RESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: In recent years, obesity has reached alarming levels among children and adolescents. The study of plasma fatty acid (FA) composition, as a reflection of diet, and its associations with other parameters, that are closely linked to obesity and the cardiometabolic profile, may be useful for setting nutritional goals for obesity treatment and prevention. This study explored the relationship between plasma FA levels and body fat and cardiometabolic risk markers, in overweight adolescents. METHODS: A multidisciplinary weight loss program was followed by 127 overweight and obese adolescents aged 12-17 years old. Plasma FA composition, anthropometric indicators of adiposity and biochemical parameters were analyzed at baseline, two months (the end of the intensive intervention phase) and six months (the end of the extensive phase). RESULTS: While saturated fatty acid (SFA) and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels decreased significantly during the intervention, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and n-3 PUFA showed the opposite trend. The decrease in SFA C14:0 was associated with a reduction in total and LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and insulin. The increase in MUFAs, especially C18:1n-9, was related to a reduction in weight, fat mass, fat mass index and glucose. Regarding PUFAs, changes in the n-3 series were not associated with any of the parameters studied, whereas the reduction in n-6 PUFAs was directly related to weight, fat mass, total and HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, glucose and insulin, and inversely associated with diastolic blood pressure. The adolescents with greater weight loss presented significant changes in MUFAs, n-6 PUFAs and C14:0. CONCLUSIONS: Modifications in plasma FA composition were associated with adiposity reduction and cardiometabolic profile improvement in an anti-obesity program aimed at adolescents. The changes observed in FA composition were related to the success of the treatment, since the individuals most affected by these variations were those who presented the greatest weight loss.
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Ácidos Grasos/sangre , Obesidad , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidad/sangre , Obesidad/epidemiología , Obesidad/terapia , Pérdida de Peso/fisiología , Programas de Reducción de PesoRESUMEN
Chronic diseases, including obesity, are major causes of morbidity and mortality in most countries. The adverse impacts of obesity and associated comorbidities on health remain a major concern due to the lack of effective interventions for prevention and management. Precision nutrition is an emerging therapeutic approach that takes into account an individual's genetic and epigenetic information, as well as age, gender, or particular physiopathological status. Advances in genomic sciences are contributing to a better understanding of the role of genetic variants and epigenetic signatures as well as gene expression patterns in the development of diverse chronic conditions, and how they may modify therapeutic responses. This knowledge has led to the search for genetic and epigenetic biomarkers to predict the risk of developing chronic diseases and personalizing their prevention and treatment. Additionally, original nutritional interventions based on nutrients and bioactive dietary compounds that can modify epigenetic marks and gene expression have been implemented. Although caution must be exercised, these scientific insights are paving the way for the design of innovative strategies for the control of chronic diseases accompanying obesity. This document provides a number of examples of the huge potential of understanding nutrigenetic, nutrigenomic, and nutriepigenetic roles in precision nutrition.
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Nutrigenómica/métodos , Obesidad/dietoterapia , Obesidad/genética , Enfermedad Crónica , Epigénesis Genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Humanos , Obesidad/complicaciones , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Medicina de Precisión/métodos , Prevención Primaria/métodos , TranscriptomaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: In vivo and in vitro evidence suggests that antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids may be key factors in the treatment and prevention of obesity and obesity-associated disorders. Hence, the objective of the present study was to determine the relationship between plasma lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamin and carotenoid levels and adiposity and cardio-metabolic risk markers in overweight and obese adolescents participating in a multidisciplinary weight loss programme. METHODS: A therapeutic programme was conducted with 103 adolescents aged 12-17 years old and diagnosed with overweight or obesity. Plasma concentrations of α-tocopherol, retinol, ß-carotene and lycopene, anthropometric indicators of general and central adiposity, blood pressure and biochemical parameters were analysed at baseline and at 2 and 6 months of treatment. RESULTS: Lipid-corrected retinol (P < 0.05), ß-carotene (P = 0.001) and α-tocopherol (P < 0.001) plasma levels increased significantly, whereas lipid-corrected lycopene levels remained unaltered during the treatment. Anthropometric indicators of adiposity (P < 0.001), blood pressure (P < 0.01) and biochemical parameters (P < 0.05) decreased significantly, whereas fat free mass increased significantly (P < 0.001). These clinical and biochemical improvements were related to changes in plasma lipid-corrected antioxidant vitamin and carotenoid levels. The adolescents who experienced the greatest weight loss also showed the largest decrease in anthropometric indicators of adiposity and biochemical parameters and the highest increase in fat free mass. Weight loss in these adolescents was related to an increase in plasma levels of lipid-corrected α-tocopherol (P = 0.001), ß-carotene (P = 0.034) and lycopene (P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Plasma lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamin and carotenoid levels are associated with reduced adiposity, greater weight loss and an improved cardio-metabolic profile in overweight and obese adolescents.
