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IMPORTANCE: The first critical step in timely disease management is rapid disease identification, which is ideally on-site detection. Of all the technologies available for disease identification, nucleic acid amplification-based diagnostics are often used due to their specificity, sensitivity, adaptability, and speed. However, the modules to interpret amplification results rapidly, reliably, and easily in resource-limited settings at point-of-need (PON) are in high demand. Therefore, we developed a portable, low-cost, and easy-to-perform device that can be used for amplification readout at PON to enable rapid yet reliable disease identification by users with minimal training.

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Molecular diagnostics are powerful tools for disease detection but are typically confined to the laboratory environment due to the cumbersome methods required to extract nucleic acids from biological samples. Accurate diagnosis is essential for early detection of parasitic worm infections and for monitoring control programs, particularly during new transmission outbreaks to limit infection spread. We optimized the recently developed DNA dipstick technology to purify Schistosoma japonicum DNA from different life stages in <60 s. We successfully detected DNA from adult worms, eggs and infected snails. The speed and simplicity of this method enables the point-of-care detection of S. japonicum.

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A number of isothermal DNA amplification technologies claim to be ideal for point-of-need (PON) applications as they enable reactions to be performed using a single-temperature heat source (e.g. water bath). Thus, we examined several isothermal amplification methods focusing on simplicity, cost, sensitivity and reproducibility to identify the most suitable method(s) for low resource PON applications. A number of methods were found unsuitable as they either involved multiple temperature incubations, were relatively expensive or required relatively large amounts target DNA for amplification. Among the methods examined, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) were found to be the most suitable for PON applications as they are both single step methods that provide highly sensitive and reproducible amplifications. The speed of LAMP reactions was greatly enhanced, up to 76%, with the addition of loop primers while the presence of swarm primers and the sequestration of free magnesium ions with nucleotides also enhanced the amplification speed. In contrast, we were unable to enhance RPA's performance from the original published literature. While both RPA and LAMP have some drawbacks, either isothermal technology can reliably be used for on-site diagnostics with minimal equipment.

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Molecular based diagnostic methods rely on the amplification of pathogen DNA but naked eye visualization of results is still challenging. We present here a simple and highly reliable DNA amplification readout system for naked eye detection of isothermally or PCR amplified DNA in less than 30 seconds. This system utilizes spermine to precipitate DNA amplicons and initiate bridging flocculation of a mix of charcoal and diatomaceous earth particles in suspension. In the absence of amplification, the charcoal particles remain suspended resulting in a black, non-transparent colloid solution while positive samples in which DNA amplification has occurred can be identified within seconds as the particles flocculate and settle leaving a transparent liquid phase. We have coupled this method with our rapid dipstick DNA purification method and isothermal DNA amplification to create a simple four-step diagnostic system that can be preassembled to reduce unnecessary manipulation in the field. The method's simplicity, low cost, minimal equipment and clear presence/absence readout makes it ideal for rapid diagnostic testing in the laboratory and in situations where users have limited technical training or resources including high school science classes and field-based research.

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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003916.].

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Nucleic acid amplification is a powerful molecular biology tool, although its use outside the modern laboratory environment is limited due to the relatively cumbersome methods required to extract nucleic acids from biological samples. To address this issue, we investigated a variety of materials for their suitability for nucleic acid capture and purification. We report here that untreated cellulose-based paper can rapidly capture nucleic acids within seconds and retain them during a single washing step, while contaminants present in complex biological samples are quickly removed. Building on this knowledge, we have successfully created an equipment-free nucleic acid extraction dipstick methodology that can obtain amplification-ready DNA and RNA from plants, animals, and microbes from difficult biological samples such as blood and leaves from adult trees in less than 30 seconds. The simplicity and speed of this method as well as the low cost and availability of suitable materials (e.g., common paper towelling), means that nucleic acid extraction is now more accessible and affordable for researchers and the broader community. Furthermore, when combined with recent advancements in isothermal amplification and naked eye DNA visualization techniques, the dipstick extraction technology makes performing molecular diagnostic assays achievable in limited resource settings including university and high school classrooms, field-based environments, and developing countries.

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Adventitious root formation is essential for the propagation of many commercially important plant species and involves the formation of roots from nonroot tissues such as stems or leaves. Here, we demonstrate that the plant hormone strigolactone suppresses adventitious root formation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and pea (Pisum sativum). Strigolactone-deficient and response mutants of both species have enhanced adventitious rooting. CYCLIN B1 expression, an early marker for the initiation of adventitious root primordia in Arabidopsis, is enhanced in more axillary growth2 (max2), a strigolactone response mutant, suggesting that strigolactones restrain the number of adventitious roots by inhibiting the very first formative divisions of the founder cells. Strigolactones and cytokinins appear to act independently to suppress adventitious rooting, as cytokinin mutants are strigolactone responsive and strigolactone mutants are cytokinin responsive. In contrast, the interaction between the strigolactone and auxin signaling pathways in regulating adventitious rooting appears to be more complex. Strigolactone can at least partially revert the stimulatory effect of auxin on adventitious rooting, and auxin can further increase the number of adventitious roots in max mutants. We present a model depicting the interaction of strigolactones, cytokinins, and auxin in regulating adventitious root formation.

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The Arabidopsis thaliana heterotrimeric G protein complex is encoded by single canonical Galpha and Gbeta subunit genes and two Ggamma subunit genes (AGG1 and AGG2), raising the possibility that the two potential G protein complexes mediate different cellular processes. Mutants with reduced expression of one or both Ggamma genes revealed specialized roles for each Ggamma subunit. AGG1-deficient mutants, but not AGG2-deficient mutants, showed impaired resistance against necrotrophic pathogens, reduced induction of the plant defensin gene PDF1.2, and decreased sensitivity to methyl jasmonate. By contrast, both AGG1- and AGG2-deficient mutants were hypersensitive to auxin-mediated induction of lateral roots, suggesting that Gbetagamma1 and Gbetagamma2 synergistically inhibit auxin-dependent lateral root initiation. However, the involvement of each Ggamma subunit in this root response differs, with Gbetagamma1 acting within the central cylinder, attenuating acropetally transported auxin signaling, while Gbetagamma2 affects the action of basipetal auxin and graviresponsiveness within the epidermis and/or cortex. This selectivity also operates in the hypocotyl. Selectivity in Gbetagamma signaling was also found in other known AGB1-mediated pathways. agg1 mutants were hypersensitive to glucose and the osmotic agent mannitol during seed germination, while agg2 mutants were only affected by glucose. We show that both Ggamma subunits form functional Gbetagamma dimers and that each provides functional selectivity to the plant heterotrimeric G proteins, revealing a mechanism underlying the complexity of G protein-mediated signaling in plants.

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