RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Whether initial invasive management in older vs younger adults with chronic coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia improves health status or clinical outcomes is unknown. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to examine the impact of age on health status and clinical outcomes with invasive vs conservative management in the ISCHEMIA (International Study of Comparative Health Effectiveness with Medical and Invasive Approaches) trial. METHODS: One-year angina-specific health status was assessed with the 7-item Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) (score range 0-100; higher scores indicate better health status). Cox proportional hazards models estimated the treatment effect of invasive vs conservative management as a function of age on the composite clinical outcome of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for resuscitated cardiac arrest, unstable angina, or heart failure. RESULTS: Among 4,617 participants, 2,239 (48.5%) were aged <65 years, 1,713 (37.1%) were aged 65 to 74 years, and 665 (14.4%) were aged ≥75 years. Baseline SAQ summary scores were lower in participants aged <65 years. Fully adjusted differences in 1-year SAQ summary scores (invasive minus conservative) were 4.90 (95% CI: 3.56-6.24) at age 55 years, 3.48 (95% CI: 2.40-4.57) at age 65 years, and 2.13 (95% CI: 0.75-3.51) at age 75 years (Pinteraction = 0.008). Improvement in SAQ Angina Frequency was less dependent on age (Pinteraction = 0.08). There were no age differences between invasive vs conservative management on the composite clinical outcome (Pinteraction = 0.29). CONCLUSIONS: Older patients with chronic coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia had consistent improvement in angina frequency but less improvement in angina-related health status with invasive management compared with younger patients. Invasive management was not associated with improved clinical outcomes in older or younger patients. (International Study of Comparative Health Effectiveness with Medical and Invasive Approaches [ISCHEMIA]; NCT01471522).
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Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Calidad de Vida , Enfermedad de la Arteria CoronariaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The ISCHEMIA trial (International Study of Comparative Health Effectiveness With Medical and Invasive Approaches) postulated that patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and moderate or severe ischemia would benefit from revascularization. We investigated the relationship between severity of CAD and ischemia and trial outcomes, overall and by management strategy. METHODS: In total, 5179 patients with moderate or severe ischemia were randomized to an initial invasive or conservative management strategy. Blinded, core laboratoryinterpreted coronary computed tomographic angiography was used to assess anatomic eligibility for randomization. Extent and severity of CAD were classified with the modified Duke Prognostic Index (n=2475, 48%). Ischemia severity was interpreted by independent core laboratories (nuclear, echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, exercise tolerance testing, n=5105, 99%). We compared 4-year event rates across subgroups defined by severity of ischemia and CAD. The primary end point for this analysis was all-cause mortality. Secondary end points were myocardial infarction (MI), cardiovascular death or MI, and the trial primary end point (cardiovascular death, MI, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest). RESULTS: Relative to mild/no ischemia, neither moderate ischemia nor severe ischemia was associated with increased mortality (moderate ischemia hazard ratio [HR], 0.89 [95% CI, 0.611.30]; severe ischemia HR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.571.21]; P=0.33). Nonfatal MI rates increased with worsening ischemia severity (HR for moderate ischemia, 1.20 [95% CI, 0.861.69] versus mild/no ischemia; HR for severe ischemia, 1.37 [95% CI, 0.981.91]; P=0.04 for trend, P=NS after adjustment for CAD). Increasing CAD severity was associated with death (HR, 2.72 [95% CI, 1.066.98]) and MI (HR, 3.78 [95% CI, 1.638.78]) for the most versus least severe CAD subgroup. Ischemia severity did not identify a subgroup with treatment benefit on mortality, MI, the trial primary end point, or cardiovascular death or MI. In the most severe CAD subgroup (n=659), the 4-year rate of cardiovascular death or MI was lower in the invasive strategy group (difference, 6.3% [95% CI, 0.2%12.4%]), but 4-year all-cause mortality was similar. CONCLUSIONS: Ischemia severity was not associated with increased risk after adjustment for CAD severity. More severe CAD was associated with increased risk. Invasive management did not lower all-cause mortality at 4 years in any ischemia or CAD subgroup.
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Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria , Intervención Coronaria Percutánea , Isquemia , Revascularización Miocárdica , Puente de Arteria CoronariaRESUMEN
Based on three-months ethnographic fieldwork spent with the Santos FC women's team, this article considers how women players negotiate the tensions between the club's invented gendered tradition and their formal inclusion into the club. Using Hobsbawm's concept of Invented Traditions and adapting Billig's banal nationalism to banal patriarchy, the article explores the experiences of women players within one of Brazil's most emblematic clubs. Whilst men no longer have a monopoly on officialised club football, the article concludes that incorporating the accrued cultural capital of women's football at clubs like Santos is vital to dislodge and de-stabilise the perceived masculine tradition and history of the club.
