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CONTEXT: Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease linked to oral microbiota dysbiosis. This disease progresses to infection that stimulates a host immune/inflammatory response, with progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting structures. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to present a robust critical evaluation of the evidence of salivary protein profiles for identifying oral diseases using proteomic approaches and summarize the use of these approaches to diagnose chronic periodontitis. DATA SOURCES: A systematic literature search was conducted from January 1st, 2010, to December 1st, 2022, based on PICO criteria following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and by searching the three databases Science Direct, Scopus, and Springer Link. STUDY SELECTION: According to the inclusion criteria, eight studies were identified to analyze the proteins identified by proteomics. RESULTS: The protein family S100 was identified as the most abundant in patients with chronic periodontitis. In this family, an increased abundance of S100A8 and S100A9 from individuals with the active disease was observed, which strongly relates to the inflammatory response. Moreover, the ratio S100A8/S100A9 and the metalloproteinase-8 in saliva could differentiate distinct periodontitis groups. The changes in protein profile after non-surgical periodontal therapy improved the health of the buccal area. The results of this systematic review identified a set of proteins that could be used as a complementary tool for periodontitis diagnosis using salivary proteins. CONCLUSION: Biomarkers in saliva can be used to monitor an early stage of periodontitis and the progression of the disease following therapy.

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Introduction: Chlorine, ethyl alcohol, and quaternary ammonium are disinfectants with antiviral activity against SARS-Cov2. However, there are no previous reports of their use and handling for cleaning and disinfection in dental offices. Objetive: To determine the use and management of disinfectants in critical and non-critical areas used by dentists in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: A validated cross-sectional survey was applied online to 100 dentists in San Luis Potosí between February and June 2021. Participants were informed about the handling of personal data according to the standard DOF regulations (DOF 07-05-2010). Results: A total of 100 dentists were included in the study, 63% female and 37% male, with a mean age of 26 years. The most widely used disinfectants during the pandemic in critical areas were Lysol® and 0.1% sodium hypochlorite in non-critical areas. Eighty-five percent of dentists know the adverse effects of inappropriate use of disinfectants, 72% did not have any sign or symptom associated with the use of disinfectants. The most used protection barrier was gloves (97%). Sixty-seven per cent of dentists disposed of disinfectant waste down the drain. Conclusion: Sodium hypochlorite and quaternary ammonium compounds and/or ethanol are used to clean non-critical and critical areas in dental offices. However, appropriate measures for their management are not adopted. It is necessary to implement educational strategies to improve the use and management of disinfectants in dental practice.

Introducción: Cloro, alcohol etílico y amonio cuaternario son desinfectantes que muestran actividad antiviral contra el SARS-Cov2, sin embargo, no existen reportes previos de su uso y manejo para la limpieza y desinfección en clínicas dentales. Objetivo: Determinar el uso y manejo de los desinfectantes en áreas críticas y no críticas empleados por los odontólogos en San Luis Potosí durante la COVID-19. Material y Métodos: Encuesta transversal validada y aplicada on-line a 100 odontólogos de San Luis Potosí durante febrero-junio 2021. Se informó a los participantes sobre el manejo de datos personales de acuerdo a la norma (DOF 05-07-2010). Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 100 odontólogos, 63% del sexo femenino y 37% del sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 26 años. Los desinfectantes más utilizados durante la pandemia en las áreas críticas fueron el Lysol® y el hipoclorito de sodio al 0.1% en áreas no críticas. El 85% de los odontólogos conocen los efectos adversos del uso inadecuado de los desinfectantes, 72% no tuvieron algún signo o síntoma asociado al uso de desinfectantes. La barrera de protección más utilizada fueron los guantes (97%). El 67% de los odontólogos eliminó los desechos de desinfectantes por la coladera. Conclusión: Para la limpieza de las áreas no críticas y críticas en las clínicas dentales se utilizan el hipoclorito de Sodio y compuestos de amonio cuaternario y/o etanol, sin embargo, no se utilizan las medidas adecuadas para su manejo. Es necesario implementar estrategias educativas para mejorar el uso y manejo de desinfectantes en la práctica dental.

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BACKGROUND: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is an important cardiovascular disorder of the peripheral arteries. Chronic infections, such as periodontitis, may play an important role in the etiology and pathophysiology of PAD and other cardiovascular conditions. Recently, Streptococcus mutans has been found with high frequency in atheromatous plaques. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible clinical and microbiologic association between PAD and periodontitis and dental caries. METHODS: Thirty patients with PAD and 30 control individuals were selected. PAD and its severity were established by the use of the ankle-brachial index (ABI). Clinical attachment loss (AL); probing depth; decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index; and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were evaluated. The presence of bacterial DNA from Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was identified by polymerase chain reaction in subgingival biofilm and serum. RESULTS: Patients with ≥30% AL ≥ 4 mm had six-fold increased risk of having PAD (odds ratio = 8.18; 95% confidence interval = 1.21 to 35.23; P = 0.031). There was statistical difference in the CRP (P = 0.0413) and DMFT index (P = 0.0002), with elevated number of missing teeth (P = 0.0459) in the PAD group compared with the control group. There were no significant differences in the frequency of bacteria in serum and subgingival plaque. CONCLUSION: There was a positive relationship between periodontitis based on AL and PAD determined by the ABI (odds ratio = 8.18).

