 1.245 MTT foram entrevistadas. Destas, 20,3% (n=253) experienciaram o cárcere. O encarceramento foi mais frequente entre as entrevistadas de 33 a 42 anos (35,6%), com menor escolaridade (45,5%), em situação de trabalho informal (30,3%) e entre aquelas que reportaram uso de drogas ilícitas (66,4%). A maioria (60,9%) das MTT ficou presa com homens cisgênero, e o motivo da prisão mais frequente foi o tráfico de drogas (30,4%), seguido de roubo (29,2%). Mais de um quarto das entrevistadas (26,3%) sofreu agressão, e 13,8% relataram ter sofrido violência sexual durante o encarceramento. Conclusão: Os resultados destacam a elevada prevalência de encarceramento entre MTT. Este encarceramento se dá em alas masculinas e em um contexto de altas taxas de violência física e sexual.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: Este artigo objetiva dissertar sobre a situação da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) no Brasil, comparando antes e depois da pandemia do Covid-19. Métodos: Utilizando abordagem qualitativa, foi realizada revisão bibliográfica de 2017 a 2021 para captar estudos e experiências relacionadas a SAN no contexto brasileiro. Foram incluídos artigos que continham análises sobre a SAN no Brasil. Resultados e discussão: Os dados apontam que o Brasil já enfrentava uma situação de Insegurança Alimentar e Nutricional (InSAN) anterior à pandemia e que a SAN sofreu intensas modificações ao longo dos últimos anos, seja no aspecto de garantias conceituais e políticas em torno do termo e/ ou na intensidade prática e contextual ao qual as populações são beneficiadas ou afetadas por um sistema alimentar desigual. As iniciativas do setor público para a Segurança Alimentar devem visar questões relacionadas às condições de trabalho e renda, como medidas a serem tomadas a médio prazo, uma vez que não há escassez de alimentos, mas sim a falta de acesso. Para que essas medidas sejam possíveis, torna-se imprescindível assegurar políticas de proteção aos indivíduos, para que possam ter condições financeiras de adquirir alimentos seguros. Foi considerado que o país já enfrentava situações de InSAN, mas observou-se que a pandemia trouxe impactos no curto prazo que agravam essa situação, tais como maiores ocorrências de situações de fome e maior dificuldade de adquirir alimentos. Ainda não é possível prever reverberações da pandemia na SAN nos próximos anos, visto que ela depende de políticas públicas para sua garantia e manutenção. (AU)
Objective: This article aims to delimit the situation of Food and Nutritional Security (FNS) in Brazil, comparing before and after the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: Using a qualitative approach, a literature review was carried out to capture studies and experiences related to FNS in the Brazilian context in the period of 2017 to 2021. Articles that had analysis about FNS in Brazil were included. Results and discussion: There was indication by datas that Brazil was already facin Food and Nutrition Insecurity (FNI) before the pandemic situation, and FNS has undergone intense changes over the past few years, whether in terms of conceptual and political guarantees around the term and/or in the practical and contextual intensity to which populations benefit and are affected by an unequal food system. Public sector initiatives for Food Security must address issues related to working conditions and income, as measures to be taken in the medium term, since there is no shortage of food, but lack of access. For these measures to be possible, it is essential to ensure worker protection policies, so that they can be financially able to purchase safe food. Was considered that Brazil already facing FNI situations, but it was observed that the pandemic produced impacts in short term period that exacerbate this situation, as more famine situation and more difficult to buy food. It's still not possible to predict the reverberations of pandemic in FNS in the coming years, as it depends on public policies for its guarantee and maintenance. (AU)