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The objective of this study is to determine the role of multimodal intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) in the overall outcome of intracranial aneurysms surgery, and the risk factors associated with ischemic complications. We grouped 268 ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms surgically treated at our institution into 2 cohorts, based on the use of IONM (180; 67.16%) or non-use of IONM (88; 32.84%). The IONM technique used was multimodal: electroencephalogram (EEG), somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), transcranial (TES), and direct cortical (DCS) stimulation motor evoked potentials (MEPs). There was a significant difference, with a reduction in perioperative strokes (p = 0.011) and better motor surgery-related outcome in the IONM group (p = 0.016). Independent risk factors identified for surgery ischemic complications were temporary clipping time ≥ 6'05″ (odds ratio [OR]: 3.03; 95% CI: 1.068-8.601; p = 0.037), aneurysm size ≥ 7.5 mm (OR: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.127-6.235; p = 0.026), and non-use of IONM (OR: 2.79; 95% CI: 1.171-6.636; p = 0.021). Conversely, aneurysm rupture was not detected as an independent risk factor (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 0.55-4.55; p = 0.4). Longer temporary clipping time, larger aneurysm size, and the non-use of IONM could be considered as risk factors for ischemic complications during microsurgical clipping. A standardized designed protocol including multimodal IONM with DCS provides continuous information about blood supply and allows reduction of treatment-related morbidity. Multimodal IONM is a valuable technique in intracranial aneurysm surgery.

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INTRODUCTION: The development of new radiographic techniques and the refinement of microsurgery and reconstructive surgery have been the responsible of the establishment of craniofacial resection (CFR) as the standard treatment of anterior skull base tumors. Overall complication rates varies from 24-56%, according to a review of recently published series. OBJECTIVES: To describe the complications of CFR in a series of 41 patients and to analyze the management and final outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 1990 to 2002, 41 patients underwent CFR for tumors involving the anterior cranial base. The extent of the tumor was always assessed with craniofacial CT-scan and MRI. The objective of the surgical treatment was to achieve "on block" removal of the tumor. RESULTS: The average age was 57 years with a male preponderance (63.4%). Squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent histopathological type of tumor. The tumors were localized in paranasal sinuses in 78% of the cases. Bifrontal craniotomy was performed in 85.4% and unilateral orbitofrontal craniotomy in 14.6% of the cases. The area of facial resection included: ethmoidectomy (60.9%), ethmoido-sphenoidectomy (24.3%), maxillectomy (39%) and orbital exenteration (14.6%). The reconstruction of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa was performed using pedicled pericranial flap (100%), local (34.1%) or microvascular free flaps (21.9%) and split calvarian graft (19.5%). 20 patients (48.7%) developed post-operative complications, CSF leaks (12.1%) and meningitis (7.3%) being the most frequent major complications. The mortality rate was 7.3%. CONCLUSIONS: CFR has become the standard approach for anterior cranial base tumors. Despite its widespread application, the complication's rate ranges between 24-50% and the procedure carries a risk of significant morbidity and even mortality. Improvement of specific aspects of surgical technique and more refined reconstructive methods will decrease the number of complications.

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Introducción. Los recientes avances en radiología, técnica microquirúrgica y de reconstrucción han permitido que la cirugía craneofacial (CCF) se haya convertido en el tratamiento de elección de la patología tumoral de fosa craneal anterior. A pesar de esto, continua asociándose a una incidencia de complicaciones considerable (24-56%). Objetivos. Revisión, análisis y manejo de las complicaciones de la CCF en una serie de 41 pacientes. Material y métodos. 41 pacientes diagnosticados de patología tumoral infiltrativa de base craneal anterior, fueron intervenidos mediante CCF, entre 1990 y 2002. La extensión tumoral fue valorada en todos los casos con TC y RMN de la región craneo-facial. Tras determinar el volumen y extensión tumoral se diseñó un tratamiento quirúrgico radical, con el objetivo de conseguir una resección tumoral "en bloque". Resultados. El 63.4% de los pacientes eran varones con una mediana de edad de 57 años (18-73). La histología más frecuente de los tumores fue carcinoma escamoso y la localización habitual fue en los senos paranasales en el 78% (32 de 41 casos). En el 85.4% delos pacientes se realizó una craneotomía bifrontal basaly en el 14.6% restante craneotomía frontoorbitaria unilateral, en un sólo colgajo óseo. El área de resección facial incluía: etmoidectomía (60.9%), etmoido-esfenoidectomía (24.3%), maxilectomía unilateral (39%) y exenteración orbitaria (14.6%). Para la reconstrucción se utilizó: colgajo pediculado pericraneal (100%),colgajos locales (34.1%), colgajos libres microvascularizados (21.9%) e injerto óseo autólogo (19.5%). 20 pacientes (48.7%) presentaron complicaciones postoperatorias, entre las que destacan, como complicaciones mayores la fístula de LCR (12.1%) y la meningitis (7.3%). La mortalidad global fue del 7.3%.Conclusiones. La CCF continua asociándose a una elevada tasa de complicaciones, en general de tipo infeccioso. El perfeccionamiento de las técnicas de reconstrucción permitirán reducir la incidencia de las complicaciones más frecuentes y peligrosas

Introduction. The development of new radiographic techniques and the refinement of microsurgery and reconstructive surgery have been the responsible of the establishment of craniofacial resection (CFR) as the standard treatment of anterior skull base tumors. Overall complication rates varies from 24-56%, according to a review of recently published series. Objectives. To describe the complications of CFR in a series of 41 patients and to analyze the management and final outcome. Material and methods. From 1990 to 2002, 41 patients underwent CFR for tumors involving the anterior cranial base. The extent of the tumor was always assessed with craniofacial CT-scan and MRI. The objective of the surgical treatment was to achive "on block" removal of the tumor. Results. The average age was 57 years with a male preponderance (63.4%). Squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent histopathological type of tumor. The tumors were localized in paranasal sinuses in 78% of the cases. Bifrontal craniotomy was performed in 85.4% and unilateral orbitofrontal craniotomy in 14.6% of the cases. The area of facial resection included: ethmoidectomy (60.9%), ethmoido-sphenoidectomy (24.3%), maxillectomy (39%) and orbital exenteration (14.6%). The reconstruction of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa was performed using pedicled pericranial flap (100%), local (34.1%) or microvascular free flaps (21.9%) and split calvarian graft (19.5%). 20 patients (48.7%) developed post-operative complications, CSF leaks (12.1%) and meningitis (7.3%) being the most frequent major complications. The mortality rate was 7.3%. Conclusions. CFR has become the standard approach for anterior cranial base tumors. Despite its widespread application, the complication's rate ranges between 24-50% and the procedure carries a risk of significant morbidity and even mortality. Improvement of specific aspects of surgical technique and more refined reconstructive methods will decrease the number of complications

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