RESUMEN

Solubility is one of the most important physicochemical properties due to its involvement in physiological (bioavailability), industrial (design) and environmental (biotoxicity) processes, and in this regard, cosolvency is one of the best strategies to increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs in aqueous systems. Thus, the aim of this research is to thermodynamically evaluate the dissolution process of triclocarban (TCC) in cosolvent mixtures of {N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) + water (W)} at seven temperatures (288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15 K). Solubility is determined by UV/vis spectrophotometry using the flask-shaking method. The dissolution process of the TCC is endothermic and strongly dependent on the cosolvent composition, achieving the minimum solubility in pure water and the maximum solubility in NMP. The activity coefficient decreases from pure water to NMP, reaching values less than one, demonstrating the excellent positive cosolvent effect of NMP, which is corroborated by the negative values of the Gibbs energy of transfer. In general terms, the dissolution process is endothermic, and the increase in TCC solubility may be due to the affinity of TCC with NMP, in addition to the water de-structuring capacity of NMP generating a higher number of free water molecules.

RESUMEN

Meloxicam is an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug widely prescribed in current therapeutics that exhibits very low solubility in water. Thus, this physicochemical property has been studied in N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP)-aqueous mixtures at several temperatures to expand the solubility database about pharmaceutical compounds in aqueous-mixed solvents. The flask-shake method and UV-vis spectrophotometry were used for meloxicam solubility determination as a function of temperature and mixture composition. Several cosolvency models, including the Jouyban-Acree model, were challenged for equilibrium solubility correlation and/or prediction. The van't Hoff and Gibbs equations were employed here to calculate the apparent standard thermodynamic quantities for the dissolution and mixing processes of this drug in these aqueous mixtures. Inverse Kirkwood-Buff integrals were employed to calculate the preferential solvation parameters of meloxicam by NMP in all mixtures. Meloxicam equilibrium solubility increased with increasing temperature, and maximal solubilities were observed in neat NMP at all temperatures. The mole fraction solubility of meloxicam increased from 1.137 × 10-6 in neat water to 3.639 × 10-3 in neat NMP at 298.15 K. The Jouyban-Acree model correlated the meloxicam solubility in these mixtures very well. Dissolution processes were endothermic and entropy-driven in all cases, except in neat water, where nonenthalpy- nor entropy-driven was observed. Apparent Gibbs energies of dissolution varied from 34.35 kJ·mol-1 in pure water to 7.99 kJ·mol-1 in pure NMP at a mean harmonic temperature of 303.0 K. A nonlinear enthalpy-entropy relationship was observed in the plot of dissolution enthalpy vs dissolution Gibbs energy. Meloxicam is preferentially hydrated in water-rich mixtures but preferentially solvated by NMP in the composition interval of 0.16 < x 1 < 1.00.

RESUMEN

The solubility of drugs in cosolvent systems of pharmaceutical interest is of great importance for understanding and optimizing a large number of processes. Here, we report the solubility of isoniazid in nine (PEG 200 + water) cosolvent mixtures at nine temperatures (278.15, 283.15, 288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K) determined by UV-vis spectrophotometry. From the solubility data, the thermodynamic solution, mixing, and transfer functions were calculated in addition to performing the enthalpy-entropy compensation analysis. The solubility of isoniazid depends on the concentration of PEG 200 (positive cosolvent effect) and temperature (endothermic process) reaching its maximum solubility in pure PEG 200 at 318.15 K and the lowest solubility in pure water at 278.15 K. The solution process is favored by the solution entropy and according to the enthalpy-entropy compensation analysis it is driven by entropy in mixtures rich in water and by enthalpy in mixtures rich in PEG 200.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Solubility of sulfamethazine (SMT) in acetonitrile (MeCN) + methanol (MeOH) cosolvents was determined at nine temperatures between 278.15 and 318.15 K. From the solubility data expressed in molar fraction, the thermodynamic functions of solution, transfer and mixing were calculated using the Gibbs and van 't Hoff equations; on the other hand, the solubility data were modeled according to the Wilson models and NRTL. The solubility of SMT is thermo-dependent and is influenced by the solubility parameter of the cosolvent mixtures. In this case, the maximum solubility was achieved in the cosolvent mixture w0.40 at 318.15 K and the minimum in pure MeOH at 278.15 K. According to the thermodynamic functions, the SMT solution process is endothermic in addition to being favored by the entropic factor, and as for the preferential solvation parameter, SMT tends to be preferentially solvated by MeOH in all cosolvent systems; however, δx3,1<0.01, so the results are not conclusive. Finally, according to mean relative deviations (MRD%), the two models could be very useful tools for calculating the solubility of SMT in cosolvent mixtures and temperatures different from those reported in this research.

