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The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between family communication problems and cyberbullying, through psychosocial adjustment-psychological distress, attitude towards institutional authority, and problematic use of social networking sites-in adolescents. Random sampling by conglomerates was performed. A total of 8115 adolescents participated in the study (51.5% boys, 49.5% girls), and were aged between 11 and 16 years old (M = 13.34, SD = 1.04) and enrolled in the State of Nuevo León (Mexico). A structural equations model was developed using the Structural Equation Modeling Software (EQS). The results showed that problematic family communication is directly associated with cyberbullying, and also indirectly through the relationships of psychological distress and attitude towards transgression of social norms with the problematic use of social networking sites. The multi-group analyses also revealed gender differences in these relationships. Finally, the obtained results were discussed and their practical implications were shown.

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BACKGROUND: This paper aims to identify predictive variables of relational aggression related to the individual, family and school environment in Mexican adolescents according to sex and age. METHOD: A total of 8,115 Mexican adolescents (51.5% boys), aged 11 to 16 years old (M = 13.34 years, SD = 1.040), selected by proportional stratified sampling. RESULTS: From a stepwise regression analysis it was observed that the main predictors of relational aggression were non-conformist self-perception of social reputation, psychological distress, attitude toward institutional authority and offensive communication with the mother. CONCLUSIONS: Relational aggression underlies important explanatory dimensions for the prevention of school aggression, such as social reputation and psychological distress, which have been little explored in this field of study.

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The relationships among character strengths (forgiveness and gratitude), happiness, and prosocial bystander behavior in bullying were analyzed. The sample includes 500 (early adolescents) and 500 (middle adolescents) of both genders, between 12 and 18 years old (M age = 14.70, SD = 1.58). Two structural equation models were calculated. Results of the first model indicated that forgiveness, gratitude, and happiness had a direct positive relation with prosocial bystander behavior. Furthermore, human strengths were indirectly related to prosocial behavior in bullying for this effect in happiness. The second model showed that prosocial bystander behavior had a positive effect on human strengths and happiness. Multigroup analyses indicated that gender and stage of adolescence did not moderate the relations found in the model. Overall findings suggest a reciprocal relationship between character strengths, happiness, and prosocial bystander behavior.

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Resumen El estudio se propuso analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Participant Role Appoach (PRA) para medir roles de espectadores en el acoso escolar en pre-adolescentes. Participaron 787 estudiantes, 415 (52.7%) niños (M edad=10.59, DE=.66 años) y 372 (47.3%) niñas (M edad=10.51, DE=.64 años). Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio sugirieron que el modelo de tres roles (pro-acoso, pro-social y no comprometido) se ajusta mejor a los datos que el de cuatro roles (alentador, asistente, defensor y no comprometido). La PRA mostró invariancia de medición en ambos sexos, y evidencias de validez concurrente. Se concluyó que la escala posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para la medición de roles de espectadores en pre-adolescentes.

Abstract The objective of this research was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Positive Adolescent Development Value Scale (EVDPA, according to its acronym in Spanish) in Chilean students. The sample for the study was made up of 2250 adolescent male and female students between the ages of 12 and 21, from 25 secondary schools in Chile. A robust analysis procedure based on the cross-validation method was used. The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis made it possible to obtain a reduced factorial structure with three latent factors: social values, personal values, and individualistic values. Evidence of reliability due to internal coherence was favorable. The conclusion is that despite the significant reduction of items and first-order dimensions, the EVDPA delivers sufficient evidence and can be used in the population of Chilean adolescent students.

Resumo O estudo propôs-se a analisar as propriedades psicométricas do Participant Role Approach (PRA) para medir os papéis de observadores no bullying em pré-adolescentes. Participaram 787 estudantes, 415 (52.7%) meninos (M idade=io.59, DP=.66 anos) e 372 (47.3%) meninas (M idade=io.5i, DP=.64 anos). Os resultados da análise fatorial confirmatoria sugeriram que o modelo de três papéis (pró-bullying, pró-social e não comprometido) ajusta-se melhor aos dados do que o modelo de quatro papéis (encorajador, assistente, defensor e não comprometido). A PRA mostrou invariância de medição em ambos os sexos e evidências de validez concorrente. Concluiu-se que a escala tem propriedades psicométricas adequadas para a medição de papéis de observadores em pré-adolescentes.

