RESUMEN
Two widely known antivaccine inventions are discussed: "vaccination is accompanied by adverse effects, which exceeded complications of respective infections on frequency and severity" and "vaccines represent appalling conglomerate of toxic substances, which is unnaturally to administer to children". Informational and psychological nature of dissemination of these inventions is analyzed. On the basis of recent literature data conclusion was made about the absence of real toxicity (including neurotoxicity), carcinogenicity, allergenicity and autopathogenicity of phenol, folmaldehyde, aluminium hydroxide, Twin 80, squalen (MF59) and ethylmercury in concentrations found in vaccines of national immunization schedule.
Asunto(s)
Comunicación , Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos , Vacunas/efectos adversos , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/efectos adversos , Programas de Gobierno , Humanos , Programas de InmunizaciónRESUMEN
Analysis of publications about real and suggested contamination of polio vaccines produced in 1950s and 1960s with simian viruses--SV40 and SIV--is performed. Factual data are discussed and antivaccination fictions about calamitous consequences of really occurred contamination with SV40 and concocted contamination with SIV are refuted.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación de Medicamentos , Vacunas contra Poliovirus/efectos adversos , Virus 40 de los Simios/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , ADN Viral/análisis , Humanos , Vacunación Masiva/efectos adversos , Infecciones por Polyomavirus/virología , Virus 40 de los Simios/genética , Virus 40 de los Simios/inmunología , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/virologíaRESUMEN
Open randomized controlled clinical trials in which 161 patients were included showed that Affinoleukin (commercial drug which contains low molecular weight proteins obtained from extract of human leukocytes membranes) was effective in treatment of psoriasis. Affinoleukin, when added to regular treatment, accelerated the establishment of remission and its duration by restoration of impaired regulatory and defensive functions of T-lymphocytes, particularly, gamma deltaT- and NKT-cells as well as monocytes and NK-cells. Regular treatment led to marked positive effect in 45% of patients with severe psoriasis and psoriasis of intermediate severity. Addition of Affinoleukin in combined treatment increased proportion of patients with marked positive effect to 72%. Magnitude of Affinoleukin effect was directly related with its dose and severity of psoriasis. Course of Affinoleukin injections (up to 30 units in adults) is worthwhile to use as immunobiological component of combined treatment of exacerbations of severe psoriasis and psoriasis of intermediate severity.
Asunto(s)
Productos Biológicos/uso terapéutico , Psoriasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Productos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Productos Biológicos/química , Recuento de Células , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Inyecciones Subcutáneas , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Leucocitos/química , Masculino , Proteínas de la Membrana/administración & dosificación , Proteínas de la Membrana/química , Proteínas de la Membrana/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas de la Membrana/uso terapéutico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Peso Molecular , Monocitos/citología , Psoriasis/sangre , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T gamma-delta , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Resultado del TratamientoAsunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Tolerancia Inmunológica/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunidad Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Factor de Transferencia/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos/farmacocinética , Biofarmacia , Donantes de Sangre , Citocinas/fisiología , Epítopos , Humanos , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Factor de Transferencia/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
The phenomenon of the selective adhesion of staphylococci to immobilized human plasminogen was discovered and studied in the reaction of bacteriosorption. The study, made with S.aureus cells, strain Cowan 1, revealed that the degree of adhesion depended on the amount of immobilized protein and the time of its contact with bacterial suspension. The dose-dependent inhibition of adhesion with plasminogen and plasmin solutions, found to occur also with IgG, was demonstrated. Staphylococcal protein A did not inhibit adhesion. The plasminogen-binding receptor structure was shown to be highly sensitive to proteolysis, which is indicative of its protein nature.
Asunto(s)
Precursores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Enzimas Inmovilizadas/metabolismo , Plasminógeno/metabolismo , Staphylococcus/metabolismo , Marcadores de Afinidad , Adhesión Bacteriana , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Portador Sano/microbiología , Humanos , Receptores de Superficie Celular/metabolismo , Receptores del Activador de Plasminógeno Tipo Uroquinasa , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Staphylococcus/patogenicidadRESUMEN
The affinity binding of staphylococci with fibronectin (FN), fibrinogen (FG) and IgG was studied by means of the bacteriosorption test developed by the authors. For this purpose, the suspensions of staphylococci of the strains under study in physiological saline containing 0.1% of Tween-20 was applied in drops onto the areas of polystyrene Petri dishes sensitized with consecutive dilutions of FN, FG, gamma globulin (GL) and ovalbumin (control). The results of the test, manifested as spots formed by the adsorption of staphylococci, were evaluated by visual examination. The test showed that all 62 strains of coagulase-positive staphylococci (S. aureus) were adsorbed on immobilized FG and FN, and 49 of them (79%) were also adsorbed on immobilized GL. The specificity of adsorption was confirmed by negative controls and by the inhibition of the reaction with the solutions of 4 above-mentioned proteins. Out of 32 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci (S. saprophyticus and S. epidermidis), 20 strains (62.5%) were not adsorbed on any of the proteins, and the remaining 12 strains were nonspecifically adsorbed on all 4 proteins. This new test is proposed for use as an auxiliary method for the identification and typing of micro-organisms.