RESUMEN

Extended Hildebrand Solubility Approach (EHSA) was applied to evaluate the solubility of sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine in some ethanol + water mixtures at 298.15 K. Reported experimental equilibrium solubilities and some fusion properties of these drugs were used for the calculations. In particular, a good predictive character of EHSA (with mean deviations lower than 3.0%) were found by using regular polynomials in order four correlating the interaction parameter W with the Hildebrand solubility parameter of solvent mixtures without drug. The predictive character of EHSA was the same as that obtained by direct correlation of drug solubilities with the same descriptor of polarity of the cosolvent mixtures.

Se aplicó el Método Extendido de Solubilidad de Hildebrand (MESH) al estudio de la solubilidad de sulfadiazina, sulfamerazina y sulfametazina en mezclas binarias etanol + agua a 298,15 K. Se utilizaron valores reportados de solubilidad en equilibrio y algunas propiedades fisicoquímicas de fusión de estos compuestos. Se obtuvo una adecuada capacidad predictiva del MESH (con desviaciones promedio menores del 3,0%) al utilizar modelos polinómicos regulares de cuarto orden relacionando el parámetro de interacción W con el parámetro de solubilidad de Hildebrand de las mezclas solventes. El carácter predictivo del MESH fue de magnitud semejante al que se obtuvo calculando esta propiedad directamente, donde se utilizó una regresión empírica regular de cuarto orden de la solubilidad experimental logarítmica de los fármacos en función del parámetro de solubilidad de las mezclas disolventes.

Na presente investigação, aplicou-se o Método Estendido de Solubilidade do Hildebrand (MESH) ao estudo da solubilidade da sulfadiazina, sulfamerazina e sulfametazina em misturas binárias etanol + agua a 298,15 K. Obteve-se uma adequada capacidade preditiva (com menor desvio padrão de 3,0%) do MESH ao utilizar modelos polinomiais regulares de quarta ordem relacionando o parâmetro de interação W com o parâmetro de solubilidade do Hildebrand das misturas de solventes. O caráter preditivo do MESH foi semelhante ao obtido pelo cálculo utilizando uma regressão empírica regular da quarta ordem, da solubilidade experimental logarítmica dos fármacos em função do parâmetro de solubilidade das misturas dissolventes.

RESUMEN

In this communication some reported solubility values of vanillin (component 3) in 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol (Carbitol®, component 1) + water (component 2) mixtures at five temperatures from 298.15 to 318.15 K were correlated with the Jouyban-Acree model combined with van't Hoff or Apelblat equations, obtaining models in second degree regarding the mixtures compositions. Mean percentage deviations were near to 6.0%. On the other hand, by means of the inverse Kirkwood-Buff integrals it was demonstrated that vanillin is preferentially solvated by water in water-rich mixtures (with a minimum δx1,3 value in the mixture x1 = 0.05, i.e. -4.29 x 10-2) but preferentially solvated by the cosolvent in mixtures with compositions 0.12 < x1 < 1.00 (with a maximum δx1,3 value equal to 3.61 x 10-2 in the mixture x1 = 0.25). It is conjectural that hydrophobic hydration plays a relevant role in the first case, whereas, in the second case, vanillin would be acting as Lewis acid with Carbitol®.

