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Mastitis is an important problem for the Santa Inês ewes and is a disease strongly related to the management carried out in the herd. A comparative study was carried out between the proposed method based on drying (treatment) and the traditional method (control). Sixty-two Santa Inês ewes raised in a semi-extensive system were divided in two groups of 31 ewes each: treatment group (G1) and control group (G2). The animals were monitored each week searching for clinical sings of mastitis. In 8.4 percent of G1 and 41.3 percent of G2 animals, the udder was warm and hyperemic. The presence of residual milk was lower in G1 (24.3 percent) compared to those of G2 (74.2 percent). The proposed treatment for the control of ovine mastitis significantly reduced the frequency of the clinical signs of the disease.

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Mastitis is an important problem for the Santa Inês ewes and is a disease strongly related to the management carried out in the herd. A comparative study was carried out between the proposed method based on drying (treatment) and the traditional method (control). Sixty-two Santa Inês ewes raised in a semi-extensive system were divided in two groups of 31 ewes each: treatment group (G1) and control group (G2). The animals were monitored each week searching for clinical sings of mastitis. In 8.4 percent of G1 and 41.3 percent of G2 animals, the udder was warm and hyperemic. The presence of residual milk was lower in G1 (24.3 percent) compared to those of G2 (74.2 percent). The proposed treatment for the control of ovine mastitis significantly reduced the frequency of the clinical signs of the disease.(AU)

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Lymphocytes possess transporters of serotonin and dopamine, and also contain monoamines. The objective of this work was to determine the presence of noradrenaline transporters, the turnover rate of noradrenaline and serotonin in lymphocytes of major depression patients, and to correlate the biochemical parameters with the severity of the disorder. Lymphocytes from peripheral blood were isolated by Ficoll/Hypaque, and noradrenaline transporter was studied by binding of [3H]nisoxetine: control group (29, age 31.52+/-1.08, 7 men) and major depression patients (35, age 36.68+/-1.69, 6 men), Hospital Vargas de Caracas. Diagnostic was done by criteria of the American Psychiatric Association and severity by Hamilton Scale for Depression. Levels of noradrenaline, serotonin, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were determined by HPLC. Turnover rate was evaluated by the ratios of monoamines and metabolites. Correlations were done between the biochemical parameters and the severity of depression. The score of Hamilton for Depression was 22.77+/-0.51. There was a reduction in the number of transporters in lymphocytes of patients, 0.95+/-0.27 versus 4.06+/-1.67 fmol/10(6) cells. Levels of monoamines and metabolites did not significantly differ between patients and controls. However, there was a higher monoamine/metabolite ratio in lymphocytes of patients, indicating a reduction of metabolic turnover rate. Also there was a relative greater concentration of noradrenaline than serotonin in the lymphocytes of the patients, as indicated by the ratio noradrenaline/serotonin. Noradrenergic and serotonergic turnover is decreased in blood peripheral lymphocytes of major depression patients; the reduction in noradrenaline transporter could be related to changes in intracellular levels, and these modifications could result in functional changes of the immune system.

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Serotonin transporter, measured by the specific binding of [(3)H]paroxetine, has been reported to be reduced in circulating lymphocytes of patients with major depression. Due to this observation, the objective of the present report was to determine the levels of serotonin transporter mRNA in lymphocytes obtained from 29 major depression patients (4 men, age 33.10+/-1.63 years) and from 30 subjects included as a control group (4 men, age 37.54+/-2.18 years) using RT-PCR. The patients were diagnosed according to the criteria of the American Psychiatric Association, and had a severity of depression of 32.68+/-1.55 determined by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. The DNA was submitted to polymerase chain reaction with primers for the 5' regulatory region of human serotonin transporter, which could show the long and the short allelic forms of the transporter gene for the 5 HTTLPR polymorphism. Semiquantitative analysis was performed using beta-actin as internal and external standard. Control subjects presented the two allelic forms in 9.09% and depressed patients in 8.69%. The long variant was present in 73% of controls and in 60% of patients, without significant differences. There was a significant reduction in mRNA in depressed patients expressing the long allele. The number of immunofluorescent lymphocytes, labeled with a specific antibody against serotonin transporter, was reduced in the patients, as well as CD3+ lymphocytes. Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in platelet-poor plasma or lymphocytes did not differ between depressed patients and controls. The reduction in lymphocyte serotonin transporter described in major depression might be due to a decrease in the level of its mRNA and in the number of cells expressing it. These observations might implicate that functional modifications are associated with nervous-immune interactions in depression.

