RESUMEN

Introducción. El peso al nacer es un indicador fundamental para evaluar la salud de los niños. Sin embargo, para decir si el peso alcanzado es o no apropiado, debe compararse con patrones de referencia de acuerdo con la edad gestacional y sexo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer el peso al nacer en función de la edad gestacional de niños y niñas que nacieron en hospitales del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Métodos. De junio de 2000 a marzo de 2002, en 33 hospitales del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social de las regiones norte, centro, sur y Ciudad de México, se pesaron 24,627 recién nacidos (12,701 niños y 11,926 niñas) con una báscula electrónica; todos de gestación única, íntegros y sin complicaciones. Con SPSS para Windows 11.5 se analizó el peso de los niños y niñas de las semanas 28 a 42, obteniéndose el peso de los siguientes percentiles: 10, 25, 50, 75 y 90, así como el promedio y la desviación estándar. Estos mismos valores se obtuvieron para cada región solamente para las semanas 35 a 42. Resultados. El peso de los recién nacidos se presenta por sexo, por semanas de gestación y por percentiles, además del peso promedio y desviación estándar. Los niños tienen un mayor peso que las niñas; asimismo, pesan más los recién nacidos de la región norte. En relación con reportes previos se observó que, después de la semana 37, el peso al nacer de los niños en el percentil 50 ha aumentado alrededor de 100 g por semana, en tanto que en el percentil 10 ha aumentado en promedio 139 g por semana. Conclusiones. Se presentan los datos del peso de recién nacidos, obtenidos de una muestra poblacional, que se proponen como un referente para evaluar el peso al nacer de niños mexicanos.

Background. Birth weight is a fundamental indicator for evaluating the health of children. In order to determine whether or not an infant's birth weight is appropriate, we compared the reference standards in accordance with gestational age and gender in newborns from hospitals affiliated with the Mexican Social Security Institute, using a population-based design. Methods. From June 2000 to March 2002, from 33 hospitals affiliated with the Mexican Social Security Institute, the weight of 24,627 newborns (12,701 males and 11,926 females) was evaluated with an electronic scale. Infants were from the following regions of Mexico: northern, central, Mexico City and southern. Using SPSS v.11.5 for Windows, the weight of the total sample was analyzed from weeks 28 to 42 to build the following percentiles: 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th, as well as the average and standard deviation. The same values were obtained for each of the above-mentioned regions but only for those infants with 35-42 weeks of gestational age. Results. Male newborns are heavier than females. The weight of newborns from northern Mexico is higher than the birth weight of newborns from other regions of Mexico. Newborns from southern Mexico have the lowest birth weight. Comparing these values with other Mexican studies, it is considered that the birth weight of newborns increased per week ~100 g after 37 weeks of gestation for the 50th percentile and ~139 g per week for the 10th percentile. Conclusions. Growth data of infants from a sample population is proposed as a benchmark to evaluate the birth weight of Mexican newborns.

RESUMEN

Background. According to the most recent national nutrition survey (ENSANUT 2006) in Mexico, 18.4% of the population aged 5 years or older was obese, and 19.6% of those children aged 1 year or older were anemic. Although these are two of the most highly prevalent conditions, coexistence of both conditions has not been previously described at the national level. Methods. We carried out a secondary data analysis to determine the frequency of anemia in different categories of body mass index (BMI) and the frequency in which obesity and anemia co-occurred in children between 2 and 18 years of age. We included data from 29,893 children <18 years of age. Results. The highest prevalence of anemia was found among children with low BMI (13.1%), whereas in obese children the corresponding prevalence was 9.6%. Only 1.3% of children presented obesity and anemia, and its coexistence was observed mainly in children <5 years of age (p = 0.001). Being female and being <9 years of age were the two factors significantly associated with the phenomenon under study. Conclusions. The risk for coexistence of obesity and anemia varied according to the gender and age of the children. Integral nutrition education programs are required to simultaneously address both of these issues.