Nesta pesquisa alguns valores de solubilidade da vanilina (componente 3) em misturas 2-(2-etoxietoxi)etanol (Carbitol®, componente 1) + água (componente 2) em várias temperaturas (298,15-318,15 K) foram correlacionados com o modelo Jouyban-Acree combinado com as equações do van't Hoff ou Apelblat obtendo modelos de ordem dois. Os desvios médios percentuais foram cercanos a 6,0%. Por outro lado, por meio das integrais inversas do Kirkwood-Buff demonstrou-se que a vanilina é preferencialmente solvatada pela água em misturas ricas em agua (com um valor mínimo de δx1,3 igual a -4,29 x 10-2 obtido na mistura de composição x1 = 0,05), mas, preferencialmente, solvatada pelo cosolvente, em misturas com composições 0,12 < x1 < 1,00 (com um valor máximo de δx1,3 igual a 3,61 x 10-2 obtido na mistura de composição x1 = 0,25). É conjecturável que a hidratação hidrofóbica desempenha um papel relevante no primeiro caso, enquanto que, no segundo caso a vanilina está atuando como ácido de Lewis com moléculas do Carbitol®.

En esta comunicación se presenta la correlación de algunos valores de solubilidad de vainillina (componente 3) en mezclas 2-(2-etoxietoxi)etanol (Carbitol®, componente 1) + agua (componente 2) reportados previamente en la literatura a cinco temperaturas desde 298,15 hasta 313,15 K mediante el modelo de Jouyban-Acree combinado con las ecuaciones de van't Hoff y de Apelblat. En el análisis se obtuvieron modelos de segundo orden respecto a la composición de las mezclas disolventes. Las desviaciones porcentuales promedio fueron cercanas al 6,0%. Por otro lado, mediante las integrales inversas de Kirkwood-Buff se demostró que la vainillina es solvatada preferencialmente por el agua en mezclas ricas en agua (con un valor mínimo de δx1,3 igual a -4,29 x 10-2 obtenido en la mezcla de composición x1 = 0,05) pero preferencialmente solvatada por el cosolvente en mezclas con composiciones 0,12 < x1 < 1,00 (con un valor máximo de δx1,3 igual a 3,61 x 10-2 obtenido en la mezcla de composición x1 = 0,25). Se podría conjeturar que la hidratación hidrofóbica juega un papel relevante en el primer caso, mientras que en el segundo caso, la vainillina estaría actuando como ácido de Lewis frente a las moléculas de Carbitol®.

RESUMEN

En este trabajo se propone y se valida una metodología analítica por espectrofotometría UV aplicada al estudio de la solubilidad de algunas sulfonamidas en mezclas cosolventes. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: especificidad, linealidad, precisión y límites de detección y cuantificación, así como la estabilidad de los fármacos bajos las condiciones de análisis de solubilidad. El método propuesto es útil para determinar la solubilidad de estas sulfonamidas en función de la temperatura y la composición cosolvente.

An analytical method by UV-spectrophotometry has been proposed and validated to study the solubility of some sulfonamides in cosolvent mixtures. The parameters evaluated were specificity, linearity, precision, and detection and quantification limits, as well as the drug stability under the solubility analysis conditions. The developed method was useful to determine the solubility of these drugs as a function of temperature and cosolvent concentration.

Neste trabalho propomos é validamos uma metodologia analítica ultravioleta para o estudo da solubilidade de alguns sulfamidas em misturas dos solventes. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: especificidade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão e limites de detecção e quantificação, e a estabilidade dos fármacos nas condições de estúdio. O método proposto é útil para a determinação da solubilidade destes sulfamidas em função da temperatura e da composição do cosolvente.

RESUMEN

En este trabajo se propone y se valida una metodología analítica por espectrofotometría UV aplicada al estudio de la solubilidad de algunas sulfonamidas en mezclas cosolventes. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: especificidad, linealidad, precisión y límites de detección y cuantificación, así como la estabilidad de los fármacos bajos las condiciones de análisis de solubilidad. El método propuesto es útil para determinar la solubilidad de estas sulfonamidas en función de la temperatura y la composición cosolvente.

An analytical method by UV-spectrophotometry has been proposed and validated to study the solubility of some sulfonamides in cosolvent mixtures. The parameters evaluated were specificity, linearity, precision, and detection and quantification limits, as well as the drug stability under the solubility analysis conditions. The developed method was useful to determine the solubility of these drugs as a function of temperature and cosolvent concentration.

Neste trabalho propomos é validamos uma metodologia analítica ultravioleta para o estudo da solubilidade de alguns sulfamidas em misturas dos solventes. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: especificidade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão e limites de detecção e quantificação, e a estabilidade dos fármacos nas condições de estúdio. O método proposto é útil para a determinação da solubilidade destes sulfamidas em função da temperatura e da composição do cosolvente.

