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The use of biofuels has grown in the last decades as a consequence of the direct environmental impacts of fossil fuel use. Elucidating structure, diversity, species interactions, and assembly mechanisms of microbiomes is crucial for understanding the influence of environmental disturbances. However, little is known about how contamination with biofuel/petrofuel blends alters the soil microbiome. Here, we studied the dynamics in the soil microbiome structure and composition of four field areas under long-term contamination with biofuel/fossil fuel blends (ethanol 10% and gasoline 90%-E10; ethanol 25% and gasoline 75%-E25; soybean biodiesel 20% and diesel 80%-B20) submitted to different bioremediation treatments along a temporal gradient. Soil microbiomes from biodiesel-polluted areas exhibited higher richness and diversity index values and more complex microbial communities than ethanol-polluted areas. Additionally, monitored natural attenuation B20-polluted areas were less affected by perturbations caused by bioremediation treatments. As a consequence, once biostimulation was applied, the degradation was slower compared with areas previously actively treated. In soils with low diversity and richness, the impact of bioremediation treatments on the microbiomes was greater, and as a result, the hydrocarbon degradation extent was higher. The network analysis showed that all abundant keystone taxa corresponded to well-known degraders, suggesting that the abundant species are core targets for biostimulation in soil remediation processes. Altogether, these findings showed that the knowledge gained through the study of microbiomes in contaminated areas may help design and conduct optimized bioremediation approaches, paving the way for future rationalized and efficient pollutant mitigation strategies.

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Here we investigate metabolic changes, the antioxidant system and the accumulation of oxidative damage in muscles with different fiber types during the aging process in Wistar rats and try to map how sooner the changes occur. To do so, 30 male Wistar rats were submitted to behavioral evaluation to determine voluntary strength in the 11, 15, and 19 month old rats, measuring the energy metabolism, antioxidant system, oxidative damage and structure in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. We detected structural and metabolic changes in both muscles, especially in the EDL of 15 month old rats and in the soleus of 19 month old rats. In the 15 month old rats, there was a reduction in the cross-sectional area of the fibers, and a reduction in the proportion of type I fibers, accompanied by an increase in fiber density and the amount of type IIA fibers. This change in the fiber profile was followed by an increase in the activity of anaerobic metabolism enzymes, suggesting a reduction in the oxidative capacity of the muscle. In addition, there was an increase in the rate of lipid peroxidation, accompanied by a reduced antioxidant capacity. In the 19 month old rats, these disturbances got stronger. In summary, the present study demonstrated that before functional disturbances, there was an accumulation of oxidative damage and structural changes in the skeletal muscle beginning at 15 months old in the EDL and the soleus only in the biochemical parameters. Therefore, the metabolic alterations occurred at 15 months old and not before.

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Halophytes, plants capable of growing under saline conditions, are an important source of bacteria with biotechnological potential for plant growth under extreme conditions. In this study, we evaluated the halophyte Atriplex nummularia bacteriome assemblage from three different salinized sites in northeastern Brazil with different edaphoclimatic characteristics, understanding the participation of the plant in the assembly of its microbiome. We sampled 30 specimens, from which the leaves, roots, and rhizospheric soil were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing, bringing forth patterns of alpha and beta diversity, taxonomical composition, co-occurrence network, and the core microbiome of each compartment. Overall, this species harbors a very restricted set of endophytic microbes, and communities showed an increasing gradient of complexity (soil > root > leaf), reflecting a change in the main selective pressure being active over the microbial community. Although the leaf bacteriome was influenced basically by host factors, the soil community was modulated by the environment, and the root bacteriome was structured by both factors. These results help us understand how plant-microbe interactions occur in saline environments. As these plants shelter microbes that potentially alleviate abiotic stresses, we discuss how culture-independent methods could contribute to the prospection of plant growth promoting bacteria in plants.

