RESUMEN
The ideal chemopreventive agent targets pre-neoplastic changes and intraepithelial neoplasia, preventing progression over time without notable side effects. Assessment of success of chemopreventive intervention in the short and medium term remains a challenge, and in this review the suggestion is investigated that karyometric measurements constitute suitable markers of chemopreventive efficacy. Karyometry provides the sensitivity required to detect small differences amidst relatively high biological variability. It can help establish progression curves of intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN) to invasive cancer, and thus detect chemopreventive effects. Such effects can be observed in two ways, at the group level (intervention vs. placebo), and at the case (or patient) level. The latter is more difficult to establish, necessitating the development of specialised statistical methods. Analysis of between-case and within-case heterogeneity can reveal useful information about cancer progression and prevention. We suggest that karyometry can objectively quantify IEN progression, providing a framework for statistically securing chemopreventive effects. It can act as an integrating biomarker by detecting chemopreventive activity even when the mechanism for a given progression pathway is unknown, or when multiple pathways exist. The sensitivity of karyometric detection can help optimise the design of clinical trials of novel chemopreventive agents by decreasing trial duration and/or sample size.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma/prevención & control , Neoplasias/prevención & control , Lesiones Precancerosas/prevención & control , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Carcinoma/patología , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Diagnóstico Precoz , Eflornitina/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Cariometría/métodos , Cariometría/normas , Masculino , Neoplasias/patología , Lesiones Precancerosas/patología , Neoplasia Intraepitelial Prostática/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
The chromatin pattern in nuclei from breast ductal proliferative lesions was quantitatively evaluated with the objective of deriving measures of tumor progression. A total of 110 cases were analyzed. There were 38 cases of normal tissue or benign proliferative lesions, 41 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and 31 cases of microinfiltrating DCIS and of infiltrating cancer. A total of 9424 nuclei were analyzed. High-resolution images were digitally recorded. For each nucleus, 93 karyometric features descriptive of the spatial and statistical distribution of the nuclear chromatin were computed. Data analysis included establishing a profile of relative deviations of each feature from "normal," called the nuclear signature, and of lesion signatures as well as of trends of lesion progression. Two trends of evolution could be discerned: one from normal to hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, and comedo DCIS as representative of high-grade lesions; and the other from normal to hyperplasia to cribriform DCIS, solid DCIS, and infiltrating cancer, representing lower grade lesions. The nuclei in microinfiltrating foci are distinctly different from nuclei in high-grade comedo DCIS. The nuclei in microinfiltrating foci have a statistically significantly lower nuclear abnormality. They may represent outgrowing clones.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Carcinoma in Situ/patología , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patología , Carcinoma Intraductal no Infiltrante/patología , Mama/patología , Núcleo Celular/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Hiperplasia/patología , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , PronósticoRESUMEN
The evaluation of progressive morphological changes, with 93 morphometric parameters in tissue lesions representative of ductal breast cancer progression, has been performed in order to define in great detail the profile of chromatin texture (nuclear signature) changes. A gradual, distinctive increase in nuclear signature alterations from hyperplasia to infiltrating carcinoma has been found. The nuclear signatures' analysis of microinfiltrating foci in comedo DCIS showed sharp differences compared with those of comedo DCIS they derived from: these foci consist of cells with smaller and also more homogeneous nuclei. Opposite to the prominent heterogeneity of those of comedo DCIS: they appear to express a reduced clonality in the new, more progressed, cell population. Digital analysis of chromatin patterns seems to be useful, beyond mere extraction of individual features of value, in getting objective data for individual grading and prognosis of breast cancer.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Carcinoma Intraductal no Infiltrante/patología , Núcleo Celular/patología , Citometría de Imagen/métodos , Cromatina/patología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Hiperplasia/patología , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por ComputadorRESUMEN
