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Pig farming is an area of livestock that has been developing the most in Brazil and the world, with production increasing every year, generating jobs, and being of great importance for the Brazilian economy. In swine production, great health enables these animals to reach their highest point of development and antimicrobials are used, either prophylactically or through food, as growth promoters. Within swine culture, there is a concern regarding antibiotic-resistant bacteria; however, Staphylococcus spp. do not receive the necessary prominence in research, since the pathologies caused by them do not tend to cause great economic losses. Therefore, this review aimed to highlight the importance of bacterial resistance within breeding stock, its possible origins, the importance of Staphylococcus spp. within this topic, and its evolution in swine farming over the years. For this, studies were selected, with an emphasis on information such as country, number of samples, presence of Staphylococcus spp. resistant to methicillin, breeding phase, and phenotypic and molecular tests. In addition, publications were selected that show the importance of understanding the biological and resistance profiles of Staphylococcus spp. in swine herds in Brazil and around the world.

A suinocultura é uma das áreas da pecuária que mais se desenvolveu e se desenvolve no Brasil e no mundo, com a sua produção aumentando todos os anos, gerando empregos diretos e indiretos, e sendo de grande importância para a economia brasileira. Destaca-se na produção de suínos a necessidade de grande sanidade para que estes animais alcancem seu maior ponto de desenvolvimento e, para tal, são utilizados antimicrobianos, seja de forma profilática ou através da alimentação, como promotores de crescimento. Dentro da suinocultura também está presente a preocupação envolvendo as bactérias resistentes a antibióticos, contudo, os Staphylococcus spp. não recebem o destaque necessário em pesquisas, já que as patologias causadas por estes ainda não tendem a causar grandes prejuízos econômicos de forma direta aos produtores. Por este motivo, esta revisão objetivou evidenciar a importância da resistência bacteriana dentro dos planteis, suas possíveis origens, a importância dos Staphylococcus spp. dentro deste tópico e a sua evolução na suinocultura através dos anos. Para este foram selecionados trabalhos encontrados em diferentes bases de dados com ênfase em informações como país, número de amostras, presença de Staphylococcus spp. resistentes a meticilina, fase de criação, e testes fenotípicos e moleculares, além de publicações que evidenciam a importância de se conhecer os perfis biológicos e de resistência dos Staphylococcus spp. nos planteis de suínos do Brasil e do mundo.

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Bovine mastitis is mainly caused by bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus spp., which possess different virulence factors, including the capacity for biofilm formation that provides enhanced protection against the action of immune system components and serves as a barrier against the penetration of antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to characterize 181 Staphylococcus spp. Strains-including Staphylococcusaureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in six Brazilian states-by molecular methods. RT-qPCR was used to verify the expression of genes of the ica operon-mainly responsible for biofilm formation-as well as bap and bhp. Chromosome similarity among the isolates was investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The icaA gene was detected in 79 (43.6%) isolates, icaB in 24 (13.2%), icaC in 57 (31.4%), and icaD in 127 (70.1%). The bap gene was identified in 66 (36.4%) isolates, while the bhp gene was found in nine (4.9%). RT-qPCR confirmed the expression of the icaA gene in 60 (75.9%) isolates, of icaB in six (25%), of icaC in 26 (45.6%), and of icaD in 80 (63%). Clonal typing of the isolates by PFGE permitted the identification of eight Staphylococcusaureus clusters that simultaneously included ≥3 strains, with a similarity of ≥80%. Regarding the other species studied, three clusters were observed for Staphylococcuschromogenes and four clusters for Staphylococcusepidermidis. Only one cluster each was identified for Staphylococcussaprophyticus and Staphylococcussimulans, while the other species did not form any cluster. With respect to MLST, ST126 and ST1 were the prevalent sequence types in S. aureus, while in S.epidermidis all sequence types were different. These results reveal strains with the same evolutionary origin as other isolates, which might cause infections in humans and animals, suggesting their ability to spread between these species.

RESUMEN

Background: Contact between humans and pets, mainly dogs and cats, has been increasing in recent years, which may result in the spread of infectious agents to new hosts and even to the environment, causing emergencies of national and international interest. The aim of this work was to understand the phenotypic profile of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family of vaginal and preputial mucous of stray dogs from a border region. Materials, Methods & Results: Swab samples from the vaginal and preputial mucosa of stray dogs from two border regions were collected for later bacterial isolation, biochemical identification of bacterial isolates, susceptibility tests to different antimicrobials, and determination of the bacterial resistance index. Samples were collected from 70 animals, was possible to isolate 88 samples, of which 36 (40.9%) presented isolates of Gram-negative bacteria, with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent species (44.8%), followed by Obesumbacterium proteus in eight (27.5%); Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae in two (6.8%); and Erwinia herbicola, Koserella trabulsii, Proteus mirabilis, and Serratia rubidaea (3.4%) from one isolate. The most resistant antimicrobials Clindamycin (100%), Metronidazole (100%), Oxacillin (100%), and Penicillin (100%) were tested against the vaginal and preputial samples and when the multidrug resistance index of the isolates was analyzed, all were classified as presenting a public health risk. Discussion: The results of this work suggest that stray dogs may be considered potential reservoirs of resistant pathogenic microorganisms, enabling future health problems due to the close coexistence of tutors with their dogs. It is known that the microorganisms that inhabit a certain environment or a specific part of the body are collectively called microbiomes. More specifically, some of them are bacteria that inhabit the reproductive mucous...

