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Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a complex malignancy, distinguished by its aggressive characteristics and unfavorable prognosis. Recent developments in understanding the molecular foundations of this disease have brought attention to the noteworthy involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in disease development, advancement, and treatment resistance. The anticancer capabilities of flavonoids, which are a wide range of phytochemicals present in fruits and vegetables, have attracted considerable interest because of their ability to regulate miRNA expression. This review provides the effects of flavonoids on miRNA expression in PC, explains the underlying processes, and explores the possible therapeutic benefits of flavonoid-based therapies. Flavonoids inhibit PC cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and enhance chemosensitivity via the modulation of miRNAs involved in carcinogenesis. Additionally, this review emphasizes the significance of certain miRNAs as targets of flavonoid action. These miRNAs have a role in regulating important signaling pathways such as the phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B/Protein kinase B (Akt), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT), and Wnt/ß-catenin pathways. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge on the interaction between flavonoids and miRNAs in PC, providing a comprehensive analysis of how flavonoid-mediated modulation of miRNA expression could influence cancer progression and therapy. It highlights the use of flavonoid nanoformulations to enhance stability, increase absorption, and maximize anti-PC activity, improving patient outcomes. The review calls for further research to optimize the use of flavonoid nanoformulations in clinical trials, leading to innovative treatment strategies and more effective approaches for PC.
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Previous studies have shown that the extracts of Curcuma mangga Valeton & Zijp rhizomes and Picria fel-terrae Lour. leaves could modulate cellular- and humoral-mediated immunity in macrophages and animal models. In the present study, the immunomodulatory effects of combined ethanol extracts of C. mangga rhizomes and P. fel-terrae leaves were investigated on cellular- and humoral-mediated immunity in Wistar rats and mice. The phytochemical constituents of the ethanol extracts of C. mangga and P. fel-terrae, and combined extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Mice were orally administered with combined extracts of C. mangga and P. fel-terrae (1 : 1) at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg·bw for 7 days, and the carbon clearance method was used to investigate their phagocytosis activity. Wistar rats were treated orally with the combined extracts 72 h prior to sensitization with Staphylococcus aureus and continued for 14 days. The effect of extracts on delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response was determined by the paw edema method, while the effects on antibody (IgG and IgM) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Picfeltarraenin VI and ferruginol were the major components in the extracts of P. fel-terrae and C. mangga, respectively. The combined extracts at 1 : 1 ratio demonstrated a dose-dependent stimulation of both cellular- and humoral-mediated immunity in both animal models. The combined extracts displayed the strongest stimulation on DTH response and phagocytosis activity at 100 mg/kg·bw, which were comparable with those of the positive control, levamisole. IgG and IgM production and IL-2 release were also stimulated after treatment with extracts. The combined extracts of C. mangga and P. fel-terrae possess strong stimulatory activities on cellular- and humoral-mediated immunity and may be developed as a potential nutraceutical for the modulation of immune responses.
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Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in the world. Cancer may occur due to gene mutation. Rhaphidophora pinnata is a plant that has many benefits, especially in the leaves which have been used traditionally to treat cancer. The aim of this research is to test the antimutagenic activity of nanoparticles R. pinnata using the micronucleus method. The mice were induced with cyclophosphamide and then followed with the administration of nanoparticles of R. pinnata at the doses of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg for 7 days. The antimutagenic activity was evaluated at the decrease in the number of micronucleus in 200 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) cells of mice bone marrow. The result showed that the reduction of amount of micronucleus in PCE of a negative control group, treatment groups, and normal group is 22.65%, 60.3%, 79.6%, 93.8%, and 100%. These results indicate that the antimutagenic activity of nanoparticle of R. pinnata increases proportionally as the doses were increased. It can be concluded that nanoparticles R. pinnata at the doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg have antimutagenic activity.
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The Eriobotrya japonica leaves have the activity to relax the smooth muscle in the respiratory tract. However, the mechanism of action due to that activity has never been carried out. This study aims to determine the relaxation effects of E. japonica leaves extract in the isolated trachea of the guinea pigs through the inhibition of the histamine-1 (H-1) receptor and the phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) enzyme. The determination of the relaxation effects was carried out by using histamine to contract smooth muscle within the tracheal tract, followed by adding cumulative concentrations of extract. Michaelis-Menten kinetics equation was used to determine the antagonist type of extract toward H-1 receptor. The understanding of mechanism of action of the extract toward PDE-5 enzyme was performed by incubating the smooth muscle using sildenafil. The percentage value of responses, originated from the relaxation effect of the extract toward the trachea was analyzed by using the t-independent test. The result showed that the extract was able to relax the smooth muscle, which was contracted by histamine, and there was a positive correlation between concentration and relaxation effect (P < 0.05; r = 0.973). The extract also antagonized the histamine as a noncompetitive antagonist. The incubation within the trachea with sildenafil demonstrated equal relaxation effect, produced by the extract. It can be concluded that E. japonica extract had relaxation effect within the isolated trachea as antagonist noncompetitive toward H-1 receptor and inhibitor of the PDE-5 enzyme.
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The purpose of this research is to find a lupeol acetate from Artocarpus camansi fruit peel. Ethyl acetate extract of A. camansi fruit peel was obtained by maceration process. After the process of fractionation, it results 3 subfractions (A, B, and C). The subfraction B was rechromatographed and yielded B22 pure isolate. Based on data from proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform-infrared, and mass spectrometry (MS from gas chromatography-MS), the B22 isolate was suspected as lupeol acetate compound (in this study, the presence of lupeol acetate in the A. camansi fruit peel has been reported for the first time).