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As anormalidades lipídicas são de grande importância, devido a sua ligação com a doença vascular aterosclerótica e com a doença cardíaca coronariana. Assim, objetivou-se comparar os efeitos da ingestão da caseína e proteína de soja sobre a diminuição do colesterol e suas funções, triglicérides e glicose, deposição lipídica no tecido hepático e redução do peso corporal total. Coelhos da raça albina foram divididos durante 30 dias nos seguintes grupos: colesterol + ácido cólico + ração (hipercolesterolêmico) e ração pura (controle), um para caseína, um para proteimax (proteína isolada de soja) e um outro para a colestiramina. Os níveis de colesterol plasmático, triglicérides, LDL-c e HDL-c foram medidos, no 16º e 31º dias do experimento, utilizando kits enzimáticos e os resultados foram expressos em mg/dL. Foram analisadas amostras de tecido hepático, sendo os cortes fixados em historesina e paraplasto. Observou-se a indução significativa de hipercolesterolemia nos animais que receberam ração + colesterol + ácido cólico. Foi verificado um maior aumento de colesterol, LDL-c e triglicérides no grupo que recebeu caseína, bem como maior deposição de gotículas de gordura nos hepatócitos, em comparação com o grupo que recebeu proteimax. Em contrapartida, houve aumento proporcional aos níveis de colesterol total nos níveis de HDL para o grupo que recebeu proteimax. Observou-se, ainda, redução no peso corporal total desencadeado pela proteína de soja. Verificou-se que a ingestão de maior quantidade de proteína vegetal na dieta, em substituição a proteína animal, pode ser um fator de prevenção ao ganho de peso corporal, aumento do colesterol plasmático e à disposição de triacilgliceróis nos hapatócitos, levando à esteatose e à consequente degeneração hepática

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La esporotricosis es la enfermedad causada por el hongo Sporothrix schenckii. El diagnóstico se obtiene por la demostración de los cuerpos asteroides en las lesiones, o por la identificación de S. schenkii en el cultivo. Existe una prueba, LA-SPOROTRIX ANTIBODY SYSTEM de IMMY, de aglutinación cualitativa de partículas de látex, para determinar la presencia de anticuerpos de tipo IgM a partir del suero en pacientes con esporotricosis. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la utilidad de esta prueba en el diagnóstico certero de esporotricosis cutánea. Se analizaron 87 sueros, 10 con esporotricosis, 17 con leishmaniasis, 20 con paracoccidioidomicosis, 20 con histoplasmosis y 20 sueros de individuos sanos. La sensibilidad de la prueba fue del 100 por ciento con una especificidad del 54 por ciento. Esto sugiere que es una técnica útil para excluir el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad; sin embargo, no es la más apropiada para un diagnóstico confirmatorio

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La prueba de la ureasa constituye una de las pruebas preliminares destinadas al diagnóstico diferencial de las levaduras, para la misma se utiliza el medio de agar urea de Christensen, con la desventaja de que éste es un medio costoso y de compleja elaboración. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la utilidad del calcio urea de Stuart para realizar esta prueba, el cual es un medio ampliamente usado en el área de Bacteriología, y su elaboración en sencilla. Para tal fin, se estudió el comportamiento de 104 cepas de levaduras pertenecientes a los géneros Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon y Saccharomyces, en ambos medios. Los resultados no mostraron diferencia alguna entre el uso de los dos medios.

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Oropharyngeal candidiasis caused by various species of Candida is one of the most common infections in HIV seropositive or AIDS patients. Drug resistance among these yeasts is an increasing problem. We studied the frequency of resistance profile to fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, amphotericin B and terbinafine of 137 isolates of Candida sp. From HIV positive or AIDS patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis at Instituto de Inmunología, U.C.V. and the Hospital "Jose Ignacio Baldó", Caracas Venezuela, using the well diffusion susceptibility test (Magaldi et al.). We found that nearly 10% of C. albicans isolates were primarily fluconazole resistant, 45% of C. albicans isolates from patients with previous treatment were resistant to fluconazole, of which 93% showed cross-resistance to itraconazole, and even about 30% of C. tropicalis (n = 13) were resistant to fluconazole and/or itraconazole. To this respect, several recent reports have been described antifungal cross-resistance among azoles. Therefore, we consider that C. tropicalis should be added to the growing list of yeast in which antifungal drug resistance is common. This report could be useful for therapeutic aspect in AIDS patients with oral candidiasis.

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En los países tropicales (Venezuela), los hongos proliferan en abundancia por lo que la incidencia de las enfermedades producidas por estos es importante. En el presente trabajo nos dedicamos a realizar una revisión de la reservárea y epidemiología de algunas de las micosis profundas, bien sean localizadas o sistémicas. Es indispensable resaltar estos aspectos de acuerdo a nuestra experiencia, debido a que son de gran utilidad a la hora de realizar una buena orientación diagnóstica en la práctica médica

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Se analizaron los patrones de sensibilidad antimicótica in vitro de 20 cepas de Candida albicans provenientes de muestras clínicas del laboratorio Bio-médico "Dr. Oswaldo Carmona", de la ciudad de Caracas, utilizando el método de los pozos de difusión. El objetivo fue comparar la efectividad de 13 presentaciones comerciales de antimicóticos de libre venta en nuestro medio, con los principios activos puros de dichos antimicóticos, los cuales suelen ser utilizados comúnmente para la realización de las pruebas de sensibilidad. Los resultados evidenciaron una sensibilidad de las cepas estudiadas el 91,8 por ciento a los antimicóticos puros, similar a aquellas obtenidas por las presentaciones comerciales, la cual fue de 90 por ciento. Esta pequeña diferencia del 1,8 por ciento en la detección de cepas sensibles convierte a los antimicóticos comerciales en una alternativa válida para su utilización como reactivos adecuados para la determinación de la susceptibilidad de especies del género Candida, aisladas de muestras clínicas. Por otro lado, las presentaciones comerciales de antimicóticos ofrecen la ventaja de ser tan efectivos como los principios activos puros, en términos de la lectura, interpretación y reproductibilidad del método utilizado, además de la factibilidad para ser adquiridos

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