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Background: In Brazil, cats in households has recently increased dramatically, likely due to their lower space and carerequirements. We need to know the health of these companion animal species, since they have behavioral patterns thatmake them an important link in the epidemiological chain. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producer strains (ESBL)are resistant to penicillin, cephalosporin and monobactam, but they are susceptible to clavulanate. The goal of this study isto detect Enterobacteriaceae that produce extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and evaluate the bacterial resistanceprofile in isolated cats (Felis silvestris catus) that live in a city located at west of Parana state, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Swabs were aseptically collected from the anal orifice and oral cavity of 49 female domestic cats that were healthy upon clinical and physical examination, a minimum age of one year, weighing up to 3 kg,and had attended a veterinary clinic specializing in cats, in order to, later, perform the isolation and bacterial identification, antimicrobial sensibility phenotypic test and the phenotypic test to detect ESBL producer strains. From the 98 swabscollected it was possible to perform the bacterial isolation in 68 samples; 40.81% isolated from anal orifice and 28.57%isolated from oral cavity. From rectal and oral cavities 77.50% and 71.42% of the isolated were identified as Escherichiacoli respectively, being 2.94% considered ESBL producer strains. In relation to bacterial resistance the antibiotics thatshown more resistance in anal orifice were ampicillin, amoxicillin, nalidixic acid, sulfazotrim, tetracycline and aztreonam.In oral cavity they were ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefoxitin, amoxicillin + clavulanate, aztreonam, ceftriaxone and nalidixicacid; and the bacterial resistance index shown that 39.70% were considered high level risk...

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Background: In Brazil, cats in households has recently increased dramatically, likely due to their lower space and carerequirements. We need to know the health of these companion animal species, since they have behavioral patterns thatmake them an important link in the epidemiological chain. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producer strains (ESBL)are resistant to penicillin, cephalosporin and monobactam, but they are susceptible to clavulanate. The goal of this study isto detect Enterobacteriaceae that produce extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and evaluate the bacterial resistanceprofile in isolated cats (Felis silvestris catus) that live in a city located at west of Parana state, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Swabs were aseptically collected from the anal orifice and oral cavity of 49 female domestic cats that were healthy upon clinical and physical examination, a minimum age of one year, weighing up to 3 kg,and had attended a veterinary clinic specializing in cats, in order to, later, perform the isolation and bacterial identification, antimicrobial sensibility phenotypic test and the phenotypic test to detect ESBL producer strains. From the 98 swabscollected it was possible to perform the bacterial isolation in 68 samples; 40.81% isolated from anal orifice and 28.57%isolated from oral cavity. From rectal and oral cavities 77.50% and 71.42% of the isolated were identified as Escherichiacoli respectively, being 2.94% considered ESBL producer strains. In relation to bacterial resistance the antibiotics thatshown more resistance in anal orifice were ampicillin, amoxicillin, nalidixic acid, sulfazotrim, tetracycline and aztreonam.In oral cavity they were ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefoxitin, amoxicillin + clavulanate, aztreonam, ceftriaxone and nalidixicacid; and the bacterial resistance index shown that 39.70% were considered high level risk...(AU)

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The functionality of nutraceutical foods is attributed to their bioactive compounds. These compounds are widely produced by plants, such as phenolic compounds, which have antioxidant activity and/or antimicrobial activity, acting against damage to macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Secondary plant metabolites, including classes such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and terpenoids, have a wide variety of biological activities with medicinal potential. These secondary metabolites are considered bioactive compounds. The Zingiberaceae family received special attention for their large bioactive compound production. Such compounds are useful in foods as herbs, spices, flavorings, and seasonings and in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as antioxidants and antimicrobials. Gingers are recognized as safe by the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA), resulting in no side effects when consumed in moderate amounts. Recent studies show that, in addition to rhizomes, the leaves and flowers of some ginger species have antioxidant activity and consequent medicinal potential. Studies have demonstrated that in vitro and in vivo research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of ginger extracts and understand their role in the modulation of biological and molecular pathways, thus enabling the development of new therapeutic strategies. Thereby, the present work aims to provide a bibliographic review on the antimicrobial activity of Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. (Zingiberaceae), popularly known as ginger and red ginger respectively, and their potential use in the One Health initiative.(AU)

A funcionalidade dos alimentos nutracêuticos é atribuída aos seus compostos bioativos. Estes compostos são amplamente produzidos pelos vegetais, tais como os compostos fenólicos, que possuem atividade antioxidante e/ou atividade antimicrobiana entre outras, agindo contra danos em macromoléculas como lipídeos, proteínas e ácidos nucléicos. Os metabólitos secundários das plantas, incluindo algumas classes como compostos fenólicos, alcaloides e terpenóides, possuem uma ampla variedade de atividades biológicas com potencial medicinal. Esses metabólitos secundários são considerados compostos bioativos. A família Zingiberaceae tem recebido atenção especial, por produzir muitos compostos bioativos que são úteis em alimentos como ervas e especiarias; aromatizantes e temperos; nas indústrias farmacêutica e cosmética como agentes antioxidantes e antimicrobianos. Os gengibres são reconhecidos como seguros pela American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) e não possuem efeitos colaterais quando consumidos em quantidades moderadas. Estudos recentes demonstram que além dos rizomas, as folhas e flores de algumas espécies de gengibres possuem atividade antioxidante e consequentemente um potencial medicinal. Estudos demonstram que são necessárias pesquisas in vitro e in vivo para avaliar a eficácia dos extratos do gengibre e compreender o seu papel na modulação das vias biológicas e moleculares, possibilitando assim, novas estratégias terapêuticas. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo, uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a atividade antimicrobiana de Zingiber officinale Roscoe e Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. (Zingiberaceae), conhecidos popularmente como gengibre e gengibre-vermelho respectivamente e seu uso na Saúde Única.(AU)

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Populations of nonhuman primates are often considered to be a link in the chain of emerging infectious diseases, as they are reservoirs for different zoonotic pathogens. The objective of this study was to identify the presence of bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae in free-living nonhuman primates. The research was carried out in an urban park located in a city in the northern region of the State of Paraná, Brazil. The animals were captured in Tomahawk-type traps and chemically restrained, being oral and rectal samples collected with sterile swabs. For bacterial isolation, the samples were seededon MacConkey agar plates and grown under anaerobic conditions. The subsequent identification was conducted using a commercial biochemical kit. Sixteen primates identified as black-capuchin-monkeys (Sapajus nigritus) were captured. Seven different enterobacterial species were identified from the oral cavity swabs: six Escherichia coli (42.9%), three Kluyvera species (21.40%), one Serratia rubidaea(7.14%), one Enterobacter aerogenes (7.14%), one Enterobacter cloacae (7.14%), one Hafnia alvei (7.14%), and one Erwinia herbicola (7.14%). Seven different species were identified from the rectal swabs: six Escherichia coli (40%), three Kluyvera species (20%), two Enterobacter aerogenes (13.32%),one Erwinia herbicola (6.67%), one Serratia rubidaea (6.67%), one Pragia fontium (6.67%), and one Edwardsiella tarda (6.67%). The results indicate that the isolated bacteria belong mainly to the human microbiota and had crossed the interspecific barrier, contaminating the nonhuman primates.(AU)