RESUMEN

La nimodipina (NMD) es un agente usado como vasodilatador cerebral y cuyas propiedades fisicoquímicas en solución aún no han sido totalmente estudiadas. En la presente investigación se aplicó el Método Extendido de Solubilidad de Hildebrand (MESH) al estudio de la solubilidad de NMD en algunas mezclas binarias PEG 400 + etanol a 298,15 K. Se obtuvo una capacidad predictiva aceptable del MESH (desviación general inferior al 1,3%) al utilizar un modelo polinómico regular de tercer orden, relacionando el parámetro de interacción W con el parámetro de solubilidad de las mezclas solventes. De esta forma, las desviaciones obtenidas en la solubilidad estimada fueron de magnitud inferior a las obtenidas al calcular esta propiedad directamente, utilizando una regresión empírica regular del mismo orden, de la solubilidad experimental del fármaco en función del parámetro de solubilidad de las mezclas disolventes, en la cual se obtuvo una desviación promedio del 1,7%.

Nimodipine (NMD) is a drug used as cerebral vasodilator whose physicochemical properties in solution have not been studied completely. In this work the Extended Hildebrand Solubility Approach (EHSA) was applied to evaluate the equilibrium solubility of NMD in some polyethylene glycol 400 + ethanol mixtures at 298.15 K. An acceptable correlative capacity of EHSA was found using a regular polynomial model in order three (overall deviation lower than 1.3%), when the W interaction parameter is related to the solubility parameter of the mixtures. Moreover, the mean deviation obtained in the estimated solubility with respect to experimental solubility was lower than the one obtained directly by means of an empiric regression in order three of the logarithm experimental solubility as a function of the mixtures' solubility parameters (1.7%).

RESUMEN

The preferential solvation parameters, i.e., the differences between the local around the solute and bulk mole fractions of the solvents in solutions of xylitol in ethanol + water binary mixtures are derived from their thermodynamic properties by means of the inverse Kirkwood-Buff integrals (IKBI) and quasi-lattice quasi-chemical (QLQC) methods. According to IKBI method it is found that xylitol is sensitive to solvation effects, so the preferential solvation parameter δxE,S, is slightly positive in water-rich and negative in mixtures beyond 0.25 in mole fraction of ethanol. In different way, according to QLQC method, negative values of δxE,S are found in all the compositions evaluated. The more solvation by ethanol observed in water-rich mixtures could be due mainly to polarity effects. Otherwise, the preference of this compound for water in ethanol-rich mixtures could be explained in terms of the bigger acidic behavior of water interacting with hydrogen-acceptor hydroxyl groups in xylitol.

Partiendo de algunas propiedades termodinámicas clásicas se calcularon los parámetros de solvatación preferencial del xilitol (dxE,S) en mezclas etanol + agua mediante el método de las integrales inversas de Kirkwood-Buff (IKBI) y el método cuasi-enrejado-cuasi-químico (QLQC). Los parámetros dxE,S corresponden a las diferencias entre las fracciones molares locales alrededor del soluto y en el grueso de la solución. Con base en estos valores, se encuentra que este compuesto es altamente sensible a los efectos específicos de solvatación según la composición cosolvente. Así, según el método IKBI, los valores de dxE,S son positivos en mezclas ricas en agua pero negativos en composiciones desde 0.25 en fracción molar de etanol hasta el etanol puro. Sin embargo, según el método QLQC, los valores de dxE,S son negativos en todas las composiciones co-solventes analizadas. En mezclas ricas en agua la mayor solvatación por las moléculas de etanol podría deberse principalmente a efectos de polaridad. De otro lado, la preferencia que manifiesta este compuesto por el agua en mezclas ricas en etanol podría explicarse en términos del mayor comportamiento ácido del agua que estaría interactuando con los grupos aceptores de hidrógeno presentes en el soluto.