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Barite (BaSO4) is a component of drilling fluids used in the oil and gas industry and may cause barium (Ba) contamination if it is spilled onto flooded soils. Under anoxic soil conditions and low redox potential, sulfate can be reduced to a more soluble form (sulfide), and Ba can be made available. To design a solution for such environmental issues, a field study was conducted in a Ba-contaminated flooded area in Brazil, in which we induced Ba phytoextraction from the management of the planting density of two intercropped macrophytes. Typha domingensis and Eleocharis acutangula were grown in four initial planting densities: "Ld" (low density: 4 and 32 plants m-2); "Md" (medium density: 8 and 64 plants m-2); "Hd" (high density: 12 and 128 plants m-2); "Vhd" (very high density: 16 and 256 plants m-2). Vhd produced the largest number of plants after 300 days. However, the treatments did not differ in terms of the amount of biomass. The increments in the initial planting density did not increase the Ba concentration in the aerial part. The greatest Ba phytoextraction (aerial part + root) was achieved by Ld treatment, which removed approximately 3 kg of Ba ha-1. Md and Vhd treatments had the highest Ba translocation factors. Because more plants per area did not result in greater Ba phytoextraction, a lower planting density was recommended for the intercropping of T. domingensis and E. acutangula to promote the phytoextraction of barium, due to possible lower implementation costs in contaminated flooded environments.

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Aquatic macrophytes are potentially useful for phytoremediation on flooded areas. A field study in Brazil was conducted to evaluate Eleocharis acutangula (E), Cyperus papyrus (C) and Typha domingensis (T) in monocropping and intercropping, aiming to phytoremediate barium-polluted flooded soils. The treatments were: monocroppings (E, C and T); double intercroppings (EC, ET and CT); and triple intercropping (ECT). The 180-d field trial was performed in a flooded area with high barium content, with a randomized complete block design and three replicates. Plant stand size, biomass yield, and Ba concentration aboveground/Ba concentration in roots (translocation factor - TF) as well as Ba mass aboveground/Ba mass in roots (mass translocation factor - mTF) were determined. Most of the treatments did not differ on dry biomass, except for EC, which showed the lowest yield. Consistently with its biology, E. acutangula in monocropping showed the largest plant stand. Otherwise, intercroppings with T. domingensis achieved the highest amounts of barium absorbed from the soil and transferred most of the barium content from belowground to aboveground (mTF > 1.0), especially ET, which showed the highest mTF among the intercroppings (2.03). Remarkably, TF values did not reflect such phytoextraction ability for CT and ECT. Thus, mTF was more appropriate than TF to assess phytoextraction capacity. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that intercropping can increase barium uptake from flooded soils. Particularly, the intercropping ET constituted the most cost-effective treatment, with the cyperaceous species providing high plant coverage while T. domingensis facilitated barium removal by translocating it to the aboveground biomass.

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In anoxic environmental conditions and with a drastic reduction of the redox potential, the barium sulphate used in petroleum drilling fluids becomes a hazard to the ecosystem. A field study was conducted in Brazil in an area with a history of accidental Barium (Ba) contamination to evaluate the role of frequent plant cutting on phytoremediation. The plant species Typha domingensis and Eleocharis acutangula, cultivated in a combined plantation, were subjected to four different cut frequencies: every 90 days (four cuts), 120 days (three cuts), 180 days (two cuts), or 360 days (one cut). The total amount of Ba extracted from the soil by the plants was evaluated for each treatment and at different soil depths Overall, total Ba in the soil decreased the most dramatically for cut frequencies of 120 (37.83%) and 180 (47.73%) days at 0-0.2 m below the surface, and with cut frequencies of 120 (51.98%) and 360 (31.79%) at 0.2-0.4 m depth. Further, total Ba in the plant biomass was greatest in the 120 and 360-days frequency groups. Thus, cuts at intervals of 120 days or more are associated with high levels of Ba in the plant tissue and a decrease of soil Ba.

