RESUMEN
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) allele groups and alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in a total of 15,318 mixed ancestry Mexicans from all the states of the country divided into 78 sample sets, providing information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies and their linkage disequilibrium, as well as admixture estimates and genetic substructure. We identified the presence of 4268 unique HLA extended haplotypes across Mexico and find that the ten most frequent (HF > 1%) HLA haplotypes with significant linkage disequilibrium (Δ'≥0.1) in Mexico (accounting for 20% of the haplotypic diversity of the country) are of primarily Native American ancestry (A*02~B*39~DRB1*04~DQB1*03:02, A*02~B*35~DRB1*08~DQB1*04, A*68~B*39~DRB1*04~DQB1*03:02, A*02~B*35~DRB1*04~DQB1*03:02, A*24~B*39~DRB1*14~DQB1*03:01, A*24~B*35~DRB1*04~DQB1*03:02, A*24~B*39~DRB1*04~DQB1*03:02, A*02~B*40:02~DRB1*04~DQB1*03:02, A*68~B*35~DRB1*04~DQB1*03:02, A*02~B*15:01~DRB1*04~DQB1*03:02). Admixture estimates obtained by a maximum likelihood method using HLA-A/-B/-DRB1 as genetic estimators revealed that the main genetic components in Mexico as a whole are Native American (ranging from 37.8% in the northern part of the country to 81.5% in the southeastern region) and European (ranging from 11.5% in the southeast to 62.6% in northern Mexico). African admixture ranged from 0.0 to 12.7% not following any specific pattern. We were able to detect three major immunogenetic clusters correlating with genetic diversity and differential admixture within Mexico: North, Central and Southeast, which is in accordance with previous reports using genome-wide data. Our findings provide insights into the population immunogenetic substructure of the whole country and add to the knowledge of mixed ancestry Latin American population genetics, important for disease association studies, detection of demographic signatures on population variation and improved allocation of public health resources.
Asunto(s)
Alelos , Genética de Población/métodos , Antígenos HLA/genética , Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , ADN/genética , ADN/aislamiento & purificación , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genoma Humano , Haplotipos , Humanos , Desequilibrio de Ligamiento , MéxicoRESUMEN
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 173 Mexicans from the state of Chiapas living in the city of Tuxtla Gutiérrez (Nâ¯=â¯52) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯121), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We found that the most frequent haplotypes in Chiapas include 12 Native American and one European haplotype. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in Chiapas are Native American (71.61⯱â¯0.58% by ML; 53.16% of Native American haplotypes) and European (26.39⯱â¯5.05% by ML; 25.86% of European haplotypes), and a less prominent African genetic component (2.00⯱â¯5.20% by ML; 9.77% of African haplotypes).
Asunto(s)
Etnicidad/genética , Variación Genética , Genética de Población , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Ciudades , Frecuencia de los Genes , Geografía , Haplotipos , Humanos , Desequilibrio de Ligamiento , México , Población RuralRESUMEN
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 122 Mexicans from the state of Hidalgo living in the city of Pachuca (Nâ¯=â¯41) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯81), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the most frequent haplotypes in Hidalgo include eight Native American and one European haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in Hidalgo are Native American (58.93⯱â¯2.16% by ML; 54.51% of Native American haplotypes) and European (32.49⯱â¯2.88% by ML; 28.69% of European haplotypes), and a relatively high African genetic component (8.58⯱â¯0.93% by ML; 6.97% of African haplotypes).
Asunto(s)
Etnicidad/genética , Variación Genética , Genética de Población , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genotipo , Geografía , Humanos , Desequilibrio de Ligamiento , México , Población RuralRESUMEN
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 88 Mexicans from the state of Querétaro living in the city of Querétaro (Nâ¯=â¯45) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯43), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the most frequent haplotypes in the state of Querétaro include seven Native American, two European and one Asian haplotype. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Querétaro are Native American (51.82⯱â¯4.42% by ML; 42.61% of Native American haplotypes) and European (48.18⯱â¯3.55% by ML; 46.02% of European haplotypes), with a virtually absent African genetic component (0.00⯱â¯4.25% by ML; 4.55% of African haplotypes).
Asunto(s)
Etnicidad/genética , Variación Genética , Genética de Población , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genotipo , Geografía , Haplotipos , Humanos , Desequilibrio de Ligamiento , México , Población RuralRESUMEN
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 1217 Mexicans from the Mexico City Metropolitan Area living in the northern (Nâ¯=â¯751), southern (Nâ¯=â¯52), eastern (Nâ¯=â¯79), western (Nâ¯=â¯33), and central (Nâ¯=â¯152) Mexico City, and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯150), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We found that the most frequent haplotypes include 11 Native American haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components are Native American (63.85⯱â¯1.55% by ML; 57.19% of Native American haplotypes) and European (28.53⯱â¯3.13% by ML; 28.40% of European haplotypes), and a less apparent African genetic component (7.61⯱â¯1.96% by ML; 7.17% of African haplotypes).
Asunto(s)
Etnicidad/genética , Variación Genética , Genética de Población , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Ciudades , Frecuencia de los Genes , Geografía , Haplotipos , Humanos , Desequilibrio de Ligamiento , México , Población RuralRESUMEN
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 144 Mexicans from the state of Guerrero to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the ten most frequent haplotypes in the state of Guerrero include eight Native American and two European haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Guerrero are Native American (61.36⯱â¯2.69% by ML; 54.17% of Native American haplotypes) and European (35.01⯱â¯4.59% by ML; 32.29% of European haplotypes), and a relatively low African genetic component (3.63⯱â¯2.38% by ML; 5.90% of African haplotypes).