As populações de primatas não humanos frequentemente são consideradas um elo na cadeia de doenças infecciosas emergentes, por constituírem reservatórios que propiciam o surgimento de diferentes patógenos zoonóticos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a presença de bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae em primatas não humanos de vida livre. O estudo foi realizado em um parque urbano localizado em uma cidade da região norte do Estado do Paraná. Os animais foram capturados em armadilhas do tipo Tomahawk e submetidos a contenção farmacológica para colheita de amostras da microbiota oral e retal com zaragatoas estéreis. Para o isolamento bacteriano as amostras foram semeadas pela técnica de esgotamento em placas contendo ágar MacConkey, com posterior identificação por testes bioquímicos utilizando kit comercial. Foram capturados 16 primatas não humanos identificados como Sapajus nigritus (macaco-prego). Na cavidade oral foi possível identificar sete diferentes espécies de bactérias, sendo seis (42,9%) Escherichia coli, três espécies de Kluyvera (21,40%), uma (7,14%) Serratia rubidae, uma (7,14%) Enterobacter aerogenes, uma (7,14%) Enterobacter cloacae, uma (7,14) Hafnia alvei e uma (7,14%) Erwinia herbicola. No reto foi possível identificar sete diferentes espécies de bactérias, sendo seis (40%) Escherichia coli, três espécies de Kluyvera (20%), duas (13,32%) Enterobacter aerogenes, uma (6,67%) Erwinia herbicola, uma (6,67%) Serratia rubidae, uma (6,67%) Pragla fotiun e uma (6,67%) Edwardsiella tarda. Os resultados indicam que as bactérias isoladas são pertencentes principalmente à microbiota humana, e estão ultrapassando a barreira interespecífica e contaminando os primatas.(AU)

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BACKGROUND: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has caused bacteria to develop mechanisms of resistance to antibacterial agents, limiting treatment options. Therefore, there is a great need for alternative methods to control infections, especially those related to skin. One of the alternative methods is the high frequency equipment (HFE), which is used on skin conditions as an analgesic, an anti-inflammatory, and mainly to accelerate cicatricial processes and have a bactericidal effect through the formation of ozone. This research investigated the antibacterial effect of HFE on standard cultures of bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dilutions (104 colony forming unit mL-1) were performed for Enterobacter aerogenes and Staphylococcus aureus with 24-hour growth bacteria. Then, 1 µL of each dilution was pipetted into suitable medium and the HFE flashing technique was used at intensities of 6, 8 and 10 mA for 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 seconds. The control group received no treatment. Plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and then read. RESULTS: The spark at intensity of 6 mA had no bactericidal effect on the E. aerogenes; however, a significant bacterial growth reduction occurred at intensity of 8 mA after 120 and 180 seconds, and at 10 mA, reduction in bacterial growth could already be verified at 30 seconds and total bacterial growth inhibition occurred in 180 seconds. For S. aureus, there was a strong bacterial growth inhibition at all intensities used; however, at 6 mA, absence of bacterium growth after 120 and 180 seconds was observed. By increasing the flashing intensity to 8 and 10 mA, it was observed that the bacterium growth was inhibited after only 30 seconds of irradiation. CONCLUSION: The HFE has time-dependent antibacterial effects against E. aerogenes and S. aureus bacteria that have several resistance mechanisms.

RESUMEN

Populations of nonhuman primates are often considered to be a link in the chain of emerging infectious diseases, as they are reservoirs for different zoonotic pathogens. The objective of this study was to identify the presence of bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae in free-living nonhuman primates. The research was carried out in an urban park located in a city in the northern region of the State of Paraná, Brazil. The animals were captured in Tomahawk-type traps and chemically restrained, being oral and rectal samples collected with sterile swabs. For bacterial isolation, the samples were seededon MacConkey agar plates and grown under anaerobic conditions. The subsequent identification was conducted using a commercial biochemical kit. Sixteen primates identified as black-capuchin-monkeys (Sapajus nigritus) were captured. Seven different enterobacterial species were identified from the oral cavity swabs: six Escherichia coli (42.9%), three Kluyvera species (21.40%), one Serratia rubidaea(7.14%), one Enterobacter aerogenes (7.14%), one Enterobacter cloacae (7.14%), one Hafnia alvei (7.14%), and one Erwinia herbicola (7.14%). Seven different species were identified from the rectal swabs: six Escherichia coli (40%), three Kluyvera species (20%), two Enterobacter aerogenes (13.32%),one Erwinia herbicola (6.67%), one Serratia rubidaea (6.67%), one Pragia fontium (6.67%), and one Edwardsiella tarda (6.67%). The results indicate that the isolated bacteria belong mainly to the human microbiota and had crossed the interspecific barrier, contaminating the nonhuman primates.