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Resumen Los estudios sobre percepción de inseguridad, victimización y restricciones en la vida cotidiana en países con altos índices de criminalidad son escasos. Objetivo: examinar la percepción de inseguridad, victimización y variaciones de las rutinas en función de la edad. Método: se ha realizado una adaptación de la Encuesta Nacional sobre Victimización y Percepción de Inseguridad (ENVIPE). Participaron 8.170 sujetos de ambos sexos (49,9 % mujeres y 50,1 % hombres), de entre 12 y 75 años, residentes en el Estado de Morelos, seleccionados a partir de un muestreo probabilístico estratificado y proporcional. Respecto a la edad, se establecieron los siguientes intervalos en función de las distintas etapas del ciclo vital: [12-17 años] 24 %, [18-20 años] 8 %, [21-30 años] 14 %, [31 y 40 años] 14 %, [41 y 60 años] 20 % y [61 o más años] 20 %. Resultados: indicaron diferencias significativas en la percepción de inseguridad, victimización y restricciones en las actividades cotidianas en función de la edad. Los adolescentes informaron de mayor percepción de inseguridad y de menos restricciones en su vida cotidiana. También, los adolescentes y los mayores de 61 años presentaron una menor victimización. Conclusión: los adolescentes constituyen el grupo de mayor vulnerabilidad para la victimización, perciben mayor inseguridad y realizan menos cambios en sus rutinas para protegerse de la delincuencia. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados.

Abstract Studies on the perception of insecurity, victimization and restrictions in daily life in countries with high crime rates are scarce. Objective: examining the awareness of insecurity and victimization, and the routine variations taking place according to age. Method: an adaptation has been made of the National Survey on Victimization and Perception of Insecurity (ENVIPE). A total of 8,170 subjects of both sexes (49.9% women and 50.1% men), between 12 and 75 years old, residents in the State of Morelos, selected from a stratified and proportional probabilistic sampling. Regarding age, the following intervals were established depending on the different stages of the life cycle: [12-17 years] 24%, [18-20 years] 8%, [21-30 years] 14%, [31 and 40 years] 14%, [41 and 60 years] 20% and [61 or above] 20%. Results: Significant differences in the perception of insecurity, victimization and restrictions in daily activities based on age were shown. Adolescents reported greater insight with respect to insecurity and fewer restrictions in their daily lives. Also, adolescents and those over 61 years of age presented lower victimization. Conclusion: adolescents are the most vulnerable group for victimization; they perceive higher uncertainty and generally introduce fewer changes in their routines to protect themselves from crime. Finally, the results are discussed.

Resumo Os estudos sobre a percepção da insegurança, vitimização e as limitações na vida diária nos países com índices elevados de criminalidade são escassos. Objetivo: examinar a percepção da insegurança, vitimização e as variações das rotinas baseadas na idade. Método: uma adaptação da Escola Nacional sobre Vitimização e Percepção de Insegurança (ENVIPE) foi realizada. 8.170 sujeitos de ambos os sexos participaram (49.9% mulheres e 50.1% homens), entre e 75 anos, residentes no estado de Morelos, selecionados de uma amostra probabilística estratificada e proporcional. Com respeito à idade, os seguintes intervalos baseados nos diferentes estágios do ciclo vital forma estabelecidos: [12-17 anos] 24%, [18-20 anos] 8%, [21-30 anos] 14%, [31 e 40 anos] 14%, [41 e 60 anos] 20% e [61 ou mais anos] 20%. Resultados: indicaram diferenças significativas na percepção de insegurança, vitimização e as limitações nas atividades diárias baseadas na idade. Os adolescentes informaram uma maior percepção de insegurança e de menos limitações em sua vida diária. Também, os adolescentes e maiores de 61 anos apresentaram uma vitimização menor. Conclusão: os adolescentes constituem o grupo de maior vulnerabilidade para a vitimização, percebem maior insegurança e fazem menos mudanças em suas rotinas para proteger-se da delinquência. Finalmente, os resultados são discutidos.

