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1.
AIDS ; 27(15): 2403-11, 2013 Sep 24.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23921615

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To compare changes over 48 weeks in bone mineral density (BMD) between participants randomized to lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) + raltegravir (RAL) or LPV/r + 2-3 nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (N(t)RTIs) as second line therapy. DESIGN: 48-week open-label sub-study of the Second Line trial conducted in South Africa, India, Thailand, Malaysia and Argentina. METHODS: Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans of proximal femur and lumbar spine were performed at baseline and week 48. Linear regression was used to compare means of differences between arms. McNemars test compared osteopenia and osteoporosis. Associations between percentage BMD changes and baseline variables were assessed by multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: Two hundred and ten participants were randomized. Analyses were adjusted for sex, BMI and smoking status. Mean (95% CI) proximal femur BMD% reduced over 48 weeks by -5.2% (-6.7 to -3.8%) in the LPV/r+2-3N(t)RTIs arm and by -2.9% (-4.3 to -1.5%) in the LPV/r+RAL arm (P = 0.0001). Lumbar spine BMD reduced by -4.2% (-5.7 to -2.7%) in the LPV/r+2-3N(t)RTIs arm and by -2.0% (-3.5 to -0.6%) in the LPV/r+RAL arm (P = 0.0006). The incidence of osteopenia (7.6%) and osteoporosis (2.0%) assessed over 48 weeks were similar between arms. Reduced BMD over 48 weeks was significantly associated with longer duration of tenofovir on study [% change (SE) -1.58 (0.38) femur, -1.65 (0.38) spine, P = 0.0001] and low baseline BMI [% change (SE) 0.5 (0.13) femur, 0.17 (0.07) spine; P < 0.01]. CONCLUSION: An N(t)RTI-sparing antiretroviral regimen of LPV/r and raltegravir as second line therapy is associated with less bone loss than a LPV/r regimen containing N(t)RTIs.


Asunto(s)
Densidad Ósea/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades Óseas Metabólicas/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/efectos adversos , Osteoporosis/epidemiología , Inhibidores de la Transcriptasa Inversa/efectos adversos , Absorciometría de Fotón , Adulto , Argentina/epidemiología , Enfermedades Óseas Metabólicas/complicaciones , Femenino , Fémur/diagnóstico por imagen , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/administración & dosificación , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Lopinavir/efectos adversos , Vértebras Lumbares/diagnóstico por imagen , Malasia/epidemiología , Masculino , Osteoporosis/complicaciones , Prevalencia , Pirrolidinonas/efectos adversos , Raltegravir Potásico , Inhibidores de la Transcriptasa Inversa/administración & dosificación , Factores de Riesgo , Ritonavir/efectos adversos , Sudáfrica/epidemiología , Tailandia/epidemiología , Resultado del Tratamiento
2.
Zoo Biol ; 30(1): 59-64, 2011.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20186725

RESUMEN

The influence of pair bond status, age and sex on aggression rates in a flock of 84 captive Chilean flamingos at Zoo Atlanta was examined. Analysis showed no difference between aggression rates of male and female flamingos, but adult flamingos had higher rates of aggression than juveniles. There were also significant differences in aggression depending on pair bond status (single, same-sex pair, male-female pair or group). Bonded birds were significantly more aggressive than single birds, which is consistent with the concept that unpaired birds are not breeding and do not need to protect pair bonds or eggs. Birds in typical pair bonds (male-female) and atypical pair bonds (same-sex pairs or groups) exhibited similar rates of aggression. These results contribute to the existing body of research on aggression in captive flamingos.


Asunto(s)
Agresión/fisiología , Conducta Animal/fisiología , Aves/fisiología , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Femenino , Masculino , Reproducción , Estaciones del Año
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