RESUMEN
The analysis and proposal of Zagaria, Andò and Zennaro are suggestive, but the essential question is not raised: the need for scientific research to be explicitly based on an epistemological reflection that takes into account the specificity of psychology. In the first and second parts of my comment, I will justify the need for epistemological reflection in psychology, and in the third part, I will analyze, by means of an example, why the option of adopting the principles of evolutionary psychology does not guarantee greater theoretical coherence.
Asunto(s)
Evolución Biológica , Conocimiento , Arcilla , HumanosRESUMEN
This study contributes to a multifaceted picture of young children's emergent number knowledge by focusing on the variety of ways in which children express and use quantitative information. The authors' aims are to (a) explore the extent to which quantifying collections 1-5 and using that information pose different levels of difficulty to children from 33 to 47 months old, (b) identify intra- and intertask response patterns, and (c) analyze the influence of socioeconomic status and age on these response patterns. Sixty-six children from two contrasting socioeconomic status groups (very low and middle) were asked to solve tasks with 1-5 elements in the context of a game. Using quantitative information turned out to be more complex than quantification. Intra- and intertask response patterns showed that children gradually come to understand the first five numerical values according to the numerical sequence in a much less strict way than that proposed by the cardinal-knowers model that posits that children progress in an orderly way in their number knowledge. Children in different ages and socioeconomic status groups were found to be more similar to each other when the whole arc of responses provided was considered than when solely correct performance was measured.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Infantil/psicología , Desarrollo Infantil , Comprensión , Clase Social , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Aprendizaje , Masculino , Pruebas NeuropsicológicasRESUMEN
Studies on cardinality date back many years, and it remains a current research issue today. Indeed, despite the many findings on the topic, there is still controversy surrounding when and how children understand cardinality. The main studies on this understanding employs the "how many" question in situations involving the quantification of objects, analyzing the relationship between counting and cardinality. In the present study, we argue that it is essential to consider how cardinality is used in the context in which it arises, including the in- depth consideration of semiotic, social, and pragmatic dimensions, in order to fully comprehend the topic. We analyze in microgenesis the interaction between a two-year-old girl and her mother when they are playing a game requiring the understanding and use of cardinality through five sessions conducted over the course of a year. Our findings suggest that, in the proposed situation, cardinal understanding develops slowly and gradually requires an integrated body of resources (such as gestures and the use of objects). In highlighting the role of semiotics and social interactions in the development of cardinal understanding, this research underscores the fundamental role that early education should play in its development.
Asunto(s)
Comprensión , Formación de Concepto , Matemática , Adulto , Desarrollo Infantil , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Relaciones Madre-Hijo , Psicología InfantilRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Different bearing surfaces, including alumina-on-alumina, have been used to avoid osteolysis. We prospectively followed 288 patients (319 hips) in which an alumina-on-alumina cup was used with a hydroxyapatite stem. The patients' mean age was 52.7 (range, 14-70 years), and the minimum followup was 3 years (mean, 4.7 years; range, 3-8 years). At final followup, five cups (including one with an alumina liner fracture) and two stems underwent revision. The cumulative probability of not having a revision of one or both components for any cause was 97% (95% confidence interval, 94.7%-99.1%). No patient spontaneously reported any noises from the hip and none reported noises when specifically questioned. All patients who had not undergone revision had good clinical results, but five of these patients had radiographic cup loosening at last followup. These data suggest alumina-on-alumina prostheses had reasonable outcomes after 5 years. One acetabular component fractured from trauma. We observed no linear femoral head penetration. Continued followup will be required to determine if reduction in wear between the alumina-on-alumina bearings results in less osteolysis and loosening. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.