RESUMEN
Generation often leads to increased memorability within a laboratory context (see, e.g., Slamecka & Graf, 1978). Of interest in the present study is whether the benefits of generation extend beyond item memory to context memory. To investigate this question, in three experiments, we asked subjects to remember in which of two contexts they had read or generated words. In Experiment 1, the contexts were two different rooms; in Experiment 2A, the contexts were two different computer screens; in Experiment 2B, the contexts were different perceptual characteristics of the to-be-remembered words. In all experiments, subjects were better at remembering the context of generated words than of read words.
Asunto(s)
Asociación , Formación de Concepto , Memoria , Lectura , Reconocimiento en Psicología , Adulto , Color , Señales (Psicología) , Femenino , Lateralidad Funcional , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
When people retell events, they take different perspectives for different audiences and purposes. In four experiments, we examined the effects of this postevent reorganization of events on memory for the original events. In each experiment, participants read a story, wrote a biased letter about one of the story characters, and later remembered the original story. Participants' letters contained more story details and more elaborations relevant to the purpose of their retellings. More importantly, the letter perspective affected the amount of information recalled (Experiments 1, 3, and 4) and the direction of the errors in recall (Experiments 1 and 3) and recognition (Experiment 2). Selective rehearsal plays an important role in these bias effects: retelling involves selectively retrieving and using story information, with consequent differences in memory. However, biased memory occurred even when the biased letters contained little, if any, specific information (Experiment 4) or contained the same amount and kinds of story information as a neutral control condition (Experiment 3). Biased memory is a consequence of the reorganizing schema guiding the retelling perspective, in addition to the effects of rehearsing specific information in retelling.
Asunto(s)
Memoria , Prejuicio , Conducta Verbal , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Recuerdo Mental , Distribución AleatoriaRESUMEN
The in vitro cloning of DNA molecules traditionally uses PCR amplification or site-specific restriction endonucleases to generate linear DNA inserts with defined termini and requires DNA ligase to covalently join those inserts to vectors with the corresponding ends. We have used the properties of Vaccinia DNA topoisomerase I to develop a ligase-free technology for the covalent joining of DNA fragments to suitable plasmid vectors. This system is much more efficient than cloning methods that require ligase because the rapid DNA rejoining activity of Vaccinia topoisomerase I allows ligation in only 5 min at room temperature, whereas the enzyme's high substrate specificity ensures a low rate of vector-alone transformants. We have used this topoisomerase I-mediated cloning technology to develop a process for accelerated cloning and expression of individual ORFs. Its suitability for genome-scale molecular cloning and expression is demonstrated in this report.