Começando a partir de algumas propriedades termodinâmicas clássicos neste trabalho, foram calculados os parâmetros de solvatação preferenciais de xilitol (δxE,S) em misturas etanol + água pelo método de integrais inversas de Kirkwood-Buff (IKBI) e o método quase-reticulado quase-químicas (QLQC). Parâmetros δxE,S correspondem às diferenças entre as fracções molares locais ao redor do soluto na solução e a granel. Com base nestes valores se verifique que este composto é extremamente sensível aos efeitos específicos de solvatação por composição de cosolvente. Assim, de acordo com o método IKBI, valores δx E,S são positivas em misturas ricas em água, mas negativas em composições 0,25 de fracção mole de etanol a etanol puro. No entanto, de acordo com o método QLQC, os valores de δxE,S são negativas em todas as composições testadas. Solvatação de xilitol por moléculas de etanol em misturas ricas em água pode ser devido por polaridade. Por outro lado, a preferência de este composto por água em misturas em etanol pode ser explicada em termos de comportamento ácido de água com os grupos aceitadores de hidrogénio presentes no soluto.

RESUMEN

Naproxen (NPX)-loaded poly-(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles were prepared by the emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The different organic solvents used significantly affects the properties of the microparticles obtained. These microparticles exhibited a controlled release profile that extends up to 15 days depending on the organic solvent used. The formulations did not exhibit zero- or first-order release kinetics and no agreement with Higuchi or Korsmeyer-Peppas models was obtained. In all cases, the dissolution profiles were fitted to the model proposed by Gallagher and Corrigan for PLGA systems. It was found that this model fully describes the dissolution processes. An interesting relationship between the NPX solubility in the organic solvents studied and some parameters obtained for the dissolution model of the microparticles prepared with the same solvents is thus obtained. Accordingly, it can be proposed that the drug solubility in organic solvents is relevant to estimate the physical characteristics of microparticles other than its dissolution profiles.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The Extended Hildebrand Solubility Approach(EHSA) was applied in the present work to evaluate the solubility of the analgesic drug acetaminophen (paracetamol) in polyethylene glycol 400 + water mixtures at 298.15 K. An acceptable correlative capacity of EHSA was found using a regular polynomial model in order four (overall deviation below 0.7%), when the W interaction parameter is related to the solubility parameter of the mixtures. Thus, the deviations obtained in the estimated solubility with respect to experimental solubility were lower than those obtained directly by means of an empiric regression of the experimental solubility as a function of the mixtures´ solubility parameters (close to 1.5%).

En el presente trabajo se aplicó el Método Extendido de Solubilidad de Hildebrand (MESH) al estudio de la solubilidad del acetaminofeno en mezclas binarias polietilenglicol 400 + agua a 298,15 K. Se obtuvo una capacidad predictiva aceptable del MESH (desviación general inferior al 0,7%) al utilizar un modelo polinómico regular de cuarto orden que relaciona el parámetro de interacción W con el parámetro de solubilidad de las mezclas solventes. Las desviaciones obtenidas en la solubilidad estimada fueron de menor magnitud que las obtenidas al calcular esta propiedad directamente, utilizando una regresión empírica regular del mismo orden de la solubilidad experimental del fármaco en función del parámetro de solubilidad de las mezclas disolventes (cerca del 1.5%).

O método estendido de solubilidade de Hildebrand (MESH) foi aplicado nesta pesquisa para avaliar a solubilidade do paracetamol em água de misturas binárias + polietileno glicol 400 em 298,15 K. Obteve-se boa capacidade preditiva com o MESH (desvio inferior a 0,7%) quando se utiliza um polinòmio regular de quarta ordem do parâmetro de interação W com o parâmetro de solubilidade das misturas de solventes. Os desvios obtidos na solubilidade estimada foram inferiores do que os obtidos através do cálculo desta propriedade diretamente, utilizando uma regressão normal empírica da mesma ordem da solubilidade experimental da droga em função do parâmetro de solubilidade das misturas solventes (cerca de 1,5 %).

RESUMEN

Molar volumes and excess molar volumes were investigated from density values for (PEG 400 + water) and (PEG 400 + ethanol) binary mixtures at temperatures from 283.15 K to 313.15 K. Both systems exhibit negative excess volumes probably due to increased interactions like hydrogen bonding and/or large differences in molar volumes of components. Volume thermal expansion coefficients were also calculated for binary mixtures and pure solvents. The Jouyban-Acree model was used for density and molar volume correlations of the studied mixtures at different temperatures. The mean relative deviations between experimental and calculated density data were 0.1 and 0.5 %, for aqueous and ethanolic mixtures, respectively; whereas, in molar volume data the values were 18.0 and 6.9 %, for aqueous and ethanolic mixtures, respectively. The trained versions of the model for PEG 400 binary solvents could be used to predict the density values of other PEGs with reasonable prediction error employing the density of mono-solvents.