RESUMEN

La escasez de hierro es la deficiencia nutricia específica más común en el mundo. En 2006, la prevalencia de anemia entre los niños en México fue de 37.8% en menores de 2 años, 20.0% de 2 a 5 años y 16.6% de 6 a 11 años. Aunque la ingestión de hierro total en niños de 1 a 4 años es adecuada (≈ 6.2 mg/día), la de hierro hemínico es baja y la de inhibidores de la absorción de hierro es muy alta, por lo que la biodisponibilidad general del hierro en la dieta es pobre (3.85%). Para tratar y prevenir la anemia se puede aumentar la ingestión de hierro biodisponible, mitigar sus pérdidas, y aumentar su reserva mediante la ligadura tardía del cordón umbilical. La aplicación de diversas estrategias requiere la acción concertada de diferentes instituciones y sectores gubernamentales, así como de miembros activos de las comunidades, educadores, extensionistas, grupos de riesgo y sus familias, etc.

Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide. In Mexico, in 2006, 37.8% of children under 2 years of age were diagnosed as anemic. Similarly, 20% of children between 2-5 years of age, as well as 16.6% of children between 5-11 years of age were diagnosed with anemia. Children 1-4 years of age consuming a Mexican diet ingest an adequate amount of iron (≈ 6.2 mg/day), but the intake of heme-iron is low, and ingestión of iron absorption inhibitors is high; thus, the overall iron bioavailability in the diet is poor (3.85%). Strategies to prevent and treat iron deficiency and anemia may be focused on either increasing the amount of ingested iron or lowering iron losses; whereas in the newborn, delayed umbilical cord clamping is advised. These strategies require a comprehensive and concerted aproach among institutions, governmental sectors, community active members, educators, risk groups, families, etc.