As populações de primatas não humanos frequentemente são consideradas um elo na cadeia de doenças infecciosas emergentes, por constituírem reservatórios que propiciam o surgimento de diferentes patógenos zoonóticos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a presença de bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae em primatas não humanos de vida livre. O estudo foi realizado em um parque urbano localizado em uma cidade da região norte do Estado do Paraná. Os animais foram capturados em armadilhas do tipo Tomahawk e submetidos a contenção farmacológica para colheita de amostras da microbiota oral e retal com zaragatoas estéreis. Para o isolamento bacteriano as amostras foram semeadas pela técnica de esgotamento em placas contendo ágar MacConkey, com posterior identificação por testes bioquímicos utilizando kit comercial. Foram capturados 16 primatas não humanos identificados como Sapajus nigritus (macaco-prego). Na cavidade oral foi possível identificar sete diferentes espécies de bactérias, sendo seis (42,9%) Escherichia coli, três espécies de Kluyvera (21,40%), uma (7,14%) Serratia rubidae, uma (7,14%) Enterobacter aerogenes, uma (7,14%) Enterobacter cloacae, uma (7,14) Hafnia alvei e uma (7,14%) Erwinia herbicola. No reto foi possível identificar sete diferentes espécies de bactérias, sendo seis (40%) Escherichia coli, três espécies de Kluyvera (20%), duas (13,32%) Enterobacter aerogenes, uma (6,67%) Erwinia herbicola, uma (6,67%) Serratia rubidae, uma (6,67%) Pragla fotiun e uma (6,67%) Edwardsiella tarda. Os resultados indicam que as bactérias isoladas são pertencentes principalmente à microbiota humana, e estão ultrapassando a barreira interespecífica e contaminando os primatas.

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The functionality of nutraceutical foods is attributed to their bioactive compounds. These compounds are widely produced by plants, such as phenolic compounds, which have antioxidant activity and/or antimicrobial activity, acting against damage to macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Secondary plant metabolites, including classes such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and terpenoids, have a wide variety of biological activities with medicinal potential. These secondary metabolites are considered bioactive compounds. The Zingiberaceae family received special attention for their large bioactive compound production. Such compounds are useful in foods as herbs, spices, flavorings, and seasonings and in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as antioxidants and antimicrobials. Gingers are recognized as safe by the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA), resulting in no side effects when consumed in moderate amounts. Recent studies show that, in addition to rhizomes, the leaves and flowers of some ginger species have antioxidant activity and consequent medicinal potential. Studies have demonstrated that in vitro and in vivo research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of ginger extracts and understand their role in the modulation of biological and molecular pathways, thus enabling the development of new therapeutic strategies. Thereby, the present work aims to provide a bibliographic review on the antimicrobial activity of Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. (Zingiberaceae), popularly known as ginger and red ginger respectively, and their potential use in the One Health initiative.

A funcionalidade dos alimentos nutracêuticos é atribuída aos seus compostos bioativos. Estes compostos são amplamente produzidos pelos vegetais, tais como os compostos fenólicos, que possuem atividade antioxidante e/ou atividade antimicrobiana entre outras, agindo contra danos em macromoléculas como lipídeos, proteínas e ácidos nucléicos. Os metabólitos secundários das plantas, incluindo algumas classes como compostos fenólicos, alcaloides e terpenóides, possuem uma ampla variedade de atividades biológicas com potencial medicinal. Esses metabólitos secundários são considerados compostos bioativos. A família Zingiberaceae tem recebido atenção especial, por produzir muitos compostos bioativos que são úteis em alimentos como ervas e especiarias; aromatizantes e temperos; nas indústrias farmacêutica e cosmética como agentes antioxidantes e antimicrobianos. Os gengibres são reconhecidos como seguros pela American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) e não possuem efeitos colaterais quando consumidos em quantidades moderadas. Estudos recentes demonstram que além dos rizomas, as folhas e flores de algumas espécies de gengibres possuem atividade antioxidante e consequentemente um potencial medicinal. Estudos demonstram que são necessárias pesquisas in vitro e in vivo para avaliar a eficácia dos extratos do gengibre e compreender o seu papel na modulação das vias biológicas e moleculares, possibilitando assim, novas estratégias terapêuticas. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo, uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a atividade antimicrobiana de Zingiber officinale Roscoe e Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. (Zingiberaceae), conhecidos popularmente como gengibre e gengibre-vermelho respectivamente e seu uso na Saúde Única.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The functionality of nutraceutical foods is attributed to their bioactive compounds. These compounds are widely produced by plants, such as phenolic compounds, which have antioxidant activity and/or antimicrobial activity, acting against damage to macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Secondary plant metabolites, including classes such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and terpenoids, have a wide variety of biological activities with medicinal potential. These secondary metabolites are considered bioactive compounds. The Zingiberaceae family received special attention for their large bioactive compound production. Such compounds are useful in foods as herbs, spices, flavorings, and seasonings and in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as antioxidants and antimicrobials. Gingers are recognized as safe by the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA), resulting in no side effects when consumed in moderate amounts. Recent studies show that, in addition to rhizomes, the leaves and flowers of some ginger species have antioxidant activity and consequent medicinal potential. Studies have demonstrated that in vitro and in vivo research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of ginger extracts and understand their role in the modulation of biological and molecular pathways, thus enabling the development of new therapeutic strategies. Thereby, the present work

A funcionalidade dos alimentos nutracêuticos é atribuída aos seus compostos bioativos. Estes compostos são amplamente produzidos pelos vegetais, tais como os compostos fenólicos, que possuem atividade antioxidante e/ou atividade antimicrobiana entre outras, agindo contra danos em macromoléculas como lipídeos, proteínas e ácidos nucléicos. Os metabólitos secundários das plantas, incluindo algumas classes como compostos fenólicos, alcaloides e terpenóides, possuem uma ampla variedade de atividades biológicas com potencial medicinal. Esses metabólitos secundários são considerados compostos bioativos. A família Zingiberaceae tem recebido atenção especial, por produzir muitos compostos bioativos que são úteis em alimentos como ervas e especiarias; aromatizantes e temperos; nas indústrias farmacêutica e cosmética como agentes antioxidantes e antimicrobianos. Os gengibres são reconhecidos como seguros pela American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) e não possuem efeitos colaterais quando consumidos em quantidades moderadas. Estudos recentes demonstram que além dos rizomas, as folhas e flores de algumas espécies de gengibres possuem atividade antioxidante e consequentemente um potencial medicinal. Estudos demonstram que são necessárias pesquisas in vitro e in vivo para avaliar a eficácia dos extratos do gengibre e compreender o seu papel na modulação