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Interaction of oral streptococci biofilm is the main etiological factor for dental caries. The aim of the study was to compare oral streptococci (OS) distribution in the biofilm of primary dentition from caries-free and caries-affected preschool Mexican children. This cross-sectional study involved 40 caries-free and 40 caries-affected children with primary dentition. Each child was examined using the dmfs index, DNA was extracted from saliva and presence of OS was determined by PCR. Data obtained showed no statistical difference regarding age and gender (P > 0.05). Streptococcus mutans (Smut), Streptococcus sobrinus (Ssob) and their combination showed significant statistical differences between groups (P < 0.05). Smut, Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii had an inverse relation with dmfs index and Ssob had a direct relation similar to combined with Smut. Smut-Ssob combined with other OS showed statistical differences (P < 0.05). In free-caries group Streptococcus gordonii was more frequently identified than Smut. The ratio Smut/Streptococcus sanguinis could represent a high risk of dental caries development; this ratio was higher in the caries-affected (1.18) than in the caries-free group (0.32). In conclusion, OS play an important role in dental caries predisposition and severity, not only the presence of Smut and Srob, but also the complexity and distribution of OS in the biofilm.

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La interacción de los estreptococos orales en la biopelícula es el principal factor etiológico de la caries dental, por lo que objetivo del estudio fue comparar la distribución de los estreptococosorales en la biopelícula de niños preescolares con dentición temporal, afectados por caries y libres de esta enfermedad. Este estudio transversal incluyó 40 niños con caries y 40 niños libres de caries con dentición primaria. Cada sujeto fue examinado usando el índice ceo, y se tomó una muestra desaliva, de la cual se extrajo el DNA y se determinó la presencia de los estreptococos orales por medio de PCR. Comparando los dos grupos no se mostraron diferencias significativas encuanto a edad y género (P>0.05). La presencia de Streptococcus mutans (Smut), Streptococcus sobrinus (Ssob) y su combinación mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre grupos (P<0.05). La presencia de Smut, Streptococcus sanguinis y Streptococcus gordonii mostró una relación inversa con elíndice ceo, en contraste Ssob así como la combinación Smut- Ssob observaron una relación directa. Smut-Ssob combinados con otros estreptococos orales, mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre grupos (P<0.05). En el grupo libre de caries Streptococcusgordonii se identificó con mayor frecuencia que Smut. La proporción Smut/Streptococcus sanguinis podría representar un alto riesgo de desarrollo de caries dental, esta proporción fue mayor en los sujetos afectados por caries dental (1.18) en comparación con el grupo libre de caries (0.32). En conclusión, los estreptococos orales juegan un importante papel en el riesgo de caries dental así como en su severidad, no solo la presencia de Smut y Ssob, sino también la complejidad y distribución de los estreptococos orales en la biopelícula

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La interacción de los estreptococos orales en la biopelícula es el principal factor etiológico de la caries dental, por lo que objetivo del estudio fue comparar la distribución de los estreptococosorales en la biopelícula de niños preescolares con dentición temporal, afectados por caries y libres de esta enfermedad. Este estudio transversal incluyó 40 niños con caries y 40 niños libres de caries con dentición primaria. Cada sujeto fue examinado usando el índice ceo, y se tomó una muestra desaliva, de la cual se extrajo el DNA y se determinó la presencia de los estreptococos orales por medio de PCR. Comparando los dos grupos no se mostraron diferencias significativas encuanto a edad y género (P>0.05). La presencia de Streptococcus mutans (Smut), Streptococcus sobrinus (Ssob) y su combinación mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre grupos (P<0.05). La presencia de Smut, Streptococcus sanguinis y Streptococcus gordonii mostró una relación inversa con elíndice ceo, en contraste Ssob así como la combinación Smut- Ssob observaron una relación directa. Smut-Ssob combinados con otros estreptococos orales, mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre grupos (P<0.05). En el grupo libre de caries Streptococcusgordonii se identificó con mayor frecuencia que Smut. La proporción Smut/Streptococcus sanguinis podría representar un alto riesgo de desarrollo de caries dental, esta proporción fue mayor en los sujetos afectados por caries dental (1.18) en comparación con el grupo libre de caries (0.32). En conclusión, los estreptococos orales juegan un importante papel en el riesgo de caries dental así como en su severidad, no solo la presencia de Smut y Ssob, sino también la complejidad y distribución de los estreptococos orales en la biopelícula (AU)

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AIM: To identify periodontal bacterial DNA (PBDNA) by PCR in subgingival dental plaque (SDP), serum and synovial fluid (SF) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with periodontal disease (PD) patients and to explore the possible PBDNA transport pathways from mouth to joints. METHODS: This cross-sectional prolective study involved 19 subjects with RA and PD. Informed consent, health and dental questionnaires were obtained. SDP, SF and serum samples were obtained, and leucocytes were isolated from blood. DNA was extracted and PCR assays to detect main PD species were carried out. Cultures on agar plates and broth, from each sample, were performed. RESULTS: Hundred percentage of patients showed PBDNA in SDP and SF and 83.5% in serum. Prevotella intermedia (89.4% and 73.6%) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (57.8% and 42.1%) were the species most frequently detected in SDP and SF, respectively. In SDP, 4.05 different bacterial species were found followed by 1.19 in serum and 2.26 in SF. Culture onto agar plates and broth did not show any bacterial growth, leucocytes were not positive to PBDNA by PCR. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that PBDNA could have a role on the RA aetiology. The possible pathway of transport of PBDNA from mouth to joints could be via the free form of DNA.

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