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El objetivo del presente estudio es examinar las relaciones existentes entre miedo al delito, victimización y satisfacción con la vida, en función del género. La muestra estuvo conformada por 7535 sujetos de ambos sexos (49.8 % mujeres y 50.2 % hombres) de entre 12 y 70 años, seleccionados a partir de un muestro estratificado proporcional. El instrumento de medida fue una adaptación de la Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Seguridad Pública de México. A partir de un MANOVA factorial multivariante se observó que el miedo al delito, la victimización y las medidas de protección frente a la delincuencia se relacionaban con una pobre satisfacción con la vida. También se observó, respecto del sexo, que los hombres tenían mayor miedo al delito y realizaban más restricciones en su vida cotidiana. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados y sus implicaciones prácticas.

The aim of this study is to examine how fear of crime, victimization, and satisfaction with life are related and also differ according to gender. 7535 participants of both sexes (49.8% women and 50.2% men) aged from 12 to 70 years old were selected from a proportional stratified sample. The instrument applied was an adaptation of the National Survey of Victimization and Public Security of Mexico. A multivariate factorial MANOVA was carried out. Fear of crime, victimization, and measures of protection against delinquency appear as related to poor satisfaction with life. Regarding to gender, higher scores of men on fear of crime and on restrictions in their daily lives were observed. Finally, the results and their practical implications are discussed.

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Objetivo. Establecer las propiedades psicométricas de una escala para medir dificultades en habilidades sociales para afrontar la agresión por pares. Método. Participaron 502 estudiantes mexicanos de educación primaria, 2 79 niños (M = 10.52, DE = 1.13 años) y 223 niñas (M = 10.81, DE = 1.25 años). Se comparó el ajuste empírico de dos modelos (unidimensional y bidimensional), y se determinó la validez concurrente de la escala al indagar la relación de sus puntajes con reportes de victimización. Resultados. El modelo bidimensional (vulnerabilidad y pasividad) presentó mejores indicadores de ajuste (X² = 36.60, gl = 19, p = 0.009; X²/gl = 1.92; CFI = 0.98; AGFI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.04 IC 90 [0.02 - 0.06]; SRMR = 0.04; AIC = 70.60) que el unidimensional (X² = 290.42, gl = 20, p = 0.000; X²/gl = 15.27; CFI = 0.48; AGFI = 0.75; RMSEA = 0.27 IC 90 [0.20 - 0.25]; SRMR = 0.16; AIC = 337.42). Las dificultades en las habilidades sociales explican una parte significativa de la varianza de los reportes de victimización en ambos sexos (hombres: R² = 0.20, f² = 0.25; mujeres: R² = 0.24, f² = 0.32). Conclusión. La escala posee propiedades psicométricas que permiten su utilización en la medición de dificultades en habilidades sociales para afrontar la agresión por pares.

Objective. Determine the psychometric properties of a scale to measure social skills difficulties in handling peer aggression. Method. 502 Mexican students participated in the study of which 279 were boys (M = 10.52, DE = 1.13 years) and 223 girls (M = 10.81, DE = 1.25 years). The study compared the empirical adjustment of two measurement models (one-dimensional and two-dimensional) to measure social skills difficulties associated with victimization by peers and establish evidence of concurrent validity of the scale to investigate the relationship of their scores with reports of victimization. Results. It was found that the measurement model comprised of two dimensions (vulnerability and passivity) has better indicators of adjustment (X² = 36.60, df = 19, p = 0.009; X²/df = 1.92; CFI = 0.98; AGFI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.04 CI 90 [0.02 - 0.06]; SRMR = 0.04; AIC = 70.60) with respect to a dimension for both (X² = 290.42, df = 20, p = 0.000; X²/df = 15.27; CFI = 0.48; AGFI = 0.75; RMSEA = 0.27 CI 90 [0.20 - 0.25]; SRMR = 0,16; AIC = 337,42). The difficulties in developing social skills explain a significant part of the variance of the reports of victimization of both students (men: R² = 0.20, f²= 0.25; women: R² = 0.24, f²= 0.32). Conclusion. The scale has psychometric properties that allow its use in measuring social skills difficulties to face peer aggression.