Basado en tres meses de trabajo de campo con el equipo femenino del Santos Fútbol Club, este artículo considera cómo negocian las jugadoras las tensiones entre las inventadas tradiciones de género y la inclusión femenina en el club. Utilizando el concepto de Tradiciones Inventadas de Hobsbawm y adaptando la noción desarrollada por Billig de Nacionalismo Banal a la idea de Patriarcado Banal, el artículo explora las experiencias de las jugadoras en uno de los más emblemáticos equipos de Brasil. Al paso que los hombres dejan de tener el monopolio sobre los clubes oficiales de fútbol, esta investigación concluye que la incorporación del capital cultural acumulado del fútbol femenino a clubes como el Santos es imprescindible para desestabilizar la percepción de tradición e historia eminentemente masculina de los clubes.
Baseado em três meses de pesquisa de campo com o time feminino do Santos Futebol Clube, este artigo considera como as jogadoras negociam as tensões entre as inventadas tradições de gênero e a inclusão feminina no clube. Usando o conceito de Hobsbawm de Tradições Inventadas e adaptando a noção desenvolvida por Billig de Nacionalismo Banal para a ideia de Patriarcado Banal, o artigo explora as experiências de jogadoras com um dos mais emblemáticos clubes do Brasil. Enquanto os homens deixam de ter o monopólio dos clubes oficiais de futebol, esta pesquisa conclui que a incorporação do capital cultural acumulado do futebol feminino a clubes como Santos é imprescindível para desestabilizar a percepção de tradição e história somente masculina dos clubes.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Fútbol , Mujeres , Ejercicio Físico , Entrenamiento de Fuerza , Antropología CulturalRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The role of assessment of myocardial viability in identifying patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy who might benefit from surgical revascularization remains controversial. Furthermore, although improvement in left ventricular function is one of the goals of revascularization, its relationship to subsequent outcomes is unclear. METHODS: Among 601 patients who had coronary artery disease that was amenable to coronaryartery bypass grafting (CABG) and who had a left ventricular ejection fraction of 35% or lower, we prospectively assessed myocardial viability using single-photonemission computed tomography, dobutamine echocardiography, or both. Patients were randomly assigned to undergo CABG and receive medical therapy or to receive medical therapy alone. Left ventricular ejection fraction was measured at baseline and after 4 months of follow-up in 318 patients. The primary end point was death from any cause. The median duration of follow-up was 10.4 years. RESULTS: CABG plus medical therapy was associated with a lower incidence of death from any cause than medical therapy alone (182 deaths among 298 patients in the CABG group vs. 209 deaths among 303 patients in the medical-therapy group; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.60 to 0.90). However, no significant interaction was observed between the presence or absence of myocardial viability and the beneficial effect of CABG plus medical therapy over medical therapy alone (P=0.34 for interaction). An increase in left ventricular ejection fraction was observed only among patients with myocardial viability, irrespective of treatment assignment. There was no association between changes in left ventricular ejection fraction and subsequent death. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study do not support the concept that myocardial viability is associated with a long-term benefit of CABG in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. The presence of viable myocardium was associated with improvement in left ventricular systolic function, irrespective of treatment, but such improvement was not related to long-term survival. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health; STICH ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00023595.). (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Puente de Arteria Coronaria , Estudios Prospectivos , Ecocardiografía de Estrés/métodos , Tomografía Computarizada por Emisión de Fotón Único Sincronizada CardíacaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy significantly improves the survival of patients who are at high risk for sudden cardiac death. However, it is unclear whether this survival is accompanied by impairment on quality of life (QoL). OBJECTIVES: This systematic review sought to describe whether ICD therapy, as compared with standard treatment, can have an impact on QoL outcomes. METHODS: Extensive literature searches were carried out in PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS and Cochrane Library. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of ICD versus medical therapy that reported valid and reliable measures of QoL. Included studies were reviewed to determine baseline patient characteristics, mean duration of follow-up, questionnaires used to assess QoL and association between QoL scores and ICD shock therapy. RESULTS: Seven studies, enrolling a total of 5,701 patients, were included in this review. The analyzed trials showed conflicting results about the impact of ICD on QoL outcomes. Among the secondary prevention studies, CIDS reported a clear benefit from ICD and AVID showed no difference between ICD and amiodarone groups. Of the primary prevention trials, AMIOVIRT, MADIT II, DEFINITE, and SCD-HeFT found no evidence of impaired QoL in patients with an ICD. Evidence for an association between ICD shocks and QoL was mixed and seemed to depend on the interval between shocks and QoL assessment. CONCLUSION: There was no evidence of impaired QoL in patients with an ICD. However, ICD patients must be educated of all possible risks and benefits, including transitory declines in QoL after ICD shocks.