Asunto(s)
Fibrinógeno/metabolismo , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Staphylococcus/metabolismo , gammaglobulinas/metabolismo , Absorción , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Humanos , Ovalbúmina/metabolismo , Unión Proteica , Receptores de Superficie Celular/metabolismo , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Syrian hamsters subcutaneously inoculated with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus were given transfer-factor (TF) preparations derived by different methods. The preparation of specific TF was obtained from the blood leukocytes of TBE convalescents. The nonspecific TF preparations were made of the lymphocytes of the tonsils removed from children with chronic tonsillitis outside the TBE focus. The effect of the TF preparations depended on the TBE virus strain and dose, TF preparation dosage schedule and characteristics. The specific TF preparations stimulated the development of acute fatal TBE after 3 injections at intervals of 0, 48 and 96 hours postinoculation with the virus. The preparations of nonspecific TF potentiate the infection after preliminary (24 hours) and simultaneous inoculation of the virus, producing transformation of asymptomatic infection to subacute TBE or exacerbation of the subacute process. A significant inhibition of TBE virus reproduction in spleen and brain tissues is observed after inoculation of a nonspecific TF F150 preparation 72 hours after virus inoculation, that is at the time when the virus has been already localized in the central nervous system. The results of the study indicate that the protective effect of TF is mainly associated with nonspecific immunopharmacological activity of the preparations.
Asunto(s)
Encefalitis Transmitida por Garrapatas/terapia , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Factor de Transferencia/uso terapéutico , Enfermedad Aguda , Animales , Cricetinae , Virus de la Encefalitis Transmitidos por Garrapatas/fisiología , Encefalitis Transmitida por Garrapatas/inmunología , Encefalitis Transmitida por Garrapatas/microbiología , Mesocricetus , Factor de Transferencia/toxicidad , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Experiments on mice have shown that ultrafiltrates, prepared from lymphocytes obtained from the spleen of horses immunized with herpes vaccine and from human tonsils, contain herpes-specific transfer factor inducing delayed hypersensitivity. The antiherpetic resistance of mice has been found to achieve its maximum if herpes simplex antigens are introduced after the injection of the preparation of transfer factor.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos Virales/inmunología , Herpes Simple/prevención & control , Hipersensibilidad Tardía/etiología , Linfocitos/inmunología , Simplexvirus/inmunología , Animales , Antígenos Virales/administración & dosificación , Herpes Simple/inmunología , Caballos , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad Tardía/inmunología , Inmunización Pasiva/métodos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos , Factor de Transferencia/administración & dosificación , Factor de Transferencia/aislamiento & purificación , UltrafiltraciónRESUMEN
Nonspecific adhesiveness of lymphocytes to polyacrylonitrile fiber and the antigen-specific adhesiveness of T-lymphocytes to Shigella flexneri pellicular immunosorbent have been studied in dysentery patients. Short courses of treatment with indomethacin, but not with thymalin (the preparation of thymic hormones), used for immunomodulation, have accelerated the normalization of nonspecific lymphocyte adhesiveness during regression of the disease, while indomethacin, in contrast to thymalin, inhibits antigen-specific T-lymphocyte adhesiveness which increases with the development of immune response.
Asunto(s)
Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Disentería Bacilar/inmunología , Epítopos/inmunología , Indometacina/uso terapéutico , Linfocitos/inmunología , Hormonas del Timo/uso terapéutico , Enfermedad Aguda , Adulto , Antígenos Bacterianos/inmunología , Terapia Combinada , Convalecencia , Disentería Bacilar/terapia , Epítopos/análisis , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata , Técnicas de Inmunoadsorción , Persona de Mediana Edad , Shigella flexneri/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The activity of the commercial batches of house-dust (HD) allergens was compared in the inhibition of the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and in the direct bacteriosorbent test (BST), detecting IgG to the antigens by adsorption on the complexes of whole staphylococcal cells containing protein A. BST was made with rabbit antiserum to HD allergen. This antiserum inhibited RAST by 76% and, therefore, contained antibodies to most of the allergenic determinants of HD. At the same time, no significant correlation between the activity of 15 batches of HD allergen was revealed in RAST inhibition and in BST with the above antiserum. Nevertheless, the exhaustion of the antiserum with a batch of HD allergen showing low activity in RAST inhibition, but high activity in BST made it possible to obtain BST results significantly correlating with the data resulting from RAST inhibition in two series of experiments.