Escopo. Estabelecer as propriedades psicométricas de uma escala para medir dificuldades nas habilidades sociais para afrontar a agressão por pares. Metodologia. Participaram 502 estudantes mexicanos de educação primária, 279 crianças masculinas (M = 10.52, DE = 1.13 años) e 223 femininas (M = 10.81, DE = 1.25 años). Foi comparado o ajuste empírico de dois modelos (unidimensional e bidimensional), e foi determinada a validez concorrente da escala ao indagar a relação de suas pontuações com reportes de vitimização. Resultados. O modelo bidimensional (vulnerabilidade e passividade) apresentou melhores indicadores de ajuste (X² = 36.60, gl = 19, p = 0.009; X²/gl = 1.92; CFI = 0.98; AGFI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.04 IC 90 [0.02 - 0.06]; SRMR = 0.04; AIC = 70.60) que o unidimensional (X² = 290.42, gl =20, p = 0.000; X²/gl = 15.27; CFI = 0.48; AGFI = 0.75; RMSEA = 0.27 IC 90 [0.20 - 0.25]; SRMR = 0.16; AIC = 337.42). As dificuldades nas habilidades sociais explicam uma parte significativa da variação dos reportes de vitimização em ambos sexos (homens R² = 0.20, f² = 0.25; mulheres R² = 0.24, f² = 0.32). Conclusão. A escala possui propriedades psicométricas que permitem sua utilização na medição de dificuldades nas habilidades sociais para afrontar a agressão por pares.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationships between victimization, perception of insecurity, and changes in routines. METHODS: The 8,170 subjects of both sexes (49.9% women and 50.1% men) aged between 12 and 60 years, selected from a proportional stratified sampling, participated in this study. The measuring instrument was an adaptation of the National Survey on Victimization and Perception of Public Security. Chi-square tests were performed. RESULTS: The results show significant differences on victimization and sex regarding perception of insecurity, restrictions on everyday activities, and protection measures. 13.1% of those interviewed claimed to have been victims of a crime in the past 12 months. 52.7% of women considered their municipality as unsafe or very unsafe. In the case of men, this percentage was 58.2%. Female victims reported significant restrictions in everyday activities when compared to non-victims. In relation to men, the percentage of victims with a high restriction of activities was higher in male victims than non-victims. In the group of victimized women, the segment of women who opted for increased measures of protection against crime was larger than expected, while those of non-victims who took less protective measures was lower than expected. These same results were observed in the group of men. CONCLUSIONS: The experience of victimization implies a greater perception of insecurity. However, the climate of insecurity is widespread in a large number of citizens. Gender differences in a high-crime environment show the importance of investigating in depth the roles of both genders in the perception of insecurity and changes in routines. OBJETIVO: Analizar las relaciones existentes entre victimización, percepción de inseguridad y cambios en las rutinas. MÉTODOS: Participaron en este estudio 8,170 sujetos de ambos sexos (49.9% mujeres y 50.1% hombres) de entre 12 y 60 años, seleccionados a partir de un muestro estratificado proporcional. El instrumento de medida fue una adaptación de la Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Seguridad Pública. Se realizaron pruebas Chi-cuadrado. RESULTADOS: Los resultados evidencian diferencias significativas en cuanto a victimización y sexo con respecto a percepción de inseguridad, restricciones de actividades cotidianas y medidas de protección. Un 13.1% de las personas entrevistadas afirmaron haber sido víctimas de un delito en los últimos doce meses. El 52.7% de las mujeres consideraron su municipio como inseguro o muy inseguro. En el caso de los hombres, este porcentaje fue de 58.2%. Las mujeres víctimas señalaron restricciones en la vida cotidiana significativas en comparación con las no víctimas. Con relación a los hombres, el porcentaje de víctimas con un alta restricción de actividades fue mayor en los hombres víctimas que en los hombres no víctimas. En el grupo de mujeres victimizadas, el segmento de mujeres que optaron por mayores medidas de protección frente a la delincuencia fue mayor de lo esperado, mientras que las mujeres no víctimas que asumieron menores medidas de protección fue menor de lo esperado. Estos mismos resultados se observaron en el grupo de los hombres. CONCLUSIONES: La experiencia de victimización lleva implícita una mayor percepción de inseguridad. Sin embargo, el clima de inseguridad se encuentra diseminado en gran cantidad de la ciudadanos. Las diferencias de género en un clima de alta criminalidad muestran la importancia de investigar a profundidad los roles de ambos sexos en la percepción de inseguridad y los cambios en las rutinas.

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OBJECTIVE: To examines the influence of victimization, perceived insecurity and restrictions on daily routines in life satisfaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were 7535 (50.2% men) aged between 12 and 60, selected from a proportional stratified sampling. MANOVA and polytomous logistic regression model were calculated. RESULTS: We found significant differences in victimization, perceived insecurity and restrictions on daily routines in relation with life satisfaction levels. Also, physical protective measures, control of personal information, perception of insecurity in public areas and restrictions on daily routines were related to lower levels of satisfaction with life. CONCLUSIONS: Lowest levels of satisfaction with life were associated with victimization, perception of insecurity in public areas, and restrictions on daily routines.