RESUMEN

Background: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics both in humans and in animals, has contributed to the development of bacterial resistance. One of the key mechanisms in the resistance of enterobacteria to antibiotics is the production of extendedspectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), which reduce the therapeutic options available. Several studies have been performed in different animal species in order to isolate and identify multidrug-resistant strains and determine their antibiotic sensitivity profile. The purpose of this study was to detect ESBL-producing enterobacteria in isolates from a pet blue-fronted amazon parrot.Case: A 16-year-old pet blue-fronted-amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) weighing 0.445 kg, from the city of Presidente Castelo Branco, Paraná, Brazil, was admitted into a specialized veterinary clinic in the city of Maringá. This parrot was presented with agitation and aggressive behavior. It was fed with sunflower seeds, and its cage was small and unsanitary especially in the feeding and drinking areas, which were heavily contaminated with feces. The parrot had been diagnosed with acute sinusitis approximately one year prior, with a history of treatment with tylosin, thuya (a herbal remedy popularly used for fowl pox), and a mineral-vitamin complex. The clinical symptoms included dyspnea and bilateral increase of facial swelling, with a mass in the peri-nasal region. A membranous red tissue not related to the nictitating membrane was observed in the lower left eyelid. To obtain a better clinical evaluation, the bird was anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of dextroketamine 50 mg/kg (KetaminS+™). Subsequently, physical examination, head radiographic examinations, and an attempt at sinus draining were performed. The radiographic examinations showed a decreased amount of air in the nasal sinuses.[...]

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RESUMEN

The functionality of nutraceutical foods is attributed to their bioactive compounds. These compounds are widely produced by plants, such as phenolic compounds, which have antioxidant activity and/or antimicrobial activity, acting against damage to macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Secondary plant metabolites, including classes such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and terpenoids, have a wide variety of biological activities with medicinal potential. These secondary metabolites are considered bioactive compounds. The Zingiberaceae family received special attention for their large bioactive compound production. Such compounds are useful in foods as herbs, spices, flavorings, and seasonings and in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as antioxidants and antimicrobials. Gingers are recognized as safe by the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA), resulting in no side effects when consumed in moderate amounts. Recent studies show that, in addition to rhizomes, the leaves and flowers of some ginger species have antioxidant activity and consequent medicinal potential. Studies have demonstrated that in vitro and in vivo research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of ginger extracts and understand their role in the modulation of biological and molecular pathways, thus enabling the development of new therapeutic strategies. Thereby, the present work

A funcionalidade dos alimentos nutracêuticos é atribuída aos seus compostos bioativos. Estes compostos são amplamente produzidos pelos vegetais, tais como os compostos fenólicos, que possuem atividade antioxidante e/ou atividade antimicrobiana entre outras, agindo contra danos em macromoléculas como lipídeos, proteínas e ácidos nucléicos. Os metabólitos secundários das plantas, incluindo algumas classes como compostos fenólicos, alcaloides e terpenóides, possuem uma ampla variedade de atividades biológicas com potencial medicinal. Esses metabólitos secundários são considerados compostos bioativos. A família Zingiberaceae tem recebido atenção especial, por produzir muitos compostos bioativos que são úteis em alimentos como ervas e especiarias; aromatizantes e temperos; nas indústrias farmacêutica e cosmética como agentes antioxidantes e antimicrobianos. Os gengibres são reconhecidos como seguros pela American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) e não possuem efeitos colaterais quando consumidos em quantidades moderadas. Estudos recentes demonstram que além dos rizomas, as folhas e flores de algumas espécies de gengibres possuem atividade antioxidante e consequentemente um potencial medicinal. Estudos demonstram que são necessárias pesquisas in vitro e in vivo para avaliar a eficácia dos extratos do gengibre e compreender o seu papel na modulação

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Background: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics both in humans and in animals, has contributed to the development of bacterial resistance. One of the key mechanisms in the resistance of enterobacteria to antibiotics is the production of extendedspectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), which reduce the therapeutic options available. Several studies have been performed in different animal species in order to isolate and identify multidrug-resistant strains and determine their antibiotic sensitivity profile. The purpose of this study was to detect ESBL-producing enterobacteria in isolates from a pet blue-fronted amazon parrot.Case: A 16-year-old pet blue-fronted-amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) weighing 0.445 kg, from the city of Presidente Castelo Branco, Paraná, Brazil, was admitted into a specialized veterinary clinic in the city of Maringá. This parrot was presented with agitation and aggressive behavior. It was fed with sunflower seeds, and its cage was small and unsanitary especially in the feeding and drinking areas, which were heavily contaminated with feces. The parrot had been diagnosed with acute sinusitis approximately one year prior, with a history of treatment with tylosin, thuya (a herbal remedy popularly used for fowl pox), and a mineral-vitamin complex. The clinical symptoms included dyspnea and bilateral increase of facial swelling, with a mass in the peri-nasal region. A membranous red tissue not related to the nictitating membrane was observed in the lower left eyelid. To obtain a better clinical evaluation, the bird was anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of dextroketamine 50 mg/kg (KetaminS+™). Subsequently, physical examination, head radiographic examinations, and an attempt at sinus draining were performed. The radiographic examinations showed a decreased amount of air in the nasal sinuses.[...](AU)