En este artículo se calcularon los volúmenes molares y molares de exceso a partir de valores de densidad para los sistemas PEG 400 + agua y PEG 400 + etanol, en todo el intervalo de composición, a temperaturas entre 283,15 y 313,15 K. Los sistemas estudiados presentan volúmenes de exceso negativos probablemente debido a las fuertes interacciones por unión de hidrógeno entre las moléculas de los dos compuestos y a la gran diferencia en los volúmenes molares de los dos componentes puros. También se calcularon los coeficientes de expansión térmica-volumétrica en los solventes puros y las respectivas mezclas. Asimismo, se usó el modelo Jouyban- Acree para correlacionar la densidad y el volumen molar de las mezclas a las distintas temperaturas. Las desviaciones medias relativas en densidad fueron 0,1% y 0,5% para las mezclas acuosas y etanólicas, respectivamente, mientras que las desviaciones obtenidas para volumen molar fueron 18% y 6,9% para las mezclas acuosas y etanólicas, respectivamente. Los modelos obtenidos para las mezclas binarias con PEG 400 pueden usarse para predecir los valores con otros PEG, con un adecuado margen de error, utilizando las densidades de los solventes puros.

RESUMEN

Thermodynamic functions of Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy for the solution processes of the antimicrobial drugs Triclosan (TS) and Triclocarban (TCC) in five volatile organic solvents were calculated from solubility values at temperatures from 293.15 to 313.15 K. TS and Triclocarban solubility was determined in acetone, acetonitrile (AcCN), ethyl acetate (AcOEt), methanol (MetOH), and cyclohexane (CH). The excess of Gibbs energy and the activity coefficients of the solutes were also calculated. The TS solubilities were greater than those of TCC in all the solvents studied. At 298.15 K the solubility diminished for TS in the order, acetone > AcOEt > AcCN > MetOH > CH, while it diminished for TCC in the order, acetone > AcOEt > MetOH > AcCN > CH. On the other hand, thermodynamic quantities relative to the transfer process of these drugs from CH to all other organic solvents, as well as from water to organic solvents for TS were also calculated in order to estimate the hydrogen-bonding contributions.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Excess molar volumes and partial molar volumes were investigated from density values for a) ethanol (1) + water (2), b) 1,2-propanediol (1) + water (2), and c) ethanol (1) + 1,2-propanediol (2) mixtures, at temperatures from (278.15 to 288.15) K. Excess molar volumes were fitted by Redlich-Kister equation. The systems exhibit negative excess volumes probably due to increased interactions like hydrogen bonding and/or large differences in molar volumes of components. The Jouyban-Acree model was used for density and molar volume correlations of the studied mixtures at different temperatures. The mean relative deviations between experimental and calculated data in density data were 0.15, 0.08, and 0.01 %, for a), b), and c), respectively; whereas, in molar volume data the values were 1.9, 2.1, and 0.1 %, for a), b), and c), respectively.

En este trabajo se calcularon los volúmenes molares de exceso a partir de valores de densidad para los sistemas a) etanol + agua, b) 1,2-propanodiol + agua y c) etanol + 1,2-propanodiol, en todo el intervalo de composición, a temperaturas entre 278,15 y 288,15 K. Los volúmenes molares de exceso se modelaron de acuerdo a la ecuación de Redlich-Kister. Los sistemas estudiados presentan volúmenes de exceso altamente negativos probablemente debido a las fuertes interacciones por unión de hidrógeno entre las moléculas de los dos compuestos y a la gran diferencia en los volúmenes molares de los dos componentes puros. Finalmente se usó el modelo Jouyban-Acree para correlacionar la densidad y el volumen molar de las diferentes mezclas. Las desviaciones medias relativas en densidad fueron, 0,15, 0,08 y 0,01 %, para a), b) y c), respectivamente; mientras que el caso de volumen molar los valores fueron 1,9, 2,1 y 0,1 %, para a), b) y c), respectivamente.