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Muerte Súbita Cardíaca/prevención & control , Desfibriladores Implantables , Calidad de Vida , Amiodarona/uso terapéutico , Antiarrítmicos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Prior studies have demonstrated a link between the metabolic syndrome and increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Whether the metabolic syndrome is associated with sudden cardiac death is uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS: We characterized the relationship between sudden cardiac death and metabolic syndrome status among participants of the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study (1987-2012) free of prevalent coronary heart disease or heart failure. Among 13 168 participants, 357 (2.7%) sudden cardiac deaths occurred during a median follow-up of 23.6 years. Participants with the metabolic syndrome (n=4444) had a higher cumulative incidence of sudden cardiac death than those without it (n=8724) (4.1% versus 2.3%, P<0.001). After adjustment for participant demographics and clinical factors other than components of the metabolic syndrome, the metabolic syndrome was independently associated with sudden cardiac death (hazard ratio, 1.70, 95% confidence interval, 1.37-2.12, P<0.001). This relationship was not modified by sex (interaction P=0.10) or race (interaction P=0.62) and was mediated by the metabolic syndrome criteria components. The risk of sudden cardiac death varied according to the number of metabolic syndrome components (hazard ratio 1.31 per additional component of the metabolic syndrome, 95% confidence interval, 1.19-1.44, P<0.001). Of the 5 components, elevated blood pressure, impaired fasting glucose, and low high-density lipoprotein were independently associated with sudden cardiac death. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that the metabolic syndrome was associated with a significantly increased risk of sudden cardiac death irrespective of sex or race. The risk of sudden cardiac death was proportional to the number of metabolic syndrome components.
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Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Muerte Súbita Cardíaca/epidemiología , Síndrome Metabólico/mortalidad , Aterosclerosis/sangre , Aterosclerosis/diagnóstico , Aterosclerosis/fisiopatología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Glucemia/metabolismo , Presión Sanguínea , Dislipidemias/sangre , Dislipidemias/mortalidad , Femenino , Trastornos del Metabolismo de la Glucosa/sangre , Trastornos del Metabolismo de la Glucosa/mortalidad , Humanos , Hipertensión/mortalidad , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Incidencia , Lipoproteínas LDL/sangre , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólico/sangre , Síndrome Metabólico/diagnóstico , Síndrome Metabólico/fisiopatología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Estudios Prospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Factores de Tiempo , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Current methods for risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction (MI) include several noninvasive studies. In this cost-containment era, the development of low-cost means should be encouraged. We assessed the ability of an electrocardiogram (ECG) MI-sizing score to predict outcomes in patients enrolled in the Economics and Quality of Life (EQOL) sub study of the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue plasminogen activator for Occluded coronary arteries -I (GUSTO-I) trial. METHODS: We classified patients by electrocardiographic Selvester QRS score at hospital discharge: those with a score 0-9 versus > or =10. Endpoints were 30-day and 1-year mortality, resource use, and quality-of-life measures. RESULTS: Patients with a QRS score <10 were well-matched with those with QRS score > or =10 with the exception of a trend to more anterior MI in the higher scored group. Patients with QRS score > or =10 had increased risk of death at 30-days (8.9% vs. 2.9% P < .001), and this difference persisted at 1 year (12.6% vs. 5.4%, P = .001). Recurrent chest pain, use of angiography, and angioplasty were similar during follow-up. However, there was a trend toward less coronary bypass surgery in patients with a QRS score > or =10. Readmission rates were higher at 30 days but similar at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Stratification of patients after acute MI by a simple measure of MI size identifies populations with different long-term prognoses; patients with a QRS score > or =10 (approximately 30% of the left ventricle infarcted) at discharge have poorer outcomes in both the short- and long-term. The standard 12-lead ECG provides a simple, economical means of risk stratification at discharge.