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os padrões qualitativos dos recursos hídricos localizadas no Parque Municipal dos Xetás na cidade de Umuarama (PR), o local é considerado Área de Proteção Ambiental, onde possui algumas fontes de poluição gerando conhecimento das condições físico-químicas e bacteriológicas para os habitantes da cidade ou para outros indivíduos. Foram analisados os parâmetros como demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), cor aparente, óleos e graxas, nitrato, surfactantes, turbidez, pH, chumbo e mercúrio em amostras coletadas de pontos específicos. As análises foram realizadas segundo as especificações do Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewather e obtiveram-se teor mínimo e máximo que variou no resultado do DBO de 2,40 e 25,50 mg de O2/L, cor aparente variou entre 36,00 e 146 mg Pt-Co/L e óleos e graxas variou entre 8 e 28,5 mg/L de acordo com especificações vigentes todas as análises deveriam estar ausentes. Não foram detectados DQO, nitrato, surfactantes, turbidez, pH e mercúrio nas amostras analisadas. No microbiológico os coliformes totais foram de 3,0 x104 e 6,0 x105 e coliformes termotolerantes entre 1,0 x104 e 1,6 x107 nas amostras analisadas. A análise de mercúrio foi realizada pelo laboratório de análises toxicológicas e ambientais (LATAM) de Curitiba-PR, as análises microbiológicas de coliformes termotolerantes e coliformes totais analisadas pelo laboratório da SANEPAR conveniada com a UNIPAR e as demais análises foram realizadas no laboratório da Universidade Paranaense ­ UNIPAR. Concluiu-se que os efeitos causados pelas emissões de esgotos clandestinos de alguns pontos da cidade sendo estes, despejados nas nascentes do Parque Municipal dos Xetás, foram significativos de acordo com os parâmetros da portaria 518 do ministério da saúde e pela resolução 357 do CONAMA.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality standards of water resources located in the Xetás municipal park in the city of Umuarama (PR). The site is considered an Environmental Protection Area. The study area has some pollution sources generating knowledge of the physical-chemical and bacteriological conditions for the inhabitants of the city or to other individuals. Parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), apparent color, oils and grease, nitrate, surfactants, turbidity, pH, lead and mercury were analyzed in samples collected at specific points. Analyses were carried out according to the specifications set forth in the Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, presenting minimum and maximum content BOD results that varied from 2.40 and 25.50 mg O2/L, apparent color ranged from 36.00 and 146 mg Pt-Co/L, and oils and grease ranged between 8 and 28.5 mg/L. According to existing specifications, all analyzes should be absent. No results for COD, nitrate, surfactants, turbidity, pH and mercury were found in the samples analyzed. In microbiological examinations, total coliforms were 3.0 x104 and 6.0 x105 and thermotolerant coliforms ranged between 1.0 x104 and 1.6 x107 in the analyzed samples. The analyses were carried out in the laboratory of the Universidade Paranaense ­ UNIPAR; mercury analyzes were carried out by the laboratory toxicological and environmental (LATAM) of Curitiba-PR, and the microbiological analysis of thermotolerant coliforms and total coliforms were analyzed by SANEPAR laboratory outsourced by UNIPAR, and the remaining analyzes were performed in the laboratory of the Universidade Paranaense - UNIPAR. It can be concluded that the effects caused by the emissions of clandestine sewage from some points of the city being dumped at the water sources of the Xetás Municipal Park were significant according to the parameters set forth in Ordinance 518 of the Ministry of Health and Resolution 357 by CONAMA.

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A hipertensão arterial tornou-se na atualidade um dos grandes problemas da saúde pública em vários países, incluindo o Brasil, mudanças no estilo de vida, incluindo os hábitos alimentares são importantes para a prevenção, especificamente a redução do consumo de sódio. Este trabalho objetivou desenvolver e analisar salames desenvolvidos com redução do teor de sódio e emprego de iogurte natural comercial como cultura starter. Foram produzidos salames com adição de 1,5% de cloreto de sódio e com a mesma porcentagem de uma mistura contendo 80% de cloreto de sódio e 20% de cloreto de potássio que foram mantidos por 21 dias em temperatura de 20ºC seguido por mais 23 dias em temperatura de refrigeração. Foram avaliados a composição da massa base dos salames, a variação nos valores de pH e contagem em NMP/g de coliformes termotolerantes. O salame com redução de sódio e cultura starter de iogurte foi vantajosa, pois o produto final manteve as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas preconizadas pela legislação.(AU)

High blood pressure has become one of the major public health concerns in several countries, including Brazil. Thus, some changes in habits are necessary, including eating habits, for prevention, especially by reducing sodium intake. This work aimed at developing and analyzing salamis with reduced sodium content and the use of commercial yoghurt as starter culture. Salamis were produced with the addition of 1.5% sodium chloride, with the same percentage from a mixture containing 80% sodium chloride and 20% potassium chloride. They were stored for 7 days at 20 °C followed by further 23 days under refrigeration. The composition of the salami base mass and the variation of the pH values and the MPN/g count of thermo-tolerant coliforms were analyzed. The results showed that the substitution of 20% sodium chloride by potassium chloride did not present any changes to fermentation characteristics of the salamis, which reached pH values close to the expectations and found in the literature. The microbiological analysis showed that the salamis produced were good for consumption since values were below the maximum threshold allowed by the Brazilian legislation.(AU)

La hipertensión arterial se volvió en la actualidad uno de los grandes problemas de la salud pública en varios países, incluyendo Brasil, y cambios en el estilo de vida, así como los hábitos alimentares son importantes para la prevención, específicamente la reducción de sodio y empleo de yogurt natural comercial como cultura Starter. Se han producido salames con adicción de 1,5% de cloruro de sodio y con el mismo porcentaje de una mezcla conteniendo 80% de cloruro de sodio y 20% de cloruro de potasio que fueron mantenidos por 21 días en temperatura de 20ºC seguido por más 23 días en temperatura de refrigeración. Se evaluó la composición de la masa base de los salames, la variación en los valores del pH y conteo en NMP/g de coliformes termotolerantes. El salame con reducción de sodio y cultura starter de yogurt se hizo ventajoso, pues el producto final mantuvo las características físico químicas y microbiológicas preconizadas por la legislación.(AU)