Asunto(s)
Alérgenos/inmunología , Polvo , Alérgenos/análisis , Animales , Anticuerpos/análisis , Polvo/análisis , Epítopos/análisis , Humanos , Técnicas de Inmunoadsorción , Conejos , Prueba de Radioalergoadsorción/métodos , Pruebas Cutáneas , Proteína Estafilocócica A/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The solid-phase technique for the detection of antibodies and antigens has been developed and named the bacteriosorption test. The test is based on binding staphylococci containing protein A with the Fc-regions of IgG-antibodies attached to antigens immobilized on polystyrene. The possibilities of this technique have been analyzed with the use of diphtheria toxoid, house-dust allergen and homologous rabbit antisera. In the detection of antibodies the proposed test is not inferior to the passive hemagglutination test, and its sensitivity in the detection of antigens by the sandwich technique reaches 0.05-0.1 micrograms/ml. The specificity of the technique has been experimentally confirmed by the inhibition of the reaction with soluble antigen and staphylococcal protein A. The variability factor of the technique does not exceed 10%.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/análisis , Antígenos Bacterianos/análisis , Staphylococcus/inmunología , Adsorción , Alérgenos/inmunología , Animales , Toxoide Diftérico/inmunología , Polvo , Pruebas de Hemaglutinación , Sueros Inmunes/inmunología , Inmunización , Inmunización Secundaria , Fragmentos Fc de Inmunoglobulinas/análisis , Técnicas Inmunológicas/instrumentación , Conejos , Proteína Estafilocócica A/inmunología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The removal of ammonium sulfate from the bulk product of fermented antitoxic serum by continuous diafiltration was not accompanied by changes in the stability of the solution. To concentrate immunoglobulin, eluted from DEAE cellulose, by diafiltration, the stabilization of the solution by adding sodium chloride at high concentration was necessary. The use of membranes purchased from different manufacturers and having similar selectivity characteristics permitted obtaining transfer factor preparations somewhat differing in their biological activity. The process of ultrafiltration, carried out in the atmosphere of compressed carbon dioxide, made it possible to obtain such preparations from donor blood plasma.
Asunto(s)
Productos Biológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Cromatografía DEAE-Celulosa , Cromatografía en Gel , Caballos , Humanos , Inmunoglobulinas/aislamiento & purificación , Linfocitos/inmunología , Membranas Artificiales , Conejos , Soluciones , Factor de Transferencia/aislamiento & purificación , Ultrafiltración/instrumentación , Ultrafiltración/métodosRESUMEN
NFR/NM, NFS/NM inbred mice and M : CFLP random bred mice have been shown to possess immunobiological properties making them suitable for the evaluation of the quality of pertussis vaccines and for their standardization. NFS/NM mice are highly sensitive to the histamine-sensitizing factor, while M : CFLP mice are sensitive to the lienotoxic factor of pertussis vaccines. All these substrains of mice have sufficient fertility for their breeding under the conditions of a commercial breeding establishment.
Asunto(s)
Ratones Endogámicos/fisiología , Animales , Animales de Laboratorio , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Femenino , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Masculino , Ratones , Vacuna contra la Tos Ferina/inmunología , Control de Calidad , ReproducciónRESUMEN
The content of protein A-reactive IgG to allergens prepared from house dust and D. pteronyssinus was determined in the sera of 4 immunized rabbits, 10 sensitized and hyposensitized guinea pigs and 37 treated and untreated allergic patients by means of the previously developed bacteriosorption test (BST). The sensitivity of the test for the determination of allergen-specific antibodies was 50-100 ng/ml. This test was shown to permit the detection of IgG in the sera of immunized, sensitized and hyposensitized animals, as well as in the sera of some treated and untreated patients. The antigenic similarity of both allergens was confirmed. Three batches of D. pteronyssinus allergen, standardized as to the content of protein nitrogen, differed in their immunospecific activity in BST with one of the rabbit sera and with the set of the patients' sera. The covalent immobilization of house-dust allergen on polystyrene by means of water-soluble carbodiimide gave no advantages in BST in comparison with adsorption immobilization in alkaline carbonate-bicarbonate buffer.