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Adiposidad , Antioxidantes/análisis , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/sangre , Síndrome Metabólico/sangre , Obesidad Infantil/sangre , Vitaminas/sangre , Adolescente , Antropometría , Apolipoproteínas/sangre , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Carotenoides/sangre , Niño , Colesterol/sangre , Estudios de Cohortes , Dieta , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Licopeno , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólico/prevención & control , Evaluación Nutricional , Sobrepeso/sangre , Obesidad Infantil/diagnóstico , Obesidad Infantil/terapia , Factores de Riesgo , Triglicéridos/sangre , Vitamina A/sangre , alfa-Tocoferol/sangre , beta Caroteno/sangreRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the contribution of 9 obesity-related polymorphisms and a genetic predisposition score (GPS) on anthropometric and biochemical variables before and after a weight loss intervention program in overweight/obese Spanish adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: Overweight/obese adolescents (n = 168; 12-16 years) participating in the EVASYON program were genotyped for 9 obesity-related single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FTO, MC4R, TMEM18, IL6, PPARG, and ADIPQ genes. RESULTS: At baseline, the GPS showed a significant association with body mass index-standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) and fat mass. After 3 months of intervention, this GPS also showed a relationship with the variation of both anthropometric measurements. After adjusting for baseline BMI-SDS, subjects with a lower GPS had a greater improvement on metabolic profile, as well as a better response to physical activity, compared with those subjects with a higher GPS. CONCLUSIONS: The GPS seems to have an important relationship with BMI-SDS and fat mass both at baseline and after a 3-month weight loss lifestyle intervention. Obese and overweight adolescents with a lower GPS have a greater benefit of weight loss after 3 months of a multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention.
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Índice de Masa Corporal , Sitios Genéticos/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Obesidad/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Pérdida de Peso/genética , Adiponectina/genética , Adolescente , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Humanos , Interleucina-6/genética , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , PPAR gamma/genética , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 4/genética , EspañaRESUMEN
A obesidade definida como a acumulação excessiva de gordura corporal deriva de um desequilíbrio crônico entre a energia ingerida e a energia gasta. Neste desequilíbrio podem estar implicados diversos fatores relacionados com o estilo de vida (dieta e exercício físico), alterações neuro-endócrinas, juntamente com um componente hereditário. O componente genético constitui um fator determinante de algumas doenças congênitas e um elemento de risco para diversas doenças crônicas como diabetes, osteoporose, hipertensão, câncer, obesidade, entre outras. O aumento da prevalência da obesidade em quase todos os países durante os últimos anos, parece indicar que existe uma predisposição ou susceptibilidade genética para a obesidade, sobre a qual atuam os fatores ambientais relacionados com os estilos de vida, em que se incluem principalmente os hábitos alimentares e a atividade física. A utilização de modelos animais de obesidade, a transferência génica e os estudos de associação e ligamento, permitiram a identificação de vários genes implicados na obesidade.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Animales , ObesidadRESUMEN
In the last years, the understanding of adipose tissue metabolism it`s been crucial for the development of the phatophysiology of obesity. The heterogenicity of this metabolism is a very important concept related with the comorbilities of obesity. Several techniques are available today for this study and as result we know much better the regulatory processes of adipocite lipogenesis and lipolysis. As a result we have a much better understanding of the metabolic changes in the adipose tissue related the variations of nutritional status