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Objetivo. Examinar la influencia que ejercen la victimización, la percepción de inseguridad y los cambios en las rutinas en la satisfacción con la vida. Material y métodos. Participaron 7 535 sujetos (50.2% hombres) de entre 12 y 60 años, seleccionados a partir de un muestreo estratificado proporcional. Se calculó un análisis multivariado de la varianza (Manova) y un análisis de regresión logística politómica. Resultados. Se observaron diferencias significativas en victimización, percepción de inseguridad y restricciones en actividades cotidianas en función del grado de satisfacción con la vida. Además, las medidas de protección, la percepción de inseguridad y las restricciones en actividades cotidianas se relacionaron con la satisfacción con la vida. Conclusiones. Un bajo nivel de satisfacción con la vida se asoció con haber sido víctima, con la percepción de inseguridad en espacios públicos y con la adopción de medidas de protección física y control de la información.

Objective. To examines the influence of victimization, perceived insecurity and restrictions on daily routines in life satisfaction. Materials and methods. Participants were 7535 (50.2% men) aged between 12 and 60, selected from a proportional stratified sampling. MANOVA and polytomous logistic regression model were calculated. Results. We found significant differences in victimization, perceived insecurity and restrictions on daily routines in relation with life satisfaction levels. Also, physical protective measures, control of personal information, perception of insecurity in public areas and restrictions on daily routines were related to lower levels of satisfaction with life. Conclusions. Lowest levels of satisfaction with life were associated with victimization, perception of insecurity in public areas, and restrictions on daily routines.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the relationships between victimization, perception of insecurity, and changes in routines. METHODS The 8,170 subjects of both sexes (49.9% women and 50.1% men) aged between 12 and 60 years, selected from a proportional stratified sampling, participated in this study. The measuring instrument was an adaptation of the National Survey on Victimization and Perception of Public Security. Chi-square tests were performed. RESULTS The results show significant differences on victimization and sex regarding perception of insecurity, restrictions on everyday activities, and protection measures. 13.1% of those interviewed claimed to have been victims of a crime in the past 12 months. 52.7% of women considered their municipality as unsafe or very unsafe. In the case of men, this percentage was 58.2%. Female victims reported significant restrictions in everyday activities when compared to non-victims. In relation to men, the percentage of victims with a high restriction of activities was higher in male victims than non-victims. In the group of victimized women, the segment of women who opted for increased measures of protection against crime was larger than expected, while those of non-victims who took less protective measures was lower than expected. These same results were observed in the group of men. CONCLUSIONS The experience of victimization implies a greater perception of insecurity. However, the climate of insecurity is widespread in a large number of citizens. Gender differences in a high-crime environment show the importance of investigating in depth the roles of both genders in the perception of insecurity and changes in routines.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analizar las relaciones existentes entre victimización, percepción de inseguridad y cambios en las rutinas. MÉTODOS Participaron en este estudio 8,170 sujetos de ambos sexos (49.9% mujeres y 50.1% hombres) de entre 12 y 60 años, seleccionados a partir de un muestro estratificado proporcional. El instrumento de medida fue una adaptación de la Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Seguridad Pública. Se realizaron pruebas Chi-cuadrado. RESULTADOS Los resultados evidencian diferencias significativas en cuanto a victimización y sexo con respecto a percepción de inseguridad, restricciones de actividades cotidianas y medidas de protección. Un 13.1% de las personas entrevistadas afirmaron haber sido víctimas de un delito en los últimos doce meses. El 52.7% de las mujeres consideraron su municipio como inseguro o muy inseguro. En el caso de los hombres, este porcentaje fue de 58.2%. Las mujeres víctimas señalaron restricciones en la vida cotidiana significativas en comparación con las no víctimas. Con relación a los hombres, el porcentaje de víctimas con un alta restricción de actividades fue mayor en los hombres víctimas que en los hombres no víctimas. En el grupo de mujeres victimizadas, el segmento de mujeres que optaron por mayores medidas de protección frente a la delincuencia fue mayor de lo esperado, mientras que las mujeres no víctimas que asumieron menores medidas de protección fue menor de lo esperado. Estos mismos resultados se observaron en el grupo de los hombres. CONCLUSIONES La experiencia de victimización lleva implícita una mayor percepción de inseguridad. Sin embargo, el clima de inseguridad se encuentra diseminado en gran cantidad de la ciudadanos. Las diferencias de género en un clima de alta criminalidad muestran la importancia de investigar a profundidad los roles de ambos sexos en la percepción de inseguridad y los cambios en las rutinas.