Early Stromal Invasion (ESI) in cervical cancer progression should be considered as a separate histological diagnostic category for its morphological characters very different from those of both carcinoma in situ (CIS) and microcarcinoma (MIC). To have some more microscopical details on these differences we performed immunocytochemical investigation addressed to evaluate, in cervical cancer malignancy progression, the evolutionary changes in the expression of some proteins involved in cell differentiation and cell cycle regulation. The results provide data improving the knowledge about ESI and supporting, with objective proofs, the nosological autonomy of ESI, with respect to CIS and MIC.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma in Situ/patología , Invasividad Neoplásica , Células del Estroma/metabolismo , Células del Estroma/patología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/patología , Carcinoma in Situ/diagnóstico , Carcinoma in Situ/inmunología , Carcinoma in Situ/metabolismo , Ciclo Celular/fisiología , Diferenciación Celular/fisiología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Antígeno Ki-67/genética , Antígeno Ki-67/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula en Proliferación/genética , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula en Proliferación/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genética , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/diagnóstico , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/inmunología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/metabolismoRESUMEN
AIMS: The objective of this study is to derive highly specific nuclear signatures (NS's) for the characterization of nuclei of ductal breast epithelium in proliferative lesions and in situ cancers in order to evaluate if nuclear structural changes are able to describe the main events of ductal cancer progression and if the method can be used for objective grading. METHODS: A total of 82 different features descriptive of the nuclear chromatin patterns were computed in nuclei from normal glandular breast tissue, florid hyperplasia, and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and of DCIS with microinfiltration. The feature values were arranged to form a profile or signature. Measures of difference to a standard profile derived from normal glandular breast tissue were defined. One may then compute a standardized distance measure for a nucleus from "normal". Lesions can be characterized in the same manner, on the basis of the mean profile for all of their nuclei, and on the basis of the distribution of distances of their constituent nuclei from normal. RESULTS: The selected histopathologic patterns on which the diagnostic categories for DCIS are based were found to have corresponding distinctive patterns in the chromatin of the lesion's nuclei. A monotonic trend of ductal neoplastic progression was found. In addition, lesions histologically assessed as belonging to the same diagnostic category were found to offer substantially different distribution patterns. CONCLUSIONS: The full utilization of nuclear texture features allows the derivation of highly specific signatures for nuclei so that a reproducible grading can be performed for prognostic purposes.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Carcinoma in Situ/patología , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patología , Núcleo Celular/patología , Mama/patología , División Celular , Cromatina/patología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Hiperplasia , Citometría de Imagen , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por ComputadorAsunto(s)
Ciclo Celular , Impresión Genómica , Neoplasias Trofoblásticas/genética , Neoplasias Uterinas/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/biosíntesis , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Inhibidor p57 de las Quinasas Dependientes de la Ciclina , Compensación de Dosificación (Genética) , Femenino , Fertilización , Dosificación de Gen , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Sustancias de Crecimiento/biosíntesis , Sustancias de Crecimiento/genética , Humanos , Proteínas Nucleares/biosíntesis , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Ploidias , Embarazo , Trofoblastos/metabolismoRESUMEN
The clinicopathological features of 56 patients with mucinous cystic tumors (MCTs) of the pancreas were studied. Particular attention was paid to the prognosis of MCTs and the relationship to their ovarian, hepatic, and retroperitoneal counterparts. To distinguish MCTs from pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous tumors, MCTs were defined as tumors lacking communication with the duct system and containing mucin-producing epithelium, usually supported by ovarian-like stroma. All 56 tumors occurred in women (mean age 48.2 years) and were preferentially (93%) located in the body and tail of the pancreas. In accordance with the WHO classification, MCTs were divided into adenomas (n = 22), borderline tumors (n= 12), and noninvasive and invasive carcinomas (n = 22). Survival analysis revealed the extent of invasion to be the most significant prognostic factor (p<0.0001). Malignancy correlated with multilocularity and presence of papillary projections or mural nodules, loss of ovarian-like stroma, and p53 immunoreactivity. Stromal luteinization with expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, calretinin, or alpha inhibin was found in 66% of the cases. We conclude that the biologic behavior of MCTs is predictable on the basis of the extent of invasion. The similarities (i.e. gender, morphology, stromal luteinization) between pancreatic MCT and its ovarian, hepatobiliary, and retroperitoneal counterparts suggest a common pathway for their development.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/patología , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/química , Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/mortalidad , Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/cirugía , Adulto , Anciano , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Cistoadenoma Mucinoso/química , Cistoadenoma Mucinoso/mortalidad , Cistoadenoma Mucinoso/patología , Cistoadenoma Mucinoso/cirugía , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Técnicas para Inmunoenzimas , Persona de Mediana Edad , Páncreas/diagnóstico por imagen , Páncreas/patología , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/química , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/mortalidad , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/cirugía , Pronóstico , Radiografía , Células del Estroma/patología , Tasa de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