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A hipertensão arterial tornou-se na atualidade um dos grandes problemas da saúde pública em vários países, incluindo o Brasil, mudanças no estilo de vida, incluindo os hábitos alimentares são importantes para a prevenção, especificamente a redução do consumo de sódio. Este trabalho objetivou desenvolver e analisar salames desenvolvidos com redução do teor de sódio e emprego de iogurte natural comercial como cultura starter. Foram produzidos salames com adição de 1,5% de cloreto de sódio e com a mesma porcentagem de uma mistura contendo 80% de cloreto de sódio e 20% de cloreto de potássio que foram mantidos por 21 dias em temperatura de 20ºC seguido por mais 23 dias em temperatura de refrigeração. Foram avaliados a composição da massa base dos salames, a variação nos valores de pH e contagem em NMP/g de coliformes termotolerantes. O salame com redução de sódio e cultura starter de iogurte foi vantajosa, pois o produto final manteve as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas preconizadas pela legislação.(AU)

High blood pressure has become one of the major public health concerns in several countries, including Brazil. Thus, some changes in habits are necessary, including eating habits, for prevention, especially by reducing sodium intake. This work aimed at developing and analyzing salamis with reduced sodium content and the use of commercial yoghurt as starter culture. Salamis were produced with the addition of 1.5% sodium chloride, with the same percentage from a mixture containing 80% sodium chloride and 20% potassium chloride. They were stored for 7 days at 20 °C followed by further 23 days under refrigeration. The composition of the salami base mass and the variation of the pH values and the MPN/g count of thermo-tolerant coliforms were analyzed. The results showed that the substitution of 20% sodium chloride by potassium chloride did not present any changes to fermentation characteristics of the salamis, which reached pH values close to the expectations and found in the literature. The microbiological analysis showed that the salamis produced were good for consumption since values were below the maximum threshold allowed by the Brazilian legislation.(AU)

La hipertensión arterial se volvió en la actualidad uno de los grandes problemas de la salud pública en varios países, incluyendo Brasil, y cambios en el estilo de vida, así como los hábitos alimentares son importantes para la prevención, específicamente la reducción de sodio y empleo de yogurt natural comercial como cultura Starter. Se han producido salames con adicción de 1,5% de cloruro de sodio y con el mismo porcentaje de una mezcla conteniendo 80% de cloruro de sodio y 20% de cloruro de potasio que fueron mantenidos por 21 días en temperatura de 20ºC seguido por más 23 días en temperatura de refrigeración. Se evaluó la composición de la masa base de los salames, la variación en los valores del pH y conteo en NMP/g de coliformes termotolerantes. El salame con reducción de sodio y cultura starter de yogurt se hizo ventajoso, pues el producto final mantuvo las características físico químicas y microbiológicas preconizadas por la legislación.(AU)

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A mastite é a principal enfermidade que acomete o gado leiteiro. De todas as formas, a mastite subclínica é a que causa maiores perdas, na redução da produção, na diminuição da qualidade do leite e pelos altos custos de tratamento e descarte precoce de vacas. Altas contagens de células somáticas e baixo teor de sólidos totais no leite geralmente estão associados à mastite. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de um creme de papaína a 2%, associado ou não ao cloridrato de ceftiofur (125mg) por via intramamária sobre a contagem de células somáticas e sólidos totais. O estudo foi realizado em 23 quartos mamários com mastite subclínica, detectadas pelo exame do CMT (California Mastitis Test) e da CCS (contagem de células somáticas), divididas em 4 grupos (1 ­ cloridrato de ceftiofur 125 mg; 2- cloridrato de ceftiofur 125mg + papaína 2%; 3- papaína 2%; 4- controle). As análises foram feitas com base no CMT, na CCS e de sólidos totais (ST) antes e após o tratamento. Os quartos mamários que foram tratados com papaína 2% tiveram alterações no leite, com catarro, grumos e coágulo com intensificação do quadro inflamatório. Não houve diferença significativa ao teste T entre as amostras antes e após o tratamento em nenhum dos grupos para as variáveis estudadas.(AU)

Mastitis is the main disease affecting dairy cattle. From all forms, subclinical mastitis is the one that causes the greater losses, with reduced production, decreased milk quality and by high treatment costs and early disposal of cows. High somatic cell counts and low total solids in milk are usually associated with mastitis. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of a intrammamarily 2% papain cream associated or not with ceftiofur hydrochloride (125mg) on somatic cell count and total solids. The study was performed on 23 breasts with subclinical mastitis, detected through CMT (California Mastitis Test) and SCC (somatic cell count), divided into 4 groups (1 - 125 mg ceftiofur hydrochloride, 2 - ceftiofur hydrochloride 125mg + 2% papain, 3 - 2% papain, 4 - control). The analyzes were based on CMT, SCC and total solids (TS) before and after treatment. The breasts that were treated with 2% papain presented changes in milk, with phlegm, lumps and clot with intensification of the inflammation. There were no significant differences between the T-test samples before and after treatment in either group for the studied variables.(AU)

La mastitis es la principal enfermedad que afecta el ganado lechero. La mastitis subclínica es la que causa grandes pérdidas en la reducción de la producción, disminución de la calidad de la leche, los altos costos de tratamiento y desecho precoz de vacas. Los altos recuentos de células somáticas y bajo contenido de sólidos totales en la leche están generalmente asociados con mastitis. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de un 2% de papaína crema, con o sin el clorhidrato de ceftiofur (125 mg) por vía intramamaria en el recuento de células somáticas y sólidos totales. El estudio se realizó en 23 cuartos mamarios con mastitis subclínica, detectadas mediante el examen de la CMT (Prueba de Mastitis de California) y CCS (recuento de células somáticas), dividido en 4 grupos (1 - ceftiofur clorhidrato 125 mg; 2- clorhidrato de ceftiofur 125 mg + papaína 2%; 3- papaína 2%; 4 - control). Los análisis se basaron en CMT, en CCS y sólidos totales (ST), antes y después del tratamiento. Las glándulas mamarias que fueron tratadas con papaína 2% tuvieron cambios en la leche, con flema, grañones y coágulos con intensificación de inflamación. No hubo diferencia significativa por la prueba T, entre las muestras antes y después del tratamiento, en ninguno de los grupos para las variables estudiadas.(AU)