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To describe the physical growth in weight and height of children less than two years of age cared for the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS). MATERIAL AND METHOD: A population-based National Survey, which was also regional representative, was carried out in Ordinary Regime (RO) and the IMSS-Oportunidades Program (IO). In two years (2000-2002) the study gathered data on 17,502 children from the RO and 9872 from IO. The measures of weight and length were made by nurses, according to WHO criteria. Growth is reported as weight and length for each month of age and gender, in tables and percentile curves derived from quintile regressions, using a third degree polynomial to smooth out the lines. RESULTS: The trends of the means of weight and height in the first two years of life in children cared by Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social show a pattern similar to those described in healthy children in other populations. However, the values are lower than those obtained in developed countries. CONCLUSIONS: Children's growth at two years of age at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social shows a curve that is lower than that of the reference population recommended by the World Health Organization as an international standard.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Indigenous children in school shelters in Mexico suffer from anemia in spite of food that is subsidized, prepared, and served to them. Economically and biomedically centered strategies to reduce anemia have achieved only partial and short-term success. An interdisciplinary team investigated the food security system of the school shelters and collected data through interviews and participant observation. The analysis revealed that the children's nutrition depends on a frail chain of events in which a single link's failure can lead to nutritional insecurity. The authors conclude that the social actors involved in the process are mainly considering the economic aspects of nutrition, but anemia persists as a social construction of the faulty relationship between the institution that runs the shelters and the indigenous culture. The authors make suggestions for an intervention that empowers the community by involving it actively in solving the problem.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To describe hospital care for newborns in the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), as well as all the recommendations given to parents to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) at home. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were twenty-eight IMSS hospitals randomly selected from four geographical areas of the country, under a stratified sampling method according to the number of births per year. The method used was newborns direct observation in the neonatal care areas, and to fill out a questionnaire applied by trained observers. This questionnaire was adapted from the Maternity Advice Study that includes hospital care for newborns and all the recommendations that parents have to do for newborns at home. RESULTS: The newborns in neonatal areas used to sleep in lateral position (80 and 67%). Baby cradles with medium firmness and elevated head-rest were predominant in the areas surveyed. Babies were generally wrapped-up from the neck to down, tightly enough that it prevented arm and leg movement. Parents received information on how to prevent SIDS at home, and up to 21% of them received no information at all. CONCLUSIONS: There were no specific practices at all the hospitals in this survey to diminish SIDS. It is necessary to organize specific health actions to diminish the risk of SIDS at home.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To present the results of the application of the short format 36 instrument (SF-36) in the Mexican states of Sonora and Oaxaca. The levels of quality of life were compared with those from Canada and the United States. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data were obtained using a survey on health service access, usage, and quality. The SF-36 is composed of 36 questions, which represent eight different domains on the health-related quality of life. These domains are used to estimate the physical and mental components of health. Data analysis was performed to calculate the average scores for each domain for the total sample, by gender and age groups in each state. The regional differences were assessed by the difference of means. RESULTS: The total response was 98.5% of the 4200 selected households. The percent response values were similar between the two states. A total of 5961 subjects older than 25 years of age completed the questionnaire. Males scored higher than females in all domains and in both components. Regardless of sex, the highest variation was observed in adults up to 64 years of age mainly in three domains: overall health, social function, and mental health; in the 65-74 year age group occurred mostly in social function and mental health; and in adults older than 75 year only in mental health. The young adult age group (25 to 44 years) showed variation in a greater number of domains, while women exhibited more variation in the "extreme" age groups, 25 to 34 years and 75 years and older. The mean scores in our sample were higher than those found in Canada and the United States in five domains and in the two summary components. Canada showed higher scores in the other three domains (overall health, social function, and mental health). CONCLUSIONS: SF-36 data are not available at the national level; hence, the authors recommend that their study results may serve as the normative reference for SF-36 in Mexico. Researchers using the SF-36 could compare their results with our reference, adjusted by gender and age in population-based studies. Considering that the study regions have contrasting social and economic characteristics, the data from the more developed state, Sonora, may be used as the normative standard. Data from Oaxaca would be used as the reference for less-developed states. The English version of this paper is available at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Presentar los resultados de la aplicación del cuestionario de formato corto 36 (SF-36) en dos estados de México (Sonora y Oaxaca), comparando con los niveles de calidad de vida en las provincias de Canadá y en Estados Unidos de América. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Los datos provienen de la encuesta de acceso, uso y calidad de los servicios de salud en dos estados de México. El instrumento del SF-36 incluye 36 preguntas que generan ocho dimensiones diferentes sobre calidad de vida relacionada con la salud; a partir de estas dimensiones, se estima un componente físico y otro mental. Para el análisis se calcularon las calificaciones promedio para cada dimensión del SF-36 para toda la muestra, por género y grupos de edad, en cada estado. Las diferencias regionales se evaluaron mediante la diferencia en los promedios. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo respuesta de 98.5 por ciento de las 4 200 viviendas seleccionadas, con porcentajes de respuesta similar en Oaxaca y Sonora. Respondieron al cuestionario 5 961 individuos mayores de 25 años de edad. Los hombres tuvieron mayores puntajes que las mujeres en todas las dimensiones y en los dos componentes. En uno u otro sexo la mayor variación en los adultos hasta de 64 años de edad tendió a concentrarse en tres dimensiones: salud general, función social y salud mental; en el grupo de 65 a 74 años de edad se concentró en función social y salud mental; y en mayores de 75 años, en salud mental. Se observó variación en un número mayor de dimensiones en los grupos de adultos jóvenes (25 a 44 años), mientras que en las mujeres se observó una mayor variación en los extremos, en los grupos de edad de 25 a 34 años de edad y de 75 y más. Los puntajes promedio en nuestra muestra fueron más altos que los observados en Canadá y Estados Unidos de América en cinco de las dimensiones y en los dos componentes, en tanto que Canadá presentó puntajes más altos en las tres dimensiones escalas restantes (salud general, función social y salud mental)...

