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The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of forage inclusion and sources on performance, metabolism, and feeding behavior of dairy calves. Forty-eight Holstein calves were blocked and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments according to sex and BW at 28 d of life to determine the effects of feeding forage sources (ensiled and dry), with different quality on performance, metabolites, and behavior. Treatments consisted of a no-forage coarsely ground starter (CON); or total mixed ration (TMR) containing 7.5% on a dry matter (DM) basis of Tifton hay of either medium quality (MH) or low quality (LH); or 10% on a DM basis of corn silage (CS). During the first 28 d of life, all calves received 3 L of whole milk twice daily, a commercial pelleted starter and no forage, and water ad libitum. After that, the solid diet was changed to the respective dietary treatments. Calves were gradually weaned from 52 to 56 d of age, and followed for 14 d postweaning. Individual solid feed and milk intakes were recorded daily, and BW and metabolic indicators of intermediate metabolism were recorded weekly. Behavior was recorded, and the analysis was conducted on wk 7 (preweaning) and 10 (postweaning). Solid feed intake increased at wk 7 and 8 when MH, LH, and CS were included in TMR; the same results were observed postweaning. The diets did not affect the average daily gain and BW, but the feed efficiency increased with the CON diet. The ß-hydroxybutyrate concentration was greater in calves receiving TMR-containing forage than CON diet. Furthermore, calves supplemented with forage had a greater rumination time. In conclusion, all forage sources included in the TMR showed feed intake and behavior benefits, reinforcing the need for fiber from forage in pre- and postweaning diets.

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We calculate the magnetic and quasiparticle excitation spectra of an itinerant J(1)-J(2) model for iron-pnictide superconductors. In addition to an acoustic spin-wave branch, the magnetic spectrum has a second, optical branch, resulting from the coupled four-sublattice magnetic structure. The spin-wave velocity has also a planar directional anisotropy, due to the collinear or striped antiferromagnetism. Within the magnetically ordered phase, the quasiparticle spectrum is composed of two Dirac cones, resulting from the folding of the magnetic Brillouin zone. We discuss the relevance of our findings to the understanding of both neutron scattering and photoemission spectroscopy results for SrFe(2)As(2).

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While childhood trauma appears to be a risk factor for the onset of depression and subclinical depressive symptomatology in Mexican Americans, the specific physiological mechanisms contributing to this relationship remain to be clarified. Stress-induced dysregulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis is associated with depressive symptomatology in non-Hispanics. The current study assessed the extent to which the cortisol awakening response (CAR) predicts subclinical depressive symptomatology beyond the influence of childhood trauma in a sample of 55 Mexican American males and females ages 18-38 years, without a diagnosis of clinical depression. Participants were assessed for exposure to early trauma and current depressive symptomatology. Salivary cortisol samples were collected on two consecutive days at awakening, 30, 45, and 60 min thereafter, and again at 3 p.m., 6 p.m. and 9 p.m. Data were analyzed using general linear models with repeated measures at four morning time points, and again, at three afternoon and evening time points. Results indicated a significant Symptoms×Time interaction for the CAR(p<0.05). The Symptom×Time interaction was not significant for afternoon and evening cortisol concentrations. Moreover, subclinical symptomatology was associated with attenuation of the initial rise in CAR, after controlling for the total frequency of exposure to childhood traumas. Hierarchical analyses show attenuation of the initial rise in the CAR was the best predictor of greater subclinical depressive symptomatology beyond the influence of trauma, and independent of a current diagnosis of major depression in a sample of adult Mexican Americans.

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O processamento térmico adequado contribui para aumentar a digestibilidade e eliminar fatores antinutricionais presentes em grãos. Porém, esse processo pode ser prejudicial, causando a perda de nutrientes. A irradiação de grãos pode facilitar sua cocção, reduzindo o tempo de amolecimento. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar possíveis alterações causadas pela irradiação no tempo de cocção e embebição de grãos de soja convencionais e sem lipoxigenase. As duas cultivares analisadas ('BRS 232' - com lipoxigenase e 'BRS 257' - sem lipoxigenase) diferiram entre si na quantidade de água absorvida, no tempo de embebição e no tempo de cocção dos grãos. A irradiação dos grãos, nas doses de 4kGy e 8kGy, diminuiu a absorção de água e o tempo de cocção.

