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Nearly 80% of the world's population trusts traditional medicine and plant-based drug compounds to improve health, and more than 50% of women who participated in a study have used herbal remedies during pregnancy. Bocconia frutescens L. is a plant native to tropical America, where infusion of its leaves has been widely used for the treatment of several gastrointestinal disorders. We have already shown that orogastric consumption of B. frutescens L. during the organogenesis period at concentrations equivalent to human consumption produces teratogenic effects in rats, but effects on progeny development have not yet been studied. In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible association between the consumption of B. frutescens L. at a dose equivalent to that consumed by humans and the neurological development of rat progeny. Pregnant Wistar rats were administered lyophilized B. frutescens L. extract at 300 mg/kg/day or vehicle via the orogastric route during the organogenesis period (gestation days 7-13). The physical development and sensory and motor maturation of their offspring during lactation were analyzed with a battery of reflex and physical tests. B. frutescens L. produced a significant delay in physical development and sensorimotor maturation, compared to the control group. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis showed signals for both flavonoids and alkaloids in the B. frutescens L. extract. We conclude that the delay in physical and neurological development could be interpreted as alterations in the maturation of some neuronal circuitries induced by B. frutescens L.
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Extractos Vegetales , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Ratas Wistar , Animales , Femenino , Ratas , Embarazo , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , MasculinoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Recently neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have been reported to be inflammatory parameters that confer poorer outcome in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCPRPC). However, these ratios have not been analyzed in patients treated with abiraterone acetate. We explored the relationship between different values of PLR and NLR and survival in mCPRCP treated with abiraterone and their possible relation with a prostate specific antigen (PSA) response. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 101 patients with mCRPC treated with abiraterone from January of 2012 to November of 2015 in two different hospitals. A cut-off value of 5 for NLR and 150 for PLR were used to compare survival by Kaplan-Meier method. Moreover, an association between these cut-off values and the PSA response was analyzed by a χ 2 test. RESULTS: In the case of NLR, the median DFS were 12, 1 months for NLR <5 and 7 months for NLR ≥5, p = 0.061. The median OS were 23.9 months for NLR <5 and 16.3 months for NLR ≥5, p = 0.046. In the case of PLR, the median DFS were 11.8 months for PLR <150 and 10.6 months for PLR ≥150, p = 0.549. The median OS were 27.4 months for PLR <150 and 15.9 months for PLR ≥150, p = 0.005. It was not observed a correlation between the different cut-off values of PLR or NLR and a PSA response ≥25% (p = 0.31). CONCLUSIONS: It is shown a better prognostic relationship between PLR and NLR low values and OS that is statistically significant in mCPRC patients treated with abiraterone. Furthermore, it was not shown a relation between PLR and NLR values and PSA response.
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Acetato de Abiraterona/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Plaquetas/patología , Linfocitos/patología , Neutrófilos/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración/patología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración/sangre , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración/tratamiento farmacológico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tasa de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
The greenhouse gases and black carbon emission inventory from IPCC key category Energy was accomplished for the Mezquital Valley, one of the most polluted regions in Mexico, as the Mexico City wastewater have been continuously used in agricultural irrigation for more than a hundred years. In addition, thermoelectric, refinery, cement and chemistry industries are concentrated in the southern part of the valley, near Mexico City. Several studies have reported air, soil, and water pollution data and its main sources for the region. Paradoxically, these sources contaminate the valley, but boosted its economic development. Nevertheless, no research has been done concerning GHG emissions, or climate change assessment. This paper reports inventories performed by the 1996 IPCC methodology for the baseline year 2005. Fuel consumption data were derived from priority sectors such as electricity generation, refineries, manufacturing & cement industries, transportation, and residential use. The total CO2 emission result was 13,894.9 Gg, which constituted three-quarters of Hidalgo statewide energy category. The principal CO2 sources were energy transformation (69%) and manufacturing (19%). Total black carbon emissions were estimated by a bottom-up method at 0.66 Gg. The principal contributor was on-road transportation (37%), followed by firewood residential consumption (26%) and cocked brick manufactures (22%). Non-CO2 gas emissions were also significant, particularly SO2 (255.9 Gg), which accounts for 80% of the whole Hidalgo State emissions. Results demonstrated the negative environmental impact on Mezquital Valley, caused by its role as a Megacity secondary fuel and electricity provider, as well as by the presence of several cement industries.
