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We present the measurement of entanglement between twin beams generated with a doubly resonant optical parameter oscillator (OPO) based on four-wave mixing in hot ^{85}Rb vapor above threshold. This is the first measurement of entanglement in an OPO with a χ^{(3)} media above threshold. We reconstruct the covariance matrix for several configurations and based on a full picture of the four side band mode state, we study entanglement between all possible bipartitions. We show a robust generation of entanglement with stronger generation for a specific pair of modes. For this system, we show that atomic density is a determinant factor for the generation and loss of quantum correlations. The generation of entangled fields with an atomic OPO operating close to atomic resonance of alkali atoms enables a natural integration into quantum networks.
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OBJECTIVES: Although literature broadly reports the impact of COVID-19 on global mental health, little is known about the extent of its deleterious impact on the most vulnerable individuals. The present study aimed to evaluate the level of psychological distress of adult's residents of two urban shantytown communities located in São Paulo city, Brazil. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. METHODS: An online questionnaire was divided into four sections: (1) informed consent, (2) socio-economic data, (3) 12-item general health questionnaire, and (4) Brazilian food insecurity scale was applied. RESULTS: Of the 495 family headship (448 females and 47 males), the mean age was 36.1 years, 85% have an indication of psychological distress, 61.4% had a monthly income less than or equal to $70, and the incidence of households experiencing moderate or severe food insecurity was 40%. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that respondents who experienced moderate or severe food insecurity (odds ratio [OR] = 2.701, confidence interval [CI] 95% = 1.265-5.769; P = 0.010) and lower monthly income (OR = 2.031, CI 95% = 1.056-3.908; P = 0.034) had a higher risk of psychological distress. On the other hand, having an employment is a protective factor against the stressful situations caused by COVID-19 pandemic (P = 0.029). CONCLUSION: The present study identified low-income younger women residents of urban slums who suffer from food insecurity as high-risk groups to have psychological distress. Our findings are of particular importance because they showed the intersection of vulnerabilities during the COVID-19 outbreak.
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COVID-19 , Distrés Psicológico , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pandemias , Áreas de Pobreza , SARS-CoV-2 , Estrés Psicológico/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Microsurgery clipping is one of the most challenging surgical interventions in neurosurgery. The opportunities to train residents are scarce, but the need for accumulating practice is mandatory. New simulating tools are needed for skill learning. METHODS: The design, implementation, and assessment of a new hybrid aneurysm clipping simulator are presented. It consists of an ergonomic workstation with a patient head mannequin and a physics-based virtual reality simulation with bimanual haptic feedback. The simulator recreates scenarios of microsurgery from the patient fixation and the exploration of the brain lobes through Sylvian fissure and vascular structures to the aneurysm clipping. Skill metrics were introduced, including monitoring of gestures movements, exerted forces, tissue displacements, and precision in clipping. RESULTS: Two experimental conditions were tested: (1) simple clipping without brain tissue exploration and (2) clipping the aneurysm with brain Sylvian fissure exploration. Differences in the bimanual gestures were observed between both conditions. The quantitative measurements of tissue displacement of the brain lobes exhibited more tissue retrieval for the surgical gestures of neurosurgeons. Appraisal with questionnaires showed positive scores by neurosurgeons in all items evaluating the usability and realism of the simulator. CONCLUSIONS: The simulator was well accepted and feasible for training purposes. The analysis of the interactions with virtual tissues offers information to establish differential and common patterns between tested groups and thus useful metrics for skill evaluation of practitioners. Future work can lead to other tasks during the intervention and the inclusion of more clinical cases.
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Aneurisma Intracraneal , Neurocirugia , Realidad Virtual , Encéfalo/cirugía , Competencia Clínica , Simulación por Computador , Humanos , Aneurisma Intracraneal/cirugía , Neurocirugia/educación , Procedimientos NeuroquirúrgicosRESUMEN
We present the first measurement of two-mode squeezing between the twin beams produced by a doubly resonant optical parameter oscillator (OPO) in an above threshold operation based on parametric amplification by nondegenerate four wave mixing with rubidium (^{85}Rb). We demonstrate a maximum intensity difference squeezing of -2.7 dB (-3.5 dB corrected for losses) with a pump power of 285 mW and an output power of 12 mW for each beam, operating close to the D1 line of Rb atoms. The use of open cavities combined with the high gain media can provide a strong level of noise compression and the access to new operation regimes that could not be explored by crystal based OPOs. The spectral bandwidth of the squeezed light is broadened by the cavity dynamics, and the squeezing level is robust for strong pump powers. Stable operation was obtained up to 4 times above the threshold. Moreover, operation of the OPO close to the atomic resonances of alkali atoms allows a natural integration into quantum networks, including structures such as quantum memories.
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BACKGROUND: There are no large reported series determining the Covid-19 cancer patient's characteristics. We determine whether differences exist in cumulative incidence and mortality of Covid-19 infection between cancer patients and general population in Madrid. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed 1069 medical records of all cancer patients admitted at Oncology department between Feb 1 and April 7, 2020. We described Covid-19 cumulative incidence, treatment outcome, mortality, and associated risk factors. RESULTS: We detected 45/1069 Covid-19 diagnoses in cancer patients vs 42,450/6,662,000 in total population (p < 0.00001). Mortality rate: 19/45 cancer patients vs 5586/42,450 (p = 0.0001). Mortality was associated with older median age, adjusted by staging and histology (74 vs 63.5 years old, OR 1.06, p = 0.03). Patients who combined hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin presented 3/18 deaths, regardless of age, staging, histology, cancer treatment and comorbidities (OR 0.02, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Cancer patients are vulnerable to Covid-19 with an increase in complications. Combined hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin is presented as a good treatment option.
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Infecciones por Coronavirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Coronavirus/mortalidad , Neoplasias/complicaciones , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Neumonía Viral/complicaciones , Neumonía Viral/mortalidad , Anciano , Azitromicina/uso terapéutico , Betacoronavirus/aislamiento & purificación , COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Coronavirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Humanos , Hidroxicloroquina/uso terapéutico , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias/patología , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/diagnóstico , Neumonía Viral/tratamiento farmacológico , Factores de Riesgo , SARS-CoV-2 , España/epidemiología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The acute cellular rejection is recognized as a factor related to the long-term viability of the heart graft. We intend to establish which factors are associated with the acute cellular rejection during the first year post heart transplant using a longitudinal model with repeated measures. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed with all the patients who underwent heart transplