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BACKGROUND: Alcohol and tobacco are important risk factors for chronic pancreatitis (CP). AIM: To analyze the effect of etiological factors such as tobacco and alcohol and pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) in the progression of CP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis of CP were recruited and grouped according to variables such as tobacco, alcohol and PERT. They were followed for 18 months. Subsequently, different variables and analytical parameters involved in the progression of the disease were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients diagnosed with CP were included. Of these, 28 patients underwent PERT, 39 were smokers and 33 were alcohol users. Compared with patients without PERT, those with PERT had a higher proportion of diabetes (64 and 32%, respectively), had a higher need for endoscopic treatment (25 and 0%, respectively) and a normal body mass index (71 and 27.3%, respectively. The smokers had higher calcium levels and increased lymphocytosis and leukocytosis. The alcohol consumption group had a higher mean age (p = 0.04) CONCLUSIONS: PERT may improve the nutritional status but does not reduce the need for endoscopic or surgical treatment. Smoking and alcohol consumption favored the progression of CP. Also, smoking induced a pro-inflammatory state.

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BACKGROUND: Alcohol and tobacco are important risk factors for chronic pancreatitis (CP). AIM: To analyze the effect of etiological factors such as tobacco and alcohol and pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) in the progression of CP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis of CP were recruited and grouped according to variables such as tobacco, alcohol and PERT. They were followed for 18 months. Subsequently, different variables and analytical parameters involved in the progression of the disease were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients diagnosed with CP were included. Of these, 28 patients underwent PERT, 39 were smokers and 33 were alcohol users. Compared with patients without PERT, those with PERT had a higher proportion of diabetes (64 and 32%, respectively), had a higher need for endoscopic treatment (25 and 0%, respectively) and a normal body mass index (71 and 27.3%, respectively. The smokers had higher calcium levels and increased lymphocytosis and leukocytosis. The alcohol consumption group had a higher mean age (p = 0.04) Conclusions: PERT may improve the nutritional status but does not reduce the need for endoscopic or surgical treatment. Smoking and alcohol consumption favored the progression of CP. Also, smoking induced a pro-inflammatory state.

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[EXCERPT]. Analyzing the causes of unsafe care can reduce the number of ‘near misses’ (incidents that may cause harm to patients) and adverse events (that actually produce harm). This is an important mandate for health care organizations committed to providing a safe environment for patients. Although guaranteeing absolute safety in all interventions is not always possible, hospitals and other health care institutions implement safety practices and surveillance methods to understand how these unsafe incidents occur. In many cases, these incidents were not generated by a single cause; and remote causes are as significant as more proximate ones...

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BACKGROUND: Mineral and bone metabolism disorders are common complications in haemodialysis patients that present significant geographical variability. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess these disorders for the first time in haemodialysis patients from Peru. METHODS: The study included 1551 haemodialysis patients from 55 centres affiliated with the Social Health System of Peru in the city of Lima. Demographic data, comorbidities, treatments and biochemical parameters were collected from each patient. Serum calcium, phosphorus and PTH levels were categorised according to the recommended ranges in the KDOQI and KDIGO guidelines. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 59.5±15.6 years, with a mean time on haemodialysis of 58.0±54.2 months. All patients were dialysed with a calcium concentration in the dialysis fluid of 3.5 mEq/l and 68.9% of patients were prescribed phosphate-binding agents (98.4% of them calcium carbonate). A high percentage of patients showed serum calcium above, and serum phosphorus below, the recommended ranges in the KDOQI guidelines (32.8% and 37.3%, respectively). More than half of the patients had serum PTH values below the recommended ranges of both the KDOQI and KDIGO guidelines (56.4% and 51.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Patients included in this study were younger than those from other studies and showed both hypophosphataemia and suppressed PTH, probably due to an excessive calcium overload through dialysis fluid and the use of calcium-containing phosphate binding agents.

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Resumen:Actualmente varias enfermedades de origen vectorial tienen una gran relevancia médico-veterinaria, debido a las adaptaciones que han desarrollado las especies involucradas en su transmisión. Se llevó a cabo una encuesta entomológica durante 2013 con el objetivo de actualizar los conocimientos ecológicos de las poblaciones de Aedes aegypti presentes en tres Áreas de Salud de Camagüey, Cuba. Se cuantificó en cada depósito o receptáculo positivo las larvas y pupas según ubicación en las viviendas, determinando el porcentaje de representatividad. Se calculó el Índice Pupal por Depósitos específicos (ÍPDe). Los totales de viviendas así como los depósito permanentes y útiles positivos fueron comparados entre estaciones climáticas, utilizando la prueba no paramétrica de Chi2 en tablas de contingencia de 2 X 2, mientras que la relación existente entre el total de viviendas positivas y los depósitos positivos permanentes y útiles, fue explorada a través del test de proporciones de hipótesis, con un nivel de significación de P ≤ 0.05. A. aegypti colonizó 73 tipos de depósitos siendo permanentes y útiles el 23.2 %. Este número incluyó el 76 % de los depósitos positivos. Hubo mayor colecta en el exterior en tanques bajos y toneles con importante producción pupal (ÍPDe = 3.04 y 1.75, respectivamente), así como diferencias significativas durante la estación lluviosa al comparar el número de viviendas positivas (PUIA: Chi2 = 32.89; P = 0.00; PUE: Chi2 = 127.44; P = 0.00 and PUJAM: Chi2 = 127.44; P = 0.00), y depósitos permanentes y útiles (PUIA: Chi2 = 30.37; P = 0.00; PUE: Chi2 = 37.26; P = 0.00 and PUJAM: Chi2 = 81.82; P = 0.00). Estos datos refuerzan la prioridad que tienen en las acciones de vigilancia y control, por la comunidad en sus respectivas viviendas.

Abstract:Several illnesses of vectorial origin have a great medical and veterinary relevance, due to the adaptations developed by the species involved in their transmission. To support preventive programs with updated ecological information of A. aegypti populations, an entomological survey was carried out in three Health Areas of Camagüey, Cuba, during low and high rain seasons of 2013. For this, we assessed the type and number of positive containers, quantified larvae and pupae in positive containers, according to the container location in or outside the house. Both the container representativeness percentage and the pupal index by specific containers were calculated (PIsC). The total of houses as well as the positive habitual-use and non-disposable containers were compared among weather seasons, using the non parametric Chi2 test. The existent relationship between the total of positive houses and the habitual-use and non-disposable container was explored through the test of proportions hypothesis, with a level of significance of P ≤ 0.05. A. aegypti colonized 73 different types of containers, being habitual-use and non-disposable a 23.2 %. This number included 76 % of the positive containers. The greatest larvae collections were obtained in exterior water tanks and barrels, with important pupal production (PIsC = 3.04 and 1.75, respectively), and as well as significant differences towards the rainy season respect to positive houses (PUIA: Chi2 = 32.89; P = 0.00; PUE: Chi2 = 127.44; P = 0.00 and PUJAM: Chi2 = 127.44; P = 0.00), and the habitual-use and non-disposable container (PUIA: Chi2 = 30.37; P = 0.00; PUE: Chi2 = 37.26; P = 0.00 and PUJAM: Chi2 = 81.82; P = 0.00). These data reinforce the priority given to the control and surveillance actions conducted by the community in their respective houses. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1487-1493. Epub 2016 December 01.

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Several illnesses of vectorial origin have a great medical and veterinary relevance, due to the adaptations developed by the species involved in their transmission. To support preventive programs with updated ecological information of Ae. aegypti populations, an entomological survey was carried out in three Health Areas of Camagüey, Cuba, during low and high rain seasons of 2013. For this, we assessed the type and number of positive containers, quantified larvae and pupae in positive containers, according to the container location in or outside the house. Both the container representativeness percentage and the pupal index by specific containers were calculated (PIsC). The total of houses as well as the positive habitual-use and non-disposable containers were compared among weather seasons, using the non parametric Chi2 test. The existent relationship between the total of positive houses and the habitual-use and non-disposable container was explored through the test of proportions hypothesis, with a level of significance of P ≤ 0.05. Ae. aegypti colonized 73 different types of containers, being habitual-use and non-disposable a 23.2 %. This number included 76 % of the positive containers. The greatest larvae collections were obtained in exterior water tanks and barrels, with important pupal production (PIsC = 3.04 and 1.75, respectively), and as well as significant differences towards the rainy season respect to positive houses (PUIA: Chi2 = 32.89; P = 0.00; PUE: Chi2 = 127.44; P = 0.00 and PUJAM: Chi2 = 127.44; P = 0.00), and the habitual-use and non-disposable container (PUIA: Chi2 = 30.37; P = 0.00; PUE: Chi2 = 37.26; P = 0.00 and PUJAM: Chi2 = 81.82; P = 0.00). These data reinforce the priority given to the control and surveillance actions conducted by the community in their respective houses.

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OBJETIVOS: Evaluar el nivel de susceptibilidad a insecticidas de una cepa de Aedes aegypti procedente de El Salvador y describir los posibles mecanismos de resistencia al temefós. MÉTODOS: Se evaluó una cepa de A. aegypti procedente del municipio de Soyapango, departamento de San Salvador, El Salvador. Mediante bioensayos se determinó la susceptibilidad de las larvas al insecticida organofosforado temefós y a tres piretroides (deltametrina, lambdacialotrina y cipermetrina) y de los adultos a un insecticida organofosforado (clorpirifós). Se determinó el factor de resistencia (FR50) con respecto a una cepa sensible de referencia (Rockefeller). Se estableció el mecanismo de resistencia al temefós mediante el empleo de sustancias sinergistas, ensayos bioquímicos de actividad enzimática y zimogramas en gel de poliacrilamida. RESULTADOS: Las larvas de la cepa estudiada mostraron una alta resistencia al temefós (FR50 = 24,16). De las enzimas analizadas, se encontró que solo la esterasa A4 estaba vinculada al mecanismo de resistencia al temefós. Los mosquitos adultos resultaron susceptibles a la lambdacialotrina y al clorpirifós y su resistencia a la deltametrina y la cipermetrina quedó en la categoría de verificación. CONCLUSIONES: La resistencia al temefós podría reducir la eficacia del control químico del mosquito A. aegypti en la zona estudiada de El Salvador. Los insecticidas clorpirifós, lambdacialotrina y cipermetrina son buenos candidatos alternativos a utilizar en las nuevas intervenciones de control de este vector.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the level of insecticide susceptibility of a certain Aedes aegypti strain found in El Salvador and to explain the mechanisms for its resistance to temephos. METHODS: An A. aegypti strain from the municipality of Soyapango, Department of San Salvador, El Salvador, was studied. Bioassays were used to determine the susceptibility of the larvae to the organophosphate insecticide temephos and to three pyrethroids (deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and cypermethrin); and of adults to an organophosphate insecticide (chlorpyrifos). The resistance factor (RF50) with determined with respect to a reference susceptible strain (Rockefeller). The mechanism of temephos resistance was determined through the use of synergistic substances, biochemical assays for enzymatic activity, and polyacrylamide gel zymograms. RESULTS: The larvae of the strain studied proved highly resistant to temephos (RF50 = 24.16). Of the enzyme samples analyzed, only the esterase A4 was linked to the mechanism of temephos resistance. The adult mosquitoes were susceptible to lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos; and resistance to deltamethrin and cypermethrin fell into the category needing further verification. CONCLUSIONS: Temephos resistance could reduce the efficiency of chemical control of the A. aegypti mosquito in El Salvador study area. Chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, and cypermethrin are good alternative insecticides for use in new efforts to control this vector.

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Evaluar el nivel de susceptibilidad a insecticidas de una cepa de Aedes aegypti procedente de El Salvador y describir los posibles mecanismos de resistencia al temefós...(AU)

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OBJECTIVES: To assess the level of insecticide susceptibility of a certain Aedes aegypti strain found in El Salvador and to explain the mechanisms for its resistance to temephos. METHODS: An A. aegypti strain from the municipality of Soyapango, Department of San Salvador, El Salvador, was studied. Bioassays were used to determine the susceptibility of the larvae to the organophosphate insecticide temephos and to three pyrethroids (deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and cypermethrin); and of adults to an organophosphate insecticide (chlorpyrifos). The resistance factor (RF50) with determined with respect to a reference susceptible strain (Rockefeller). The mechanism of temephos resistance was determined through the use of synergistic substances, biochemical assays for enzymatic activity, and polyacrylamide gel zymograms. RESULTS: The larvae of the strain studied proved highly resistant to temephos (RF50 = 24.16). Of the enzyme samples analyzed, only the esterase A4 was linked to the mechanism of temephos resistance. The adult mosquitoes were susceptible to lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos; and resistance to deltamethrin and cypermethrin fell into the category needing further verification. CONCLUSIONS: Temephos resistance could reduce the efficiency of chemical control of the A. aegypti mosquito in El Salvador study area. Chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, and cypermethrin are good alternative insecticides for use in new efforts to control this vector.

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In June 2001, dengue transmission was detected in Havana, Cuba; 12,889 cases were reported. Dengue 3, the etiologic agent of the epidemic, caused the dengue hemorrhagic fever only in adults, with 78 cases and 3 deaths. After intensive vector control efforts, no new cases have been detected.

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Dada la persistencia de focos de Aedes aegypti en el municipio Santiago de Cuba en el año 1998 se realizó una encuesta en las viviendas, con el objetivo de conocer la aceptación y el comportamiento de los moradores respecto al abate, precisar los motivos por los que este no se mantenía en los recipientes y conocer aspectos asociados con la presencia de los focos y su control. Se encontró que se mantenían tanques con agua, en viviendas en la que esta no faltaba, para que la suciedad se sedimentara; 72,2 por ciento lavaba todos sus depósitos de agua antes de rellenarlos cada 4 d aproximadamente. Se concluyó que la suciedad del agua constituía un factor adicional para el mantenimiento de agua depositada, la abatización de los recipientes con agua para el consumo doméstico no cumplía su objetivo, se sobrevaloraba el papel de la fumigación y existían desconocimientos que podían influir en el comportamiento de estas personas(AU)

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Dada la persistencia de focos de Aedes aegypti en el municipio Santiago de Cuba en el año 1998 se realizó una encuesta en las viviendas, con el objetivo de conocer la aceptación y el comportamiento de los moradores respecto al abate, precisar los motivos por los que este no se mantenía en los recipientes y conocer aspectos asociados con la presencia de los focos y su control. Se encontró que se mantenían tanques con agua, en viviendas en la que esta no faltaba, para que la suciedad se sedimentara; 72,2 porciento lavaba todos sus depósitos de agua antes de rellenarlos cada 4 d aproximadamente. Se concluyó que la suciedad del agua constituía un factor adicional para el mantenimiento de agua depositada, la abatización de los recipientes con agua para el consumo doméstico no cumplía su objetivo, se sobrevaloraba el papel de la fumigación y existían desconocimientos que podían influir en el comportamiento de estas personas

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Se expone los resultados de un estudio en 52 pacientes oncológicos intervenidos quirúrgicamente en el Hospital Docente "V.I.Lenin " durante los meses enero-junio 1998. El grupo de edad de más de 65 años aportó el 40,4 por ciento de los pacientes estudiados. La pérdida de peso y las alteraciones en el rayo x de tórax fueron los elementos asociados de mayor importancia en el preoperatorio. la anestesia general con la asociación de un hipnótico más un analgésico es una opción aceptable para aplicar en el paciente oncológico. La depresión respiratoria postoperatorio fue la complicación que más se presentó

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