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Contaminación del Aire/estadística & datos numéricos , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Hollín/análisis , Contaminación del Aire/análisis , Dióxido de Carbono/análisis , Ciudades/estadística & datos numéricos , Cambio Climático , Ambiente , Efecto Invernadero , MéxicoRESUMEN
Organochlorine pesticides have been used in Mexico in malaria control programs and against ectoparasites. The objective of this study was to compare the levels of organochlorine pesticides: HCB, α-ß-γ-HCH, pp'-DDE, op'-DDT and pp'-DDT in adipose tissue of female inhabitants from three Mexican states: Veracruz, Puebla and Tabasco. Data analyses indicated higher ß-HCH levels in Puebla inhabitants. When comparing the mean values of the pp'-DDE concentrations among the three states, no statistically significant differences were noted. A trend of increasing concentrations of op'-DDT from Veracruz to Puebla and Tabasco was observed. Significantly higher pp'-DDT concentrations in Veracruz as compared to Puebla and Tabasco were determined. Using factorial analysis of three age categories (>30, 31-50, <51) organochlorine pesticide concentrations increases with age of participants, indicating time of exposure as a principal factor of organochlorine pesticides accumulation in adipose tissue.
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Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , DDT/análisis , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/análisis , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Hexaclorociclohexano/análisis , Plaguicidas/análisis , Tejido Adiposo/química , Adulto , DDT/metabolismo , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/metabolismo , Femenino , Hexaclorociclohexano/metabolismo , Humanos , Malaria/prevención & control , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Residuos de Plaguicidas/análisis , Residuos de Plaguicidas/metabolismo , Plaguicidas/metabolismoRESUMEN
We study a nonlinear Glauber-Fock lattice and the conditions for the excitation of localized structures. We investigate the particular linear properties of these lattices, including linear localized modes. We investigate numerically nonlinear modes centered in each site of the lattice. We found a strong disagreement of the general tendency between the stationary and the dynamical excitation thresholds. We define a new parameter that takes into account the stationary and dynamical properties of localized excitations.
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INTRODUCTION: The rapidly increasing burden of chronic diseases linked to adequacy of healthcare services and individual health behaviors is a key determinant of global public health. Given demographic aging and the accompanying health transition, chronic diseases in low and middle income communities of the Dominican Republic are likely to increase significantly. The objective of this article was to report on efforts in surveillance of health conditions and behaviors in underserved rural Dominican communities. METHODS: A modified 30 item, language-sensitive health survey was randomly administered to 117 adult participants (18 years and older) during a health fair held at three rural villages from March to April 2009 in the rural San Cristobál region of the Dominican Republic. Descriptive analyses of select health conditions and behavior variables from all completed surveys were tabulated. RESULTS: Adult participant ages ranged from 18 to 79 years (mean ± standard deviation; 34.0 ± 2.1), height from 1.4 to 2.0 m (1.7 ± 0.1), weight from 41.8 to 100.0 kg (66.2 ± 1.7) and BMI from 15.2 to 46.2 (24.2 ± 0.7). Overall, 69.2% of the sample self-reported their general health status to be fair to poor. The top three chronic diseases included: high blood pressure (35.8%), diabetes (15.0%), and asthma (14.2%). In all, 33.4% reported current smoker status and 61.7% were classified as heavy alcohol drinkers. CONCLUSION: Considerable variation was found in the self-report of health conditions and behavioral characteristics among those individuals that attended the health fair. Documenting these important health indicators in the rural communities has the potential to inform the development of surveillance activities and prevention efforts for future health education interventions.