The appropriate heat processing helps to improve the digestibility and eliminate antinutritional factors present in grain. However, this process can be harmful, causing nutrient losses. The irradiation on grain can facilitate their cooking, and reduces the time for its softening. The objective of this study was to evaluate possible changes caused by irradiation in the time of hydration and cooking in conventional soybean and soybeans without lipoxygenase. The two cultivars ('BRS 232' - with lipoxygenase and 'BRS 257' - without lipoxygenase) differ in the amount of water absorbed, in time of hydration and time of cooking. Irradiation caused lower water absorption, but less time for cooking.

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The appropriate heat processing helps to improve the digestibility and eliminate antinutritional factors present in grain. However, this process can be harmful, causing nutrient losses. The irradiation on grain can facilitate their cooking, and reduces the time for its softening. The objective of this study was to evaluate possible changes caused by irradiation in the time of hydration and cooking in conventional soybean and soybeans without lipoxygenase. The two cultivars ('BRS 232' - with lipoxygenase and 'BRS 257' - without lipoxygenase) differ in the amount of water absorbed, in time of hydration and time of cooking. Irradiation caused lower water absorption, but less time for cooking.

O processamento térmico adequado contribui para aumentar a digestibilidade e eliminar fatores antinutricionais presentes em grãos. Porém, esse processo pode ser prejudicial, causando a perda de nutrientes. A irradiação de grãos pode facilitar sua cocção, reduzindo o tempo de amolecimento. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar possíveis alterações causadas pela irradiação no tempo de cocção e embebição de grãos de soja convencionais e sem lipoxigenase. As duas cultivares analisadas ('BRS 232' - com lipoxigenase e 'BRS 257' - sem lipoxigenase) diferiram entre si na quantidade de água absorvida, no tempo de embebição e no tempo de cocção dos grãos. A irradiação dos grãos, nas doses de 4kGy e 8kGy, diminuiu a absorção de água e o tempo de cocção.

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The appropriate heat processing helps to improve the digestibility and eliminate antinutritional factors present in grain. However, this process can be harmful, causing nutrient losses. The irradiation on grain can facilitate their cooking, and reduces the time for its softening. The objective of this study was to evaluate possible changes caused by irradiation in the time of hydration and cooking in conventional soybean and soybeans without lipoxygenase. The two cultivars ('BRS 232' - with lipoxygenase and 'BRS 257' - without lipoxygenase) differ in the amount of water absorbed, in time of hydration and time of cooking. Irradiation caused lower water absorption, but less time for cooking.

O processamento térmico adequado contribui para aumentar a digestibilidade e eliminar fatores antinutricionais presentes em grãos. Porém, esse processo pode ser prejudicial, causando a perda de nutrientes. A irradiação de grãos pode facilitar sua cocção, reduzindo o tempo de amolecimento. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar possíveis alterações causadas pela irradiação no tempo de cocção e embebição de grãos de soja convencionais e sem lipoxigenase. As duas cultivares analisadas ('BRS 232' - com lipoxigenase e 'BRS 257' - sem lipoxigenase) diferiram entre si na quantidade de água absorvida, no tempo de embebição e no tempo de cocção dos grãos. A irradiação dos grãos, nas doses de 4kGy e 8kGy, diminuiu a absorção de água e o tempo de cocção.

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The appropriate heat processing helps to improve the digestibility and eliminate antinutritional factors present in grain. However, this process can be harmful, causing nutrient losses. The irradiation on grain can facilitate their cooking, and reduces the time for its softening. The objective of this study was to evaluate possible changes caused by irradiation in the time of hydration and cooking in conventional soybean and soybeans without lipoxygenase. The two cultivars ('BRS 232' - with lipoxygenase and 'BRS 257' - without lipoxygenase) differ in the amount of water absorbed, in time of hydration and time of cooking. Irradiation caused lower water absorption, but less time for cooking.

O processamento térmico adequado contribui para aumentar a digestibilidade e eliminar fatores antinutricionais presentes em grãos. Porém, esse processo pode ser prejudicial, causando a perda de nutrientes. A irradiação de grãos pode facilitar sua cocção, reduzindo o tempo de amolecimento. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar possíveis alterações causadas pela irradiação no tempo de cocção e embebição de grãos de soja convencionais e sem lipoxigenase. As duas cultivares analisadas ('BRS 232' - com lipoxigenase e 'BRS 257' - sem lipoxigenase) diferiram entre si na quantidade de água absorvida, no tempo de embebição e no tempo de cocção dos grãos. A irradiação dos grãos, nas doses de 4kGy e 8kGy, diminuiu a absorção de água e o tempo de cocção.