Asunto(s)
Alérgenos/inmunología , Antígenos/inmunología , Ácaros/inmunología , Hipersensibilidad Respiratoria/inmunología , Adsorción , Animales , Polvo , Cobayas , Humanos , Sueros Inmunes/inmunología , Técnicas In Vitro , Conejos , Hipersensibilidad Respiratoria/diagnóstico , Proteína Estafilocócica A/inmunología , Staphylococcus aureus , Propiedades de SuperficieRESUMEN
Formation of antibodies and development of delayed hypersensitivity to protein A are usual components of the immune response of tonsillar lymphoid tissue to S. aureus infection in chronic tonsillitis in man. The preparations of transfer factor, produced from human tonsillar T-cells, show increased activity in the intraspecific transfer of delayed hypersensitivity to staphylococcal protein A from humans to mice.
Asunto(s)
Tonsila Palatina/inmunología , Proteína Estafilocócica A/inmunología , Animales , Células Productoras de Anticuerpos/inmunología , Niño , Enfermedad Crónica , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad Tardía/inmunología , Linfocitos/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos , Pruebas Cutáneas , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/inmunología , Tonsilitis/inmunología , Factor de Transferencia/inmunologíaAsunto(s)
Anticuerpos Monoclonales/aislamiento & purificación , Eritrocitos/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Especificidad de Anticuerpos , Fusión Celular , Células Clonales/inmunología , Humanos , Hibridomas/inmunología , Ratones , Mieloma Múltiple/inmunología , Neoplasias Experimentales/inmunología , Ratas , Especificidad de la Especie , Bazo/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The experiment has demonstrated a higher immunosuppressive activity of antilymphocytic serum, purified with the use of a placental immunoadsorbent, in comparison with the preparations exhausted by red blood cells and plasma. This fact experimentally substantiates the use of the immunoadsorbent prepared from human placenta for the purification of antilymphocytic immunoglobin preparations. Rabbit immunoglobulin to human lymphocytes obtained by means of the new method corresponds to the technical specifications for such preparations and is less reactogenic than antilymphocytic immunoglobulin prepared in accordance with the routine technology.
Asunto(s)
Suero Antilinfocítico , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Animales , Rechazo de Injerto , Trasplante de Corazón , Humanos , Hibridación Genética , Inmunoadsorbentes , Inmunosupresores , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos CBA , Placenta/inmunología , Conejos/inmunología , Trasplante de PielRESUMEN
The reaction of the spleen cell migration inhibition in the presence of monospecific antisera against mouse G, A and M immunoglobulins was used to detect cytophilic antibodies on the surface of mouse granulocytes. The oral administration of ACR live vaccine from suppressor revertant Salmonella typhimurium Rev. 8 protected the mice against infection induced by virulent species of mouse. Salmonella typhimurium. The immunized mice showed an increase in cytophilic IgG on the surface of neutrophile granulocytes.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas Bacterianas/administración & dosificación , Neutrófilos/inmunología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos B/análisis , Salmonella typhimurium/inmunología , Vacunas Atenuadas/administración & dosificación , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/análisis , Inmunidad Celular , Inmunización , Inmunoglobulina A/análisis , Inmunoglobulina G/análisis , Inmunoglobulina M/análisis , RatonesRESUMEN
Different components of B. pertussis were found to have a similar inhibitory effect on thymidine-3H incorporation caused by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in the culture of lymphocytes taken from donors immunized with tetanus toxoid. However, the same fractions of B. pertussis produced differential effects on the reaction of lymphocyte proliferation in response to tetanus toxoid: murein-"ontaining membranes enhanced thymidine-3H incorporation, RNA-containing fractions reduced it and water-soluble components of disintegrated B. pertussis produced no effect on lymphocyte proliferation.
Asunto(s)
Bordetella pertussis/inmunología , Activación de Linfocitos , Fracciones Subcelulares/inmunología , ADN/biosíntesis , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Linfocitos/inmunología , Fitohemaglutininas/inmunología , Toxoide Tetánico/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Low molecular components (Mol. m below 10 000 dalton) of the extract prepared from the human tonsils lymphocytes produced an adjuvant effect on th formation of tuberculin sensitivity in guinea pigs immunized with BCG. This interspecies adjuvant effect was proportional to the dose of the "transfer-factor" preparations administered, depended on the method of their preparation, was expressed in administration of the preparations simultaneously with the immunization, before it or after the tuberculin tests, and under definite conditions was replaced by the immunodepressive effect.