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Enfermedad Crónica/psicología , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Indicadores de Salud , Población Rural , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/psicología , Antropometría , Sistema de Vigilancia de Factor de Riesgo Conductual , Enfermedad Crónica/epidemiología , Conducta Anticonceptiva/psicología , Conducta Anticonceptiva/estadística & datos numéricos , República Dominicana/epidemiología , Conducta Alimentaria/psicología , Femenino , Exposiciones Educacionales en Salud , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas Nutricionales , Factores de Riesgo , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricos , Autoinforme , Conducta Sexual/psicología , Conducta Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Fumar/epidemiología , Fumar/psicología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Abastecimiento de Agua/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
El trabajo pretende desarrollar un modelo fenomenológico basado en principios conservativos y fundamentado en ecuaciones lineales adimensionales, aunque la realidad del sistema analizado contiene propiedades dinámicas no lineales. Como consecuencia de este hecho, no puede ser empleado un modelo único en todos los casos estudiados, aunque resulta de mucha utilidad tener modelos predictivos, a pesar de las posibles desviaciones que pudieran presentarse en el sistema. Por lo cual el modelo descripto es una herramienta prometedora que puede ayudar a entender las interacciones en estos procesos, desde reactores piloto hasta plantas de gran escala
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Tratamiento de Efluentes IndustrialesRESUMEN
El trabajo pretende desarrollar un modelo fenomenológico basado en principios conservativos y fundamentado en ecuaciones lineales adimensionales, aunque la realidad del sistema analizado contiene propiedades dinámicas no lineales. Como consecuencia de este hecho, no puede ser empleado un modelo único en todos los casos estudiados, aunque resulta de mucha utilidad tener modelos predictivos, a pesar de las posibles desviaciones que pudieran presentarse en el sistema. Por lo cual el modelo descripto es una herramienta prometedora que puede ayudar a entender las interacciones en estos procesos, desde reactores piloto hasta plantas de gran escala
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Tratamiento de Efluentes IndustrialesRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Since epilepsy is one of the most frequent causes of visits in Paediatric Neurology, attention must be given to one of the causes linked to it, namely congenital malformation, which is the second most common cause of epilepsy. To this end, different forms of congenital defects related to epilepsy in Paediatric medicine can be identified according to their neurodevelopment. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to determine the different congenital malformations associated to epilepsy in Paediatrics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We took a sample consisting of 116 patients diagnosed as suffering from epilepsy associated with congenital malformations of the central nervous system, following an evaluation of imaging studies, magnetic resonance and computerised tomography brain scans; subjects were then grouped according to the normal embryonic chronological development of the human being. RESULTS: From the total number of cases, a selection was made according to age, where the predominant group was found in those below one year of age and in the group of school-age children, and migration disorders, where the main malformation included was lissencephaly; the other group was made up of proliferation disorders. Similarly, the associated types of epilepsy were the most common childhood epileptic syndromes, West and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. The types of epileptic seizures that were found were partial seizures. CONCLUSIONS: The study outlined above shows congenital malformations of the central nervous system to be the main cause associated to epilepsy and the most sensitive neuroimaging study currently available is magnetic resonance. For this reason we suggest the use of this procedure in cases in which no apparent cause can be found so that this nosological entity can be defined to a greater degree of precision. Despite its multifactorial causation, being below 25 years of age and above 35 at the time of pregnancy is considered to constitute a higher potential risk, while no geographic location was found to predominate.
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Encéfalo/anomalías , Epilepsia/etiología , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , MéxicoRESUMEN
beta-Exotoxin (thuringiensin) was found in high titers in centrifugation supernatants and acetone/lactose powders produced from centrifugation pellets of strains Guat 1 and HD 2 of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner). Diets containing powders of either strain were toxic, diets containing Guat 1 supernatant were not toxic, diets containing HD 2 supernatant were slightly toxic, and diets containing powders or supernatants from uninoculated culturing medium spiked with beta-exotoxin were not toxic. Most mortality occurred within 3 d when flies fed on powders but not until 6-7 d when flies fed on HD 2 supernatant. These results indicated that the primary toxic principals of the powders were endotoxins/spores and that beta-exotoxin alone was not toxic to adult flies at the concentrations found in the supernatants or powders.
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Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Bacillus thuringiensis , Toxinas Bacterianas , Dípteros , Control Biológico de Vectores/métodos , Azúcares Ácidos , Animales , Endotoxinas/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced mainly by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum, which have been associated with several animal and human diseases. Aflatoxins are hepatotoxic, mutagenic, and teratogenic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Both have been reported at high levels in corn. This study was pursued to determine mold, aflatoxin B(1) (AFTB(1)), and fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) levels in white and yellow corn. Mold levels were determined using potato dextrose agar and identification of the main genus of molds present in corn, AFTB(1) levels by immunoaffinity chromatography, and FB(1) levels by a Bond-Elut SAX cartridge and HPLC. AFTB(1) an
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Aflatoxina B1/análisis , Ácidos Carboxílicos/análisis , Fumonisinas , Zea mays/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas , VenezuelaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Infection of the Central Nervous System by free living amebas is an unusual event, 344 cases have been reported to date. The disease becomes evident in two different clinical fashions: Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) caused by Naegleria fowleri and Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE) induced by Spp. of Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia. CLINICAL CASES: The authors report three new cases from Venezuela. Case 1. 34 years old man, with a chief complaint of general malaise, headache and fever, a diagnosis of common cold was made and the patient was treated as such, he did not improve and was admitted to the hospital with deterioration of his clinical status; the patient died 10 days after the onset of his illness which was determined to be GAE produced by Balamuthia mandrillaris. Case 2. 8 years old female admitted to the hospital because of fever, headache and generalized seizures of sudden onset; neurocysticercosis was diagnosed and following improvement the patient was discharged and readmitted on two occasions because of relapse and worsening of her illness, she died 2 months after the onset of her disease that was diagnosed by autopsy as GAE due to Balamuthia mandrillaris. Case 3. 16 years old male, previously healthy, who following immersion in a water tank was admitted to the hospital because of meningeal irritation that progressed to coma and death in a 7 day lapse; autopsy revealed PAM by Naegleria fowleri. The two cases of GAE due to Balamuthia mandrillaris occurred in apparently immunocompetent individuals, contrary to the statement that these microorganisms are opportunistic. CONCLUSION: We believe that neurological infection by amphizoic amebas is being underdiagnosed, probably due to ignorance regarding this pathology or because of a very low autopsy rate in most countries.