We report the clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and genetic features of an unusual renal tumor composed of large, atypical, densely packed, clear/eosinophilic epithelioid cells. Three patients, two men and one woman (ages 31, 36, and 60 years of age, respectively), had abdominal pain. Morphologically, all cases showed aggressive features (largeness, atypical cells, sarcomatoid features, necrosis, and, in one case, invasion of the renal vein). Despite the marked morphologic resemblance of these tumors to high-grade sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma, their phenotype (HMB45+, CD68+/-, actin+/-, and vimentin and keratin negative) is in contrast to that observed in epithelial tumors and parallels the phenotypic profile of angiomyolipoma. Ultrastructural analysis showed the presence of glycogen, mitochondria, and prominent electron-dense, membrane-bound granules in the neoplastic cells, and the absence of melanosomes or premelanosomes. Genetic study, performed using polymerase chain reaction from paraffin sections, showed a loss of heterozygosity at the TSC2-containing region on 16p in one case, and on 3p in two cases, showing that multiple genetic alterations are taking place in these tumors. Follow-up has shown local recurrence in one case after 6 years, and the patient died 1 year later of cardiorespiratory failure. The other two patients are well after 26 and 10 months. All three patients were evaluated for signs of tuberous sclerosis, and findings were negative. We suggest that these tumors should be considered close relatives of the angiomyolipoma variants, composed purely of perivascular epithelioid cells. More cases and longer follow-up durations are needed to fully evaluate its prognostic implication.
Asunto(s)
Angiomiolipoma/patología , Neoplasias Renales/patología , Esclerosis Tuberosa/diagnóstico , Adulto , Angiomiolipoma/genética , Angiomiolipoma/metabolismo , Angiomiolipoma/ultraestructura , Antígenos de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Deleción Cromosómica , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Heterocigoto , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Neoplasias Renales/genética , Neoplasias Renales/metabolismo , Neoplasias Renales/ultraestructura , Masculino , Antígenos Específicos del Melanoma , Microscopía Electrónica , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Proteínas/genética , Proteínas Represoras/genética , Esclerosis Tuberosa/genética , Esclerosis Tuberosa/metabolismo , Proteína 1 del Complejo de la Esclerosis Tuberosa , Proteína 2 del Complejo de la Esclerosis Tuberosa , Proteínas Supresoras de TumorRESUMEN
Evidence has recently been provided to support a role for genomic imprinting in the regulation of embryonic implantation and development and placental growth, as well as in the pathogenesis of proliferative trophoblastic diseases. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57KIP2 has recently been recognized as a maternally imprinted gene. We investigated p57KIP2 expression in first-trimester normal placentas from interrupted pregnancy, spontaneous abortions, and different types of proliferative trophoblastic diseases using single- and double-marker immunohistochemical techniques. In normal placenta, nuclear p57KIP2 expression was observed at high frequency (up to 100%) in extravillous trophoblast, cytotrophoblast, and implantation-site interstitial trophoblast, but was absent in syncytiotrophoblast. p57KIP2 was also expressed in the stromal cells of maternal decidua, which was one of the few adult tissues retaining p57KIP2 expression (most other adult tissues investigated were negative). p57KIP2 expression was either absent or low in all cases of diploid/tetraploid complete moles (20 cases) and in three cases of gestational choriocarcinoma. On the other hand, all spontaneous abortions (12 cases) and triploid partial moles (19 cases) showed p57KIP2 levels comparable to those observed in normal placenta. These findings are in line with the hypothesis that deregulation of genomic imprinting, particularly the loss of cell-cycle inhibitors such as p57KIP2, is involved in the abnormal development of androgenetic trophoblastic proliferations. In addition, this simple immunohistochemical analysis could provide a useful diagnostic marker in difficult cases.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Placenta/metabolismo , Complicaciones Neoplásicas del Embarazo/metabolismo , Neoplasias Trofoblásticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Uterinas/metabolismo , Coriocarcinoma/metabolismo , Inhibidor p57 de las Quinasas Dependientes de la Ciclina , Quinasas Ciclina-Dependientes/antagonistas & inhibidores , Femenino , Impresión Genómica/genética , Humanos , Mola Hidatiforme/metabolismo , Madres , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Embarazo , Valores de ReferenciaAsunto(s)