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: A total of 1,255 subjects attending a private health care facility in Mexico City were studied to evaluate the association of serum concentration of Apo A-I and Apo B with presence of gallbladder disease (gallstones or cholecystectomy). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out. All participants provided data on sociodemographic status and previous diagnoses of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular events, alcohol consumption, and smoking habits. Women additionally reported their obstetric-gynecologic history. Weight and height were measured; liver and biliary tract ultrasound assessed gallbladder disease. Plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol, and apolipoproteins A-I (Apo A-I) and B (Apo B) were determined after a 12-h fasting period. RESULTS: In multivariate models, Apo A-I > or = 120 mg/dL was positively associated with gallbladder disease with odds ratio (OR) = 1.64, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.03-2.62, whereas Apo B > or = 120 mg/dL showed an inverse association (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.48-1.05). Ratio of Apo B/Apo A-I > or = 1 was inversely associated with risk of gallbladder disease (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.37-0.80). All models were adjusted for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, triglycerides, alcohol consumption, tobacco, and contraceptive use, as well as for total cholesterol in HDL-cholesterol and Apo A-I models. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested the relationship between serum concentration of apolipoproteins and gallbladder disease. These findings support the hypothesis of increased biliary catabolism of cholesterol in subjects with gallbladder disease characterized by lower Apo B and higher Apo A-I serum concentrations.

Asunto(s)

Asunto(s)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To measure the frequency of goiter and the presence of potential goitrogens in a sample of school-age children and pregnant women. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in a purposive sample in three regions, one with known high prevalence of goiter (Huejutla), one with unknown prevalence (Ixmiquilpan) and one with no expected deficiency (Pachuca). Children were sampled from schools and pregnant women from rural reference hospitals. Goiter was evaluated by manual exam and ultrasound. RESULTS: Goiter prevalence in 673 children between 6 and 14 years old was 8% in Pachuca, 9% in Ixmiquilpan, and 14% in Huejutla. In 300 pregnant women, goiter prevalence was 19% in Pachuca, 20% in Ixmiquilpan, and 52% in Huejutla. In 936 interviews on salt consumption, 98% of families consumed table salt, but only 50% of the samples were adequately iodized. Twenty-four percent of families obtained water from wells contaminated with arsenicum and mercury in Pachuca and Ixmiquilpan, and with colibacilli in Ixmiquilpan. CONCLUSIONS: Even at the end of the millenium, endemic goiter is still a public health problem in this sample of school-age children and pregnant women. Despite consumption of iodized salt, ingestions of goitrogens may be contributing to the persistence of this problem.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To measure the frequency of goiter and the presence of potential goitrogens in a sample of school-age children and pregnant women. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in a purposive sample in three regions, one with known high prevalence of goiter (Huejutla), one with unknown prevalence (Ixmiquilpan) and one with no expected deficiency (Pachuca). Children were sampled from schools and pregnant women from rural reference hospitals. Goiter was evaluated by manual exam and ultrasound. RESULTS: Goiter prevalence in 673 children between 6 and 14 years old was 8 in Pachuca, 9 in Ixmiquilpan, and 14 in Huejutla. In 300 pregnant women, goiter prevalence was 19 in Pachuca, 20 in Ixmiquilpan, and 52 in Huejutla. In 936 interviews on salt consumption, 98 of families consumed table salt, but only 50 of the samples were adequately iodized. Twenty-four percent of families obtained water from wells contaminated with arsenicum and mercury in Pachuca and Ixmiquilpan, and with colibacilli in Ixmiquilpan. CONCLUSIONS: Even at the end of the millenium, endemic goiter is still a public health problem in this sample of school-age children and pregnant women. Despite consumption of iodized salt, ingestions of goitrogens may be contributing to the persistence of this problem.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Objetivo. Identificar alimentos locales con aceptabilidad cultural para nutrir a niños con diarrea aguda y probar su aceptación e impacto sobre el peso corporal en niños enfermos. Material y métodos. Se entrevistó a 142 madres de niños menores de cinco años en comunidades rurales, para conformar dietas culturalmente aceptables mediante sorteo de grupos, desplegado en un diagrama multidimensional. Se hizo un ensayo sobre el curso clínico de 54 niños de 4-50 meses de edad cursando las primeras 48 horas de un episodio diarreico, quienes recibieron las dietas desarrolladas. Resultados. Se diseñaron dietas de acuerdo con la edad del niño y con el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad. En las 47.6 ñ 22.2 horas que permanecieron hospitalizados, los niños consumieron 44.8 ñ 28.6 kcal/kg/día (edemás de la leche materna) y ganaron 77.6 ñ 179.7 g. Hubo una relación directa entre mayor edad y mayor consumo calórico, y entre éste y mayor ganancia de peso. Conslusiones. Los niños mostraron buena aceptabilidad a las dietas ofrecidas, de tal manera que se evitó la pérdida de peso