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We present a mean-field solution for a quantum, short-range interacting, disordered, SO(3) Heisenberg spin model, in which the Gaussian distribution of couplings is centered in an antiferromagnetic (AF) coupling J[over ]>0, and which, for weak disorder, can be treated as a perturbation of the pure AF Heisenberg system. The phase diagram contains, apart from a Néel phase at T=0, spin-glass and paramagnetic phases whose thermodynamic stability is demonstrated by an analysis of the Hessian matrix of the free-energy. The magnetic susceptibilities exhibit the typical cusp of a spin-glass transition.

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The pharmacokinetics of ricobendazole (RBZ) and its major metabolite albendazole sulphone (ABZSO2) were studied in six calves, after administration of RBZ (7.5 mg/kg), using a 10% experimental solution by the intravenous (i.v.) route, a 10% commercial solution by the subcutaneous (s.c.) route, and a 10% experimental suspension by the intraruminal (i.r.) route. Blood samples were drawn during a 60-h period. Plasma drug and metabolite concentrations were determined by HPLC. The pharmacokinetic evaluation in each case was prepared by weighted least-squares nonlinear regression analysis. Ricobendazole i.v. data were best fitted by a two-compartment model. The best pharmacokinetic exponents and coefficients were estimated, and the pharmacokinetic variables for RBZ and ABZSO2 were calculated from them. Similar patterns of plasma disposition were found for RBZ after i.r. and s.c. administration, suggesting delayed release from the s.c. site resembling the slow release of the drug from the rumen.

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The serum and synovial pharmacokinetics of amoxycillin (AMX) were studied after i.v. administration at a dosage of 40 mg/kg to normal horses and horses with induced aseptic carpal arthritis. The best estimates of serum and synovial pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by mono or bivariable non-linear regression analysis. A biexponential equation was used to describe the concentration vs. time profiles in both normal and arthritic horses. There were no serum kinetic differences between normal and arthritic horses. There were, however, major synovial kinetic changes between these groups. The rate of penetration from serum to synovial fluid was larger in arthritic animals, indicating better penetration in this case. On the other hand, the rate of disappearance from synovial fluid was larger in normal horses, indicating more persistence of the drug in the diseased joint. Synovial AMX availability increased from 21% in normal horses to 79% in arthritic horses. These findings support the use of AMX for the treatment of infectious synovial joint disease produced by susceptible organisms in horses.

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The aim of this study was to assess the differences in the values of the pharmacokinetic parameters attributable to the use of either linear or nonlinear regression analysis and to find the effect of weighting schemes on these differences. Six calves received 20 mg/kg oxytetracycline i.v. Blood samples were drawn during 72 h. The assay of the drug was performed microbiologically. A bicompartmental pharmacokinetic model was used, kinetic analysis being carried out by linear regression (LR) and by weighted least-squares nonlinear regression (WLSNLR). Statistical analysis included a test for normality, the Kruskall-Wallis test and ANOVA with log transformation. The A0, alpha and B0 did not show any statistically significant differences attributable to the mathematical method used. On the other hand, the statistically significant differences in the beta values found using the Kruskall-Wallis test and ANOVA with log transformation could be attributed to the different methods employed. ANOVA with log transformation determined statistically significant differences between the parameters obtained by linear analysis and those obtained by WLSNLR when the weighting (w) was 1. When weights were 1/x, 1/x2 or 1/square root of x, no statistically significant differences were found. The optimal weighting scheme was w = 1/x2 because of a more homogeneous scatter and random distribution of residuals about the abcissa axis in a plot of weighted residuals in the ordinate versus time in the abcissa. It was concluded that the use of these different procedures can give major variations in the apparent value of beta, the most important pharmacokinetic parameter. The correct selection of the weighting procedure is therefore fundamental in obtaining the best estimate of this pharmacokinetic parameter in WLSNLR.

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The resulting serum concentrations were measured in six ewes after intramuscular administration of 10 mg/kg of gentamicin. The model providing the best fit for the experimental data was determined both by linear regression analysis between the experimental and theoretical values and by means of the Minimum Akaike Information Criterion Estimation (MAICE) test. Linear regression analysis showed certain differences favouring the monocompartmental model although the advantage was not conclusive. The MAICE test, however, permitted a clear discrimination in favour of the same model. When linear regression analysis is not conclusive, the MAICE test represents a good alternative.

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