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Objetivo. Conocer las teorías implícitas que utilizan los padres víctimas de la violencia de sus hijos para explicar su inicio. Método. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio cualitativo exploratorio siguiendo el método propuesto por la Teoría Fundamentada. La información fue obtenida a partir de seis grupos de discusión guiados por entrevistas semiestructuradas y analizada mediante ATLAS.ti 5.0. En total, participaron 42 progenitores víctimas de violencia filio-parental (VFP; 18 padres y 24 madres) seleccionados por muestreo intencional teórico de dos contextos: un centro de reforma de menores y un centro privado especializado en terapia de violencia intrafamiliar. Resultados. Los progenitores mantienen tres teorías para explicar el inicio de la VFP: (a) la teoría del alumno ausente, que alude al absentismo escolar como predictor de la conducta violenta; (b) la teoría del alumno consumidor, en la que el consumo de sustancias (alcohol, cannabis y cocaína) sería el factor antecedente; y (c) la teoría de la acumulación de la tensión, en la que se plantea la presencia de unos factores previos que contribuirían a incrementar el malestar ("rabia") que antecedería el consumo abusivo de drogas y, posteriormente, la violencia hacia los padres. Conclusión. Los progenitores señalan que la VFP coincide con el comienzo de la etapa de educación secundaria. Un aspecto común a las tres teorías emergentes es que son factores distales y relacionados con el entorno que rodea a los adolescentes los principales desencadenantes de la VFP, quedando al margen variables relacionadas con la dinámica familiar.

Objective. To explore the implicit theories that parents victims of violence from their children (VFP) to explain the onset. Method. An exploratory qualitative study was done following the method proposed by the Grounded Theory. Information was obtained from six Focus Groups guided by semi-structured interviews and analyzed using ATLAS.ti 5.0. A total of 42 parents, victims of violence-towards-parents (VTP; 18 fathers and 24 mothers) participated and were selected by theoretical intentional sampling purposive sampling from two contexts: one juvenile reform center and a private family therapy center. Results. Parents have three theories to explain the onset of VFP: (a) the theory of the absent student, referred to truancy as a predictor of violent behavior; (b) addict student theory, in which substance abuse (alcohol, cannabis and cocaine) works as the antecedent factor; and (c) the theory of the accumulation of stress, in which the presence of previous factors contribute to increased discomfort ("rage") that would precede the drug abuse and later violence toward parents. Conclusion. Parents report that the VFP begins in the first stage of secondary education. A common aspect of the three emerging theories is that VFP is triggered by some distal factors related to the environment surrounding adolescent, leaving aside variables related to family dynamics.

Escopo. Conhecer as teorias implícitas que utilizam os pais vitimas da violência de seus filhos para explicar seu início. Metodologia. Foi feito um estudo qualitativo exploratório seguindo a metodologia proposta pela Teoria Fundamentada. A informação foi obtida a partir de seis grupos de discussão guiados por entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisadas mediante ATLAS.ti 5.0. Em total, participaram 42 pais vitimas de violência filio-parental (VPF; 18 homens e 24 mulheres) selecionadas por amostragem intencional teórica de dois contextos: um centro de reforma de menores e um centro privado especializado em terapia de violência intrafamiliar. Resultados. Os pais mantêm três teorias para explicar o inicio da VFP: (a) a teoria do estudante ausente, que alude ao absentismo escolar como preditor da conduta violenta; (b) a teoria do estudante consumidor, na que o consumo de sustancias (álcool, cannabis c cocaína) é o fator antecedente; e (c) a teoria da acumulação da tensão, na que se propõe a presença de uns fatores prévios que contribuem ao incremento do desconforto ("raiva") que supostamente antecede o consumo abusivo de drogas e, posteriormente, à violência contra os pais. Conclusão. Os pais assinalam que a VFP coincide com o começo da etapa da educação secundaria. Um aspeto comum às três teorias emergentes é que são fatores distais e relacionados com o entorno que rodea aos adolescentes os principais desencadeantes da VPF, deixando de fora variáveis relacionadas com a dinâmica familiar.

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RESUMEN

El objetivo general del presente estudio es examinar si el vínculo entre los escenarios de socialización familiar y escolar y la violencia escolar difiere en alumnos aceptados y rechazados. Participaron 1068 adolescentes, de entre 11 y 16 años, pertenecientes a cuatro centros educativos de la Comunidad Valenciana (España). Se llevó a cabo un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales con el programa EQS y se efectuaron análisis multigrupo entre adolescentes rechazados y aceptados. Los resultados muestran que el apoyo parental se relaciona con la violencia escolar a través de la percepción de la escuela y la autoestima familiar y escolar. Así, la percepción negativa de la escuela se asocia positivamente con la violencia escolar, mientras que la autoestima escolar se encuentra negativamente asociada con la violencia. También se han encontrado diferencias entre adolescentes rechazados y aceptados en la relación entre el apoyo parental y la violencia escolar. La autoestima familiar se asocia con la violencia escolar únicamente en adolescentes rechazados mientras que el apoyo del padre se relaciona con la autoestima escolar únicamente en los alumnos aceptados. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados y sus posibles implicaciones.

The general aim of the present study is to examine whether the link between the family and school contexts, as well as school violence is different among peer accepted and peer rejected adolescents. Participants were 1068 adolescents, ages ranged from 11 to 16 years old, from four schools in Valencian Community (Spain). Structural equation modeling was carried out using the EQS program and multigroup analysis between peer accepted and peer rejected adolescents were conducted. Results show that parental support is related to school violence through perception of school, family and school self-esteem. So, perception of school is positive related to school-based violence, whereas academic and family self-esteem are negatively related. It is also found some differences between peer rejected and accepted adolescents on the relationship between parental support and school violence. Family self-esteem is negatively associated with school-based violence only on rejected adolescents, whereas parents support is related to academic self-esteem only on accepted adolescents. Finally, results and its possible implications are discussed.

RESUMEN

La investigación sobre la violencia escolar y la aceptación (o rechazo) de los adolescentes por su grupo de iguales resulta, todavía poco concluyente. No obstante, se ha observado que los adolescentes violentos y los rechazados informan de problemas en sus relaciones familiares y en la escuela. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre variables familiares, variables escolares y la violencia escolar, en adolescentes rechazados y populares. Participaron 1068 adolescentes de entre 11 y 16 años. Se han calculado modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados muestran que las variables familiares se relacionan de modo diferente con la violencia escolar en rechazados y aceptados: la autoestima familiar ejerce un efecto directo en la violencia escolar en el grupo de rechazados y un efecto indirecto en adolescentes aceptados, mientras que el apoyo del padre se relaciona con la autoestima escolar en el grupo de aceptados pero no en el de rechazados.

Research on school violence and peer acceptance (or rejection) is still inconclusive. However, it has been observed violent and rejected adolescents report problems in their family relationships and school. The present study aims to analyse the relationship between particular family variables, school variables, and school based violence, on the basis of rejected and popular adolescents. Participants were 1068 aged from 11 to 16 years old. Statistical analyses were carried out using structural equation modelling. Results showed family variables are differently related to school-based violence: family self-esteem exerts a direct effect on school-based violence among rejected, and an indirect effect on accepted adolescents, whereas father support are related to school self-esteem among accepted.

A pesquisa sobre violência escolar e a aceitação (ou rejeição) dos adolescentes pelo seu grupo de pares ainda é pouco conclusiva. Entretanto, tem sido observado que os adolescentes violentos e os rejeitados apresentam problemas nas relações familiares e na escola. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre variáveis familiares, variáveis escolares e a violência escolar em adolescentes rejeitados e adolescentes populares. Participaram 1068 adolescentes entre 11 e 16 anos. Foram calculados modelos de equações estruturais. Os resultados mostram que as variáveis familiares se relacionam de modo diferente com a violência escolar em adolescentes rejeitados e aceitos: a autoestima familiar exerce um efeito direto na violência escolar no grupo de rejeitados e um efeito indireto em adolescentes aceitos, entretanto, o apoio do pais se relaciona com a autoestima escolar no grupo de aceitos, porém, não no grupo de rejeitados.