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A mastite é a principal enfermidade que acomete o gado leiteiro. De todas as formas, a mastite subclínica é a que causa maiores perdas, na redução da produção, na diminuição da qualidade do leite e pelos altos custos de tratamento e descarte precoce de vacas. Altas contagens de células somáticas e baixo teor de sólidos totais no leite geralmente estão associados à mastite. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de um creme de papaína a 2%, associado ou não ao cloridrato de ceftiofur (125mg) por via intramamária sobre a contagem de células somáticas e sólidos totais. O estudo foi realizado em 23 quartos mamários com mastite subclínica, detectadas pelo exame do CMT (California Mastitis Test) e da CCS (contagem de células somáticas), divididas em 4 grupos (1 ­ cloridrato de ceftiofur 125 mg; 2- cloridrato de ceftiofur 125mg + papaína 2%; 3- papaína 2%; 4- controle). As análises foram feitas com base no CMT, na CCS e de sólidos totais (ST) antes e após o tratamento. Os quartos mamários que foram tratados com papaína 2% tiveram alterações no leite, com catarro, grumos e coágulo com intensificação do quadro inflamatório. Não houve diferença significativa ao teste T entre as amostras antes e após o tratamento em nenhum dos grupos para as variáveis estudadas.(AU)

Mastitis is the main disease affecting dairy cattle. From all forms, subclinical mastitis is the one that causes the greater losses, with reduced production, decreased milk quality and by high treatment costs and early disposal of cows. High somatic cell counts and low total solids in milk are usually associated with mastitis. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of a intrammamarily 2% papain cream associated or not with ceftiofur hydrochloride (125mg) on somatic cell count and total solids. The study was performed on 23 breasts with subclinical mastitis, detected through CMT (California Mastitis Test) and SCC (somatic cell count), divided into 4 groups (1 - 125 mg ceftiofur hydrochloride, 2 - ceftiofur hydrochloride 125mg + 2% papain, 3 - 2% papain, 4 - control). The analyzes were based on CMT, SCC and total solids (TS) before and after treatment. The breasts that were treated with 2% papain presented changes in milk, with phlegm, lumps and clot with intensification of the inflammation. There were no significant differences between the T-test samples before and after treatment in either group for the studied variables.(AU)

La mastitis es la principal enfermedad que afecta el ganado lechero. La mastitis subclínica es la que causa grandes pérdidas en la reducción de la producción, disminución de la calidad de la leche, los altos costos de tratamiento y desecho precoz de vacas. Los altos recuentos de células somáticas y bajo contenido de sólidos totales en la leche están generalmente asociados con mastitis. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de un 2% de papaína crema, con o sin el clorhidrato de ceftiofur (125 mg) por vía intramamaria en el recuento de células somáticas y sólidos totales. El estudio se realizó en 23 cuartos mamarios con mastitis subclínica, detectadas mediante el examen de la CMT (Prueba de Mastitis de California) y CCS (recuento de células somáticas), dividido en 4 grupos (1 - ceftiofur clorhidrato 125 mg; 2- clorhidrato de ceftiofur 125 mg + papaína 2%; 3- papaína 2%; 4 - control). Los análisis se basaron en CMT, en CCS y sólidos totales (ST), antes y después del tratamiento. Las glándulas mamarias que fueron tratadas con papaína 2% tuvieron cambios en la leche, con flema, grañones y coágulos con intensificación de inflamación. No hubo diferencia significativa por la prueba T, entre las muestras antes y después del tratamiento, en ninguno de los grupos para las variables estudiadas.(AU)

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Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar a características físico-químicas do leite da região sudoestedo Paraná. Para tanto, 293 propriedades foram classificadas segundo o número de animais. Posteriormente foiefetuado o sorteio simples de cada classe, perfazendo uma média de nove animais e diferentes característicasquanto à raça, tipo de ordenha e estagio de lactação. Foi realizado o CMT e colheitas de amostras (de julho aoutubro de 2010) para CCS em frascos contendo conservante bromopol e enviados ao Laboratório do Programade Análise de Rebanhos Leiteiros da Associação Paranaense de Criadores de Bovinos da Raça Holandesa(APCBRH) em equipamento de citometria de fluxo. As frequências de todos os constituintes foram submetidasao teste de Tukey. Os resultados demonstraram que animais com CMT positivo me pelo menos um dos quartosmamários médias e desvio padrão de gordura (%), proteína (%), lactose (%), sólidos totais (%) e CCS (CCS x1000/mL) de 2,41 ± 1,22, 3,302 ± 0,46, 4,44 ± 0,45, 10,99 ± 1,32 e 443,80 ± 688,90, respectivamente.Destacando que as frequências de gordura e sólidos totais estão fora dos parâmetros estabelecidos pela IN 62.Pode-se verificar que as vacas em lactação região sudoeste do estado do Paraná apresentam índices de taxas degordura e sólidos totais abaixo do estabelecido pela IN 62, necessitando de medidas sanitárias para reduzir oíndice de mastite o que pode estar interferindo diretamente na qualidade do leite produzido

This study aims to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of milk fromsouthwestern Paraná region. To this end, 293 properties were classified according to the number of animals, waslater made simple drawing of each class, making an average of nine animals and different characteristicsregarding race, milking type and stage of lactation. CMT and sampling (July-October 2010) to CCS in vialscontaining preservative Bromopol and sent to the Laboratory of Analysis Program dairy herd of ParanáAssociation of Cattle Breeders of Holstein (APCBRH) was performed on equipment flow cytometry. Thefrequencies of all constituents were subjected to Tukey's test. The results demonstrated that animals with CMTplus me at least one of mammary glands and average standard deviation of fat (%) Protein (%) Lactose (%) totalsolids (%) and CCS (CCS x 1000 / ml) 2.41 ± 1.22, 3.302 ± 0.46, 4.44 ± 0.45, 10.99 ± 1.32 and 443.80 ± 688.90,respectively. Noting that the frequencies of fat and solids are outside the parameters of IN 62 (referrals). One cancheck that lactating cows southwest region of the state of Paraná present rate indices of fat and total solids belowestablished by IN 62, requiring health measures to reduce the incidence of mastitis which may be interferingdirectly in the quality of milk produced

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