Quinasas Ciclina-Dependientes/metabolismo , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Matriz Extracelular/biosíntesis , Matriz Extracelular/fisiología , Inflamación/fisiopatología , Animales , Biomarcadores , División Celular , Inhibidor p21 de las Quinasas Dependientes de la Ciclina , Quinasas Ciclina-Dependientes/antagonistas & inhibidores , Ciclinas/biosíntesis , Humanos , Inflamación/metabolismo , Tejido Linfoide/fisiología , Tejido Linfoide/fisiopatología , Transducción de Señal , Síndrome de Sjögren/inmunología , Síndrome de Sjögren/fisiopatología , Linfocitos T/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Current analytic methodologies allow the extraction, even from small tumor masses, of extensive information on the biologic characteristics of malignant lesions, such as tumor aggressivity, metastatic potential, drug resistance, and host interactions. Clinical practice now offers a wide range of therapeutic strategies. Information technological advances offer the opportunity to refer to very large data bases of patient anamnestic data, response to treatment and clinical outcome. There is a need to formulate therapy and prognosis for each individual case. Case based reasoning is a knowledge based methodology where the outcome for complex situations can be predicted by referring to a large data base of cases of known outcomes. The preliminary data obtained from this study suggest that case based reasoning may offer a promising approach to individual targeted prognosis.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/clasificación , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/clasificación , Neoplasias de la Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Mama/epidemiología , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/epidemiología , Manejo de Caso , Nucléolo Celular/patología , Núcleo Celular/patología , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Toma de Decisiones , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Almacenamiento y Recuperación de la Información , Italia/epidemiología , Pronóstico , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula en Proliferación/análisis , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Twenty-one pathologists and technicians participated in a study evaluating the variation present in mitotic counts for prognostication of breast cancer. The participants counted the mitotic figures in 20 breast cancer samples from ten high power fields (mitotic activity index, MAI, giving the results in mitotic figures per 10 fields) and also made a correction for field size and area fraction of the neoplastic epithelium to get the standardized mitotic index (volume fraction corrected mitotic index, or M/VV index, giving the result in mitotic figures per square mm of neoplastic epithelium). The difference in variation between the two methods was not big, but the standardized mitotic index (SMI) showed consistently smaller variation among all participants and different subgroups. Experienced pathologists had the highest variation in mitotic counts, and specially trained technicians, the lowest. The efficiency of the mitotic counts in grading (the grading efficiency) was used to evaluate the mitotic counts. In groups without special training for mitotic counts the mean grading efficiency was lower (experienced and training pathologists both on average had the potential to grade 88% of the cases correctly) than in the group specially trained for the purpose (trained technicians had the potential to grade 95% of the cases correctly). Among the specially trained technicians, the grading efficiency was of the same magnitude as the grading efficiency achieved in determining the S-Phase fraction of cells from paraffin embedded breast cancers by flow cytometry in different laboratories. The results suggest that special training is helpful in making mitotic counts more reproducible, and that in trained hands, the mitotic counts give results comparable to more sophisticated methods of determining proliferative activity in breast cancer.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Índice Mitótico/genética , Patología Quirúrgica/normas , Humanos , Variaciones Dependientes del Observador , Estándares de ReferenciaRESUMEN
The diagnostic subjective assessment of ductal premalignant proliferative lesions and in situ carcinoma of the breast produces unsatisfactory results. Since the phenotypical cell changes in tumour progression toward infiltrating cancer constitute a continuum, a grading on a continuous scale of values produces a more reliable and reproducible characterization. The diagnostic assessment for any individual patient may be expressed by a progression index (P.I.): its numerical values are based on the cellular changes measured in the individual cases. In this study, the progression index is based on two morphometric features, nuclear size and nucleolar area. In addition, the method presented may produce a ratio, stating the relative likelihood that each case represents one of the conventional diagnostic categories. Such a likelihood ratio may be obtained from the bivariate distribution of nuclear size and nucleolar area for the conventional diagnostic categories.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Carcinoma in Situ/patología , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patología , Lesiones Precancerosas/patología , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Carcinoma in Situ/genética , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/genética , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Humanos , Microscopía por Video , Invasividad Neoplásica , Lesiones Precancerosas/genética , PronósticoRESUMEN