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Literature on hydrocarbon degradation in extreme hypersaline media presents studies that point to a negative effect of salinity increase on hydrocarbonoclastic activity, while several others report an opposite tendency. Based on information available in the literature, we present a discussion on the reasons that justify these contrary results. Despite the fact that microbial ability to metabolize hydrocarbons is found in extreme hypersaline media, indeed some factors are critical for the occurrence of hydrocarbon degradation in such environments. How these factors affect hydrocarbon degradation and their implications for the assessment of hydrocarbon biodegradation in hypersaline environments are presented in this review.

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Literature on hydrocarbon degradation in extreme hypersaline media presents studies that point to a negative effect of salinity increase on hydrocarbonoclastic activity, while several others report an opposite tendency. Based on information available in the literature, we present a discussion on the reasons that justify these contrary results. Despite the fact that microbial ability to metabolize hydrocarbons is found in extreme hypersaline media, indeed some factors are critical for the occurrence of hydrocarbon degradation in such environments. How these factors affect hydrocarbon degradation and their implications for the assessment of hydrocarbon biodegradation in hypersaline environments are presented in this review.

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We conducted experiments by blocking off pit-like domatia from old and new leaves of Coffea arabica L., using tiny resin drops, to investigate the role of domatia on i) mite abundance at the community level and on ii) leaf damages. More than 77 percent of the mites collected were predators, whereas 19 and 3.3 percent were omnivores and phytophages, respectively. Domatia blockage treatment had no influence either on mite abundances or leaf damages. However, predatory and omnivorous mites were more abundant on new than on the old leaves; phytophagous mites occurred at very low density and occupied only plants having open domatia. The absence of mutualism between mites and C. arabica probably occurred because the entrances of domatia were too small and did not enable the entry of fitoseid predators in these structures.

Domácias são pequenas estruturas presentes na junção entre as nervuras principal e secundárias das folhas de muitas espécies de plantas, que podem mediar interações mutualísticas entre ácaros e plantas. Em experimento, nós bloqueamos as domácias em formato de covas de folhas novas e velhas de Coffea arabica L. com gotas de resina, a fim de investigar o seu papel i) na abundância de ácaros na comunidade e ii) nos danos foliares. Mais de 77 por cento dos ácaros coletados são predadores, enquanto 19 e 3,3 por cento são onívoros e fitófagos, respectivamente. Não houve influência do bloqueio das domácias tanto na abundância quanto nos danos foliares. Entretanto, os ácaros predadores e micófagos foram mais abundantes nas folhas novas do que nas velhas; os ácaros fitófagos ocorreram em pequena densidade e ocuparam somente as plantas com domácias abertas. A ausência de mutualismo entre os ácaros e plantas de C. arabica pode ter ocorrido porque as entradas das domácias analisadas eram muito pequenas, não permitindo a entrada dos predadores fitoseídeos nessas estruturas.

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Descrita por Sneddon (1965) a síndrome consiste na ocorrência de acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) isquêmico em pacientes com livedo reticular. Trata-se de doença vascular sistêmica de causa desconhecida, em que há comprometimento de artérias de médio e pequeno calibres. Pode haver positividade dos anticorpos antifosfolípides. Säo apresentados três casos desta entidade, todos do sexo masculino com 7, 16 e 54 anos de idade. Em todos a instalaçäo do quadro deu-se por convulsöes focais seguidas de hemiparesia ou paralisia labio-glossofaríngea. Os pacientes näo tiveram outras manifestaçöes neurológicas em 2 anos de acompanhamento. A investigaçäo laboratorial demonstrou presença de anticorpos antifosfolípides e anticardiolipina em 1 caso. A investigaçäo neuro-radiológica forneceu os seguintes resultados: TCC e RM com infarto nos 3 casos, e angiografia com obstruçäo de vasos de médio e pequeno calibre. A síndrome de Sneddon näo parece ser täo rara e deve fazer parte de protocolos de investigaçäo de AVE, especialmente em grupos mais jovens

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