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Amebiasis/parasitología , Granuloma/parasitología , Meningoencefalitis/parasitología , Naegleria fowleri , Adolescente , Adulto , Amebiasis/diagnóstico , Amebiasis/epidemiología , Animales , Niño , Cisticercosis/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Agua Dulce/parasitología , Granuloma/diagnóstico , Granuloma/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Meningoencefalitis/diagnóstico , Meningoencefalitis/epidemiología , Natación , Venezuela/epidemiologíaAsunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Ritodrina , Trabajo de Parto Prematuro , Complicaciones del EmbarazoAsunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Trabajo de Parto Prematuro , Complicaciones del Embarazo , RitodrinaRESUMEN
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Naltrexone in decreasing craving symptoms among Puerto Rican male veterans with alcohol dependence. METHOD: This is a double blind placebo control study with a convenience sample of eleven patients divided in two groups (placebo and Naltrexone). Scales consisting of Zung Depression, Zung Anxiety, MMSE, OCD Screener, Craving, and Somatization were administered at baseline, and weekly for four weeks as follow up. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups on any of the outcome variables at baseline or follow up measurements. A statistical trend was noted toward a decrease in somatization. A decrease in craving symptoms was observed in the experimental group. CONCLUSIONS: Even though our results did not show evidence of the efficacy of Naltrexone in decreasing craving symptoms, a small number of patients did benefit from the medication. The results could have been affected by the small sample size
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Alcoholismo/tratamiento farmacológico , Naltrexona/uso terapéutico , Atención Ambulatoria , Alcoholismo/psicología , Ansiedad/tratamiento farmacológico , Método Doble Ciego , Depresión/tratamiento farmacológico , Proyectos Piloto , Pruebas Psicológicas , Resultado del Tratamiento , Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos del Conocimiento/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos Somatomorfos/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
In this report, we describe four cases of granulomatous amebic encephalitis caused by Balamuthia (Leptomyxid ameba) in four previously healthy Mexican patients. All four cases were characterized by focal neurologic signs, increased intracranial pressure, and cerebral hyperdense lesions in computed tomography scans of the head. These patients underwent craniotomies for evaluation of mass lesions for possible brain tumors. Granulomatous chronic inflammatory reaction and amebic trophozoites were found in brain biopsies. At autopsy, areas of hemorrhagic encephalomalacia were located in both basal frontal lobes, right parieto-occipital lobes, and, less often, in the brainstem and cerebellum. Angiitis, necrotizing granulomatous encephalitis, and large numbers of amebic trophozoites in perivascular spaces were present. Amebic trophozoites were seen in the left adrenal gland in one of the cases. The amebas in all four cases were identified as Balamuthia mandrillaris (Leptomyxiidae) based on their reactivity with the anti-Balamuthia (Leptomyxiidae) serum in an immunofluorescence test.
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Amebiasis/patología , Amoeba/aislamiento & purificación , Encefalitis/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Amebiasis/parasitología , Amoeba/clasificación , Animales , Niño , Preescolar , Encefalitis/parasitología , Resultado Fatal , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente Indirecta , Humanos , Masculino , MéxicoRESUMEN
Centrifugation pellets obtained from an isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies darmstadiensis (Guat 1) cultured from a Guatemalan soil sample were found to be toxic to Anastrepha ludens (Loew) adults in the laboratory. We developed a bioassay diet that consisted of a mixture of the bacterium, a protein source, and sugar. A pH of 4.1 of the mixture was needed to obtain maximum adult mortality. One meal of the diet, which lasted from 30 s to 4 min, was enough to cause > 70% mortality of both fed or starved adults. Mortality of fed adults was 70-75% following a feeding period of 60 min and mortality of starved adults was 80-90% following a feeding period of 30 min. The isolate was toxic to adults from 1 to 21 d old.