RESUMEN

Thermodynamic functions Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy of mixing of propranolol hydrochloride in ethanol + water mixtures were evaluated. Mixing quantities were calculated based on fusion calorimetric values obtained from differential scanning calorimetry measurements and equilibrium solubility values reported in the literature for this drug in these cosolvent mixtures. By means of enthalpy-entropy compensation analysis, a non-linear ΔmixHº vs. ΔmixGº plot was obtained indicating different mechanisms involved in the dissolution and mixing of this drug according to mixtures composition. Nevertheless, the molecular and ionic events involved in the dissolution of this drug in this cosolvent system are unclear.

En este trabajo se estudiaron las funciones termodinámicas de mezcla de propranolol clorhidrato en mezclas etanol + agua, las cuales fueron calculadas a partir de las propiedades calorimétricas de fusión y de los valores de solubilidad en equilibrio en estas mezclas cosolventes que fueron publicados en la literatura. Mediante análisis de compensación entálpica-entrópica ΔmixHº vs. ΔmixGº se obtuvo un gráfico no lineal lo que indica la presencia de diferentes mecanismos implicados en el proceso de disolución según la composición cosolvente. Sin embargo, los eventos moleculares e iónicos involucrados en el proceso de disolución de este fármaco en este sistema cosolvente no son claros.

RESUMEN

Propranolol-HCl is a non selective beta-adrenergic blocker widely used in the treatment of several cardiovascular diseases; nevertheless, the physicochemical information about its volumetric behavior and other aqueous properties is not complete at present. In this context, densities of aqueous solutions of propanolol-HCl have been measured in this research as a function of concentration (from 0.0500 to 0.2500) mol kg–1 at several temperatures, i.e. (278.15, 283.15, 288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K.These values have not been reported earlier in the literature. The apparent molar volumes and partial molar volumes at infinite dilution for the electrolyte drug were calculated. Otherwise, the partial molar volumes at infinite dilution and the partial molar expansibilities for the drug as molecular form were also calculated. The dependence of these properties on temperature is presented. The results are interpreted in terms of several solute-solvent interactions. Ultimately, the reported information can be useful to understand the intermolecular events exhibited by this drug in pharmaceutical and biological systems.

El Propranolol-HCl es un agente bloqueador beta-adrenérgico no selectivo ampliamente usado en el tratamiento de varias enfermedades cardiovasculares; sin embargo, la información fisicoquímica acerca de su comportamiento volumétrico, así como de otras propiedades fisicoquímicas, aún es incompleta en la actualidad. Por esta razón, en este artículo se presentan los valores de densidad de algunas soluciones acuosas de este fármaco en función de la concentración (desde 0,0500 hasta 0,2500) mol kg–1 a diferentes temperaturas (278,15, 283,15, 288,15, 293,15, 298,15, 303,15, 308,15 y 313,15) K. Estos valores no habían sido reportados previamente en la literatura. Asimismo, se presentan los volúmenes molares aparentes y volúmenes molares parciales a dilución infinita del fármaco como electrolito, y de otro lado, los volúmenes molares parciales a dilución infinita del fármaco molecular y las expansibilidades molares, los cuales fueron calculados a partir de los valores de densidad y composición de las mezclas. Los resultados obtenidosse interpretaron en términos de interacciones soluto-solvente. Finalmente, se tiene que la información presentada en este trabajo podría ser utilizada para el entendimiento de algunos eventos molecularesexhibidos por este fármaco en sistemas farmacéuticos y biológicos.

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Excess molar volumes and partial molar volumes were investigated from density values of the literature for glycerol + water mixtures at temperatures from (288.15 to 303.15) K. Excess molar volumes were fitted by Redlich-Kister equation and compared with values of literature for other similar systems. The system exhibits negative excess volumes probably due to increased interactions like hydrogen bonding and/or large differences in molar volumes of components. The effect of temperature on different volumetric properties studied is also analyzed. Besides, the volume thermal expansion coefficients are also calculated founding values from 2.51 × 10–4 K–1 for water to 7.24 × 10–4 K–1 for glycerol at 298.15 K. The Jouyban-Acree model was used for density and molar volume correlations of the studied mixtures at different temperatures. The mean relative deviations between experimental and calculated data were 0.19 ± 0.11 % and 0.32 ± 0.25 %, respectively for density and molar volume data.