We noticed the presence of epithelial signet-ring cells (SRCs) in a proportion of primary gastric B-cell lymphomas, and in some endoscopic biopsies we found it difficult to decide whether they represented an associated carcinoma. To evaluate the frequency and nature of this phenomenon, we reviewed 108 stomachs resected for primary lymphoma, including 70 mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and 38 non-MALT lymphomas. We found SRCs, either isolated or grouped in clusters, in 26 of 70 MALT lymphomas. The SRCs were always localized in the superficial portion of the lamina propria and associated exclusively with lymphomatous areas. Isolated and scarce SRCs were also found in four of 22 cases of polyclonal atypical lymphoid hyperplasia. Our data suggests that SRCs occurring in gastric MALT lymphomas represent a particular type of LEL in which the foveolar cells disaggregated by the lymphomatous infiltration acquire a globoid, signet-ring appearance. These "foveolar" LELs are found in 37% of MALT lymphomas and are usually associated with the more classic and constant "neck" LELs, which are localized between the foveolae and mucopeptic glands. An awareness of the existence of the foveolar LEL may help avoid overdiagnosis of SRC carcinoma on gastric endoscopic biopsies.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Células en Anillo de Sello/patología , Linfoma de Células B de la Zona Marginal/patología , Neoplasias Primarias Múltiples/patología , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Biopsia , Carcinoma de Células en Anillo de Sello/cirugía , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Gastroscopía , Humanos , Linfoma de Células B de la Zona Marginal/cirugía , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias Primarias Múltiples/cirugía , Neoplasias Gástricas/cirugíaAsunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Mama/patología , Carcinoma in Situ/patología , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patología , Neoplasias de la Mama/química , Carcinoma in Situ/química , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/química , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Hiperplasia/patología , Inmunohistoquímica , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Fenotipo , Receptor ErbB-2/análisisRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This article presents the rationale and options offered to diagnostic and prognostic decision support systems for prostate pathology by automated reasoning capabilities. METHODS: The symbolic information used in diagnostic decision-making is systematically ordered, compared, numerically assessed in its probability, and combined such that a conclusion can be drawn. The framework for the processing of such symbolic information may be an expert system, an inference network or a case-based reasoning system. Automated reasoning is implemented by the use of a rule base and information flow control modules. RESULTS: Automated reasoning allows decision support systems to follow highly adaptive decision sequences, capable of handling contradictory evidence, exceptions in diagnostic clue expression, and nonmonotonic decision-making. CONCLUSIONS: Automated reasoning capability in diagnostic and prognostic decision support systems allows highly flexible decision development, very close to human decision procedures.
Asunto(s)
Próstata/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/diagnóstico , Inteligencia Artificial , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Diferenciación Celular/fisiología , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pronóstico , Próstata/citología , Hiperplasia Prostática/patología , Neoplasia Intraepitelial Prostática/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patologíaRESUMEN
Fourteen cases of solid-cystic tumor of the pancreas have been investigated at the ultrastructural level. A heterogeneous cell population has been found, and some distinctive features have been identified: oncocytoid cells; clear cells reminiscent of ductular and centro-acinar cells; cells with exocrine and endocrine features; cells with bundles of microfilaments and dense bodies, reminiscent of myoepithelium. This varied differentiation strongly suggests the tumor histogenesis to be from multipotent cell capable of recapitulating the normal ontogenesis during its neoplastic proliferation. Furthermore, the heterogeneity in ultrastructural appearance is a characteristic and reliable feature of solid-cystic tumor of the pancreas.
Asunto(s)
Cistoadenoma Papilar/ultraestructura , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/ultraestructura , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Diferenciación Celular , Cistoadenoma Papilar/etiología , Retículo Endoplásmico/ultraestructura , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Microscopía Electrónica , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/etiologíaRESUMEN
The quantitative approach has always been present in pathology, but this approach is now practiced more often and in more numerous fields than before. Today pathology is applying DNA cytometry, morphometry, stereology, and quantitative immunohistochemistry, all less useful or useless without the quantitative approach. The present fast development of computerized instrumentation has much helped in the spread and application of quantitative principles.
Asunto(s)
Citometría de Imagen/historia , Microscopía/historia , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/historia , Microespectrofotometría/historiaRESUMEN
The Committee for Diagnostic Quantitative Pathology (CDQP), known originally as the Committee for Diagnostic Morphometry, ceased to exist under the original title and was converted to the International Society for Diagnostic Quantitative Pathology (ISDQP) in Amsterdam, September 14, 1994. The history of this society started in 1981 in a conference <