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BACKGROUND: Pugun tano extract had been studied for its effect as hepatoprotector. However, the usage of the plant in the form of extract has a limitation, especially if the extract is consumed by the people due to the unpleasant taste and odour. Then, the extract needs to be transformed into a particular dosage form, such as a capsule. But before the capsule can be produced, a preformulation study of pugun tano extract into a granule mass in capsule need to be evaluated. AIM: The study aimed to formulate the ethanolic extract of pugun tano (Curanga fel-terrae (Lour.) Merr) as granule mass in the capsule dosage form. METHODS: The pugun tano ethanolic extract was formulated in several steps included preparation of dry extract using coating method with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and granule mass production. The excipients used for the granule mass were lactose granules (made with tapioca starch using wet granulation), corn starch (made with 3 concentrations of 5% (F1), 7.5% (F2) and 10% (F3)), talcum, magnesium stearate, methylparaben, and propylparaben. The granule mass was evaluated for the bulk density, tapped density, inter-particle porosity, Carr's index, Hausner ratio, angle of repose, and flowability. RESULTS: The results showed that all of the formulae passed the requirement of the preformulation test. The bulk density of the granule mass was 0.79 - 0.86 g/ml; the tapped density was 0.88 - 0.90 g/ml; the inter-particle porosity was 0.03 - 0.14; the Carr's index was 2.71 - 11.94%; the Hausner ratio was 1.09-1.12; the angle of repose was 26.10 - 28.90°; and the flowing time was 5.97 - 6.63 seconds. All of the formulae showed good flowability and free-flowing properties. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the obtained formula containing pugun tano ethanolic extract can be formulated into granule mass for the capsule dosage form.
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BACKGROUND: Aceh is a tropical region that is very many overgrown by various plants that have medicinal properties; one of them is M. elengi. M. elengi flower extract has the main content of triterpene and alcohol, that have antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and antineoplastic activity. Extraction of chemical compounds containing essential oils generally uses distillation, and get the small amounts of chemical compounds, while the maceration with n-hexane solvent, producing less active nonpolar compounds against S. aureus bacteria. AIM: Isolating the methanol extract from M. elengi flowers and test its antibacterial and antifungal activity. Furthermore, extracts with active concentrations are made into a lotion. METHODS: Methanol extract from M. elengi flower was characterised by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, then tested for antibacterial and antifungal, then made into the lotion. The lotion was tested again for its antimicrobial activity, physical and organoleptic properties. RESULTS: The most abundant chemical compounds in an extract of M. elengi based on characterisation with GC-MS is Borneol L; (Bicyclo [2.2.1] heptane-2-ol, 1,7,7-trimethyl, as much as 82%). The methanol extract of M. elengi flower can inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria and C. albicans fungi, and also the lotion from methanol extract can inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria, but the M. elengi flower extract lotion cannot inhibit the growth of C. albicans fungi. The lotion inhibits the growth of S. aureus bacteria, from a concentration of methanol extract of 8% and 16%. Lotion with 16% methanol extract has 81.33% in activity power compared with positive control. The results of physical and organoleptic properties test, with the concentration of methanol extract of M. elengi 1, 2, 8, and 16%, have pH in the range of 6.6-8 (still in a safe range, 4.5-9 according to SNI 16-4399-1997). The lotion type is m/a, the spreading capacity of the lotion is 18.8 - 39.5 cm2. The power of adhesive at skin ranges from 1 minute 27 seconds to 3 minutes 7 seconds. The viscosity of the lotion ranges from 23,670-24,400 cP, this range is in the range based on SNI 16-4399-1996 (2000-50,000 cP), so the lotion is in a good category. The preferred lotion is at a concentration of 2%, in fragrance. CONCLUSION: Antibacterial activity of the lotion of methanol extract of M. elengi flower against S. aureus bacteria was the best at 16%, but could not inhibit the growth of C. albicans fungi. The most abundant compounds in methanol extract are Borneol L compounds; (Bicyclo [2.2.1] heptane-2-ol, 1,7,7-trimethyl. In general, the physical properties of this lotion meet the requirements of SNI16-4399-1996, SNI 16-4399-1997, and lotions which are preferred at a concentration of 2% in fragrance.
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BACKGROUND: Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.f.) Schott is one of the Indonesian plants, has known as a medicinal plant. This plant is a vine; round stems have sticky roots and hanging roots. The leaves have been used as traditional anticancer in Singapore. Indonesian people have also used R. pinnata plants as a diuretic agent, anticancer and antibacterial. R. pinnata plants contain active substances from alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids/steroids. AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine the organic and inorganic content of Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.f.) Schott water extract in the form of fresh leaves, micro simplicia and nano simplicia. METHOD: The collected R. pinnata leaves are drained and grinded to make micro, and nano Simplicia powder of R. pinnata leaves. The size characterisation of R. pinnata leaves was analysing using Particles Size Analyzer. The water extract of R. pinnata leaves, micro simplicia, and nano simplicia R. pinnata leaves was made 10% (w / v) in water. Phytochemical screening of nano simplicia and nano simplicia water extract included an examination of alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and steroids/triterpenoids. Thin-layer chromatography analysis of water extract was analysed using TLC scanner. The element that contains in the water extract was analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry methods. RESULT: The results of phytochemical screening of nano simplicia powder and nano simplicia water extract showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides. Eluent, which shows good elution is n-butanol: acetic acid: water (6: 2: 2). This eluent is used to elute polar and semipolar compounds and is very good for separating flavonoids. R. pinnata water extract contains the minerals potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium. CONCLUSION: R. pinnata water extract contains organic compounds in the form of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides. The nano simplicia water extract showed more chemical content than other water extracts on the TLC plate by detection at a wavelength of 250 nm and 300 nm. The most element content in R. pinnata water extract is potassium, followed by magnesium, sodium, and calcium.