En este trabajo se calculan los volúmenes molares de exceso a partir de valores de densidad tomados de la literatura para el sistema glicerol + agua en todo el intervalo de composición a temperaturas entre 278,15 y 313,15 K. Los volúmenes molares de exceso se modelaron de acuerdo a la ecuación de Redlich-Kister usando polinomios regulares de segundo grado y se compararon con otros presentados en la literatura para otros sistemas. El sistema estudiado presenta volúmenes de exceso altamente negativos (hasta –0,40 cm3 mol–1) probablemente debido a las fuertes interacciones por unión de hidrógeno entre las moléculas de los dos compuestos y a la gran diferencia en los volúmenes molares de los dos componentes puros. También se analizó el efecto de la temperatura sobre las diferentes propiedades volumétricas estudiadas. Así mismo se calcularon los coeficientes térmicos de expansión volumétrica encontrado valores desde 2,51 × 10–4 K–1 para el agua pura hasta 4,38 × 10–4 K–1 para el glicerol puro a 298,15 K. Finalmente se usó el modelo Jouyban-Acree para correlacionar la densidad y el volumen molar de las diferentes mezclas encontrando desviaciones medias relativas de 0,19 ± 0,11 % y 0,32 ± 0,25 % para densidades y volúmenes molares respectivamente.

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Sodium sulfonamides have been extensively used for the treatment of certain infections caused by several types of microorganisms. Although sulfonamides are still widely used in therapeutics, the physicochemical information about their aqueous solutions has not been completed. In this context, the thermodynamic functions of mixing three structurally related sodium sulfonamides were evaluated: Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy. The quantities of mixing were calculated based on the fusion calorimetric values obtained from differential scanning calorimetry measurements and equilibrium solubility values reported in the literature for all the drugs with ethanol + water mixtures. By means of an enthalpy-entropy compensation analysis, non-linear DELTAHo-mix vs. DELTAGo-mix plots with negative slopes from neat ethanol to a 0.60 ethanol mass fraction, and positive slopes from the latter composition to neat water were obtained. From these results, it was concluded that the dissolution process of these drugs in ethanol-rich mixtures was entropy-driven; whereas, in water-rich mixtures the process was enthalpy-driven. Nevertheless, the molecular and ionic events involved in the dissolution of these drugs in this cosolvent system remain unclear.

Las sulfonamidas sódicas han sido ampliamente utilizadas en el tratamiento de ciertas infecciones causadas por diferentes microorganismos. Si bien las sulfonamidas siguen siendo ampliamente usadas en la terapéutica actual, la información fisicoquímica de sus soluciones acuosas aún no es completa. En este contexto, estudiamos aquí las funciones termodinámicas de mezcla de tres sulfonamidas sódicas relacionadas estructuralmente y que fueron calculadas a partir de las propiedades calorimétricas de fusión y de los valores de solubilidad en equilibrio en mezclas etanol + agua publicados en la literatura...

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Thermodynamic functions Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy of mixing of sodium naproxen and procaine hydrochloride were evaluated. Mixing quantities were calculated based on fusion calorimetric values obtained from differential scanning calorimetry measurements and equilibrium solubility values reported in the literature for both drugs in ethanol + water mixtures. By means of enthalpy-entropy compensation analysis, non-linear Hmix 0 vs. Gmix 0 plots were obtained which indicates different mechanisms involved in the dissolution of these drugs according to mixtures composition. Nevertheless, the molecular and ionic events involved in the dissolution of this drug in this cosolvent system are unclear.

En este trabajo se estudiaron las funciones termodinámicas de mezcla de naproxeno sódico y procaína clorhidrato las cuales fueron calculadas a partir de las propiedades calorimétricas de fusión y de los valores de solubilidad en equilibrio en mezclas etanol + agua publicados en la literatura. Mediante análisis de compensación entálpica- entrópica se obtienen gráficos no lineales de Hmix 0 vs. Gmix 0 indicando diferentesmecanismos en el proceso de disolución según la composición cosolvente. Sin embargo, los eventos moleculares e iónicos involucrados en el proceso de disolución de este fármaco en este sistema cosolvente no son claros.

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