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Bacillus thuringiensis , Dípteros/microbiología , Control Biológico de Vectores , Animales , Conducta Alimentaria , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Especificidad de la Especie , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Naltrexone in decreasing craving symptoms among Puerto Rican male veterans with alcohol dependence. METHOD: This is a double blind placebo control study with a convenience sample of eleven patients divided in two groups (placebo and Naltrexone). Scales consisting of Zung Depression, Zung Anxiety, MMSE, OCD Screener, Craving, and Somatization were administered at baseline, and weekly for four weeks as follow up. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups on any of the outcome variables at baseline or follow up measurements. A statistical trend was noted toward a decrease in somatization. A decrease in craving symptoms was observed in the experimental group. CONCLUSIONS: Even though our results did not show evidence of the efficacy of Naltrexone in decreasing craving symptoms, a small number of patients did benefit from the medication. The results could have been affected by the small sample size.
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Alcoholismo/tratamiento farmacológico , Naltrexona/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anciano , Alcoholismo/psicología , Atención Ambulatoria , Ansiedad/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos del Conocimiento/tratamiento farmacológico , Depresión/tratamiento farmacológico , Método Doble Ciego , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo/tratamiento farmacológico , Proyectos Piloto , Pruebas Psicológicas , Trastornos Somatomorfos/tratamiento farmacológico , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Few studies of intracranial mummified brain tissue have been undertaken. This is because of the infrequency in which preserved human central nervous system tissue is encountered and the scarcity of available mummies from different parts of the world. This study undertook a systematic analysis of 15 naturally mummified human brains from 1000 B.C. to 1500 A.D. excavated from the deserts of northern Chile. Gross examination revealed relatively well-preserved dura mater, cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and spinal cord in several cases. Five cases showed evidence of intracranial disease. Three cases had evidence of external injury. One case revealed subarachnoid and one case revealed intracerebral hemorrhage. Samples of central nervous system tissues were taken for further analysis. The samples were rehydrated and processed for structural analysis by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy of the brain parenchyma revealed an eosinophilic staining background with vascular structures but few cellular elements present. The dura mater demonstrated normal dural architecture consisting of collagen fibrils. Electron microscopy did not clearly demonstrate individual neurons or axonal processes. Bundles of collagen fibrils with typical periodicity were clearly seen in the dura mater. The examination of ancient human central nervous system tissues reveals normal and abnormal neuroanatomy.
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Encefalopatías/patología , Lesiones Encefálicas/patología , Encéfalo/patología , Momias/patología , Axones/patología , Encefalopatías/historia , Lesiones Encefálicas/historia , Causas de Muerte , Chile , Femenino , Historia Antigua , Humanos , Masculino , Microscopía Electrónica , Momias/historia , Neuronas/patología , Médula Espinal/patologíaRESUMEN
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE), or meningoencephalitis due to Acanthamoeba spp. and leptomyxid ameba are uncommon CNS infections that generally occur in immunocompromised hosts. We describe a case of GAE caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris previously designated as a leptomyxid ameba, in an apparently healthy 14-year-old Venezuelan boy. This case was characterized by sudden onset of seizures, focal neurologic signs and by a prolonged clinical course (from November 1992 to March 1993). Neuroimaging studies showed cerebral hypodense lesions in cerebral hemispheres, brain stem and cerebellum. Microscopically, we found a chronic granulomatous inflammatory reaction with necrotizing angiitis, large numbers of amebic trophozoites and few cysts in perivascular spaces and within necrotic CNS tissue. The amebas were identified as B. mandrillaris based on their immunofluorescence reactivity with the anti-B. mandrillaris serum. So far, 30 cases of GAE due to B. mandrillaris have been recognized in humans, two in AIDS patients. No visceral involvement by free-living amebas or any other significant abnormality was observed. This patient developed "spontaneous" GAE, but it remains possible that an undiagnosed abnormality in cell-mediated immunity or a deficient humoral immune response may explain the susceptibility of this patient to this opportunistic infection.