Asunto(s)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Con el objeto de explorar algunas creencias acerca de la enfermedad diarreica en el niño así como el uso de bebidas de elaboración casera y hábitos de alimentación durante la enfermedad se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado a través de una entrevista personal a 142 madres campesinas. La mayoría de las entrevistadas respondió que acostumbraba dar algún tipo de té (90%) o una bebida de arroz (77%) a su niño con diarrea. Sólo el 18%mencionó el uso de sobres de hidratación oral. Sesenta y tres porciento dijo restringir ciertos alimentos en particular y 25%sometió a ayuno total, usualmente por más de 24 horas, al niño con diarrea. En vista del uso extendido y del propósito perseguido por la madre al dar atole de arroz se justifica el evaluar la eficacia clínica de esta bebida en la prevención de la deshidratación, así como el promover una dieta basada en alimentos disponibles localmente y aceptados culturalmente para el manejo domiciliario del niño con diarrea aguda

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

No obastante que el uso de la terapia de hidratación ha mostrado su eficacia para prevenir la deshidratación, para reponer los líquidos perdidos y para mantener el adecuado balance hídrico mientras la diarrea persiste, la OMS y otras instituciones de salud han favorecido el uso de bebidas o soluciones basadas en preparaciones caseras que han mostrado ser útiles en el tratamiento de las diarreas y han sido aceptadas por las madres, esto a ocurrido particularmente en zonas rurales donde hay una alta ocurrencia de estos casos. Una de estas preparaciones es la "solución de hidratación a base de harina de arroz" con electrolitos, la cual ha sido utilizada con éxito en varios estudios. el presente trabajo es un estudio de niños menores que presentaron deshidratación secundaria provocada por diarrea aguda. Agrupados en grupo control tratados a base de solución hidratante oral y, grupo de estudio tratados con solución hidratante a base de harina de arroz. La respuesta a este ultimo tratamiento fue significativamente favorable. Sin embargo, la recomendación es que la solución a base de harina de arroz solo debe ser empleada en el hogar en las etapas iniciales de la diarrea aguda, sólo en caso de no disponer de la solución hidratante oral; no debe intentarse sustituir a ésta

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

El presente estudio se llevó a cabo en una comunidad del Altiplano Mexicano, con el objeto de determinar el consumo familiar e individual de sal en tres barrios de dicha comunidad, que cubren una gama de lo urbano a lo rural. Asimismo, se buscó estudiar si la degustación individual de sal agregada a preparaciones típicas de la región variaba con la presencia o ausencia de chile en la comida. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron que hay gran variabilidad en el consumo familiar de sal, encontrándose la media de consumo más alta en el barrio más urbano (Temascalcingo) (47.2 g/día), en tanto que las medias de consumo en los otros dos barrios (Boquí-intermedio y Bonshó más del tipo rural, 28.2 y 33.9 al día, respectivamente), resultaron más bajas, sin diferencia estadística entre estos últimos. A nivel individual, también hubo diferencias en el consumo de sal en los tres barrios, asociadas ea edad y sexo. Los consumos más elevados se encontraron en el barrio urbano entre los hombres de 15 a 22 años (9 g/día), mientras que entre las mujeres de 7 a 14 años del mismo barrio, los consumos más altos fueron de 6.37 g/día. Respecto a la degustación individual de sal, en dos de los tiempos de comida (desayuno y comida), se constató una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la adición de sal al platillo en presencia o ausencia de chile en la preparación, lo que sugiere que la presencia del chile desplaza a la sal como sazonador en la comida. A la vez, esto podría explicar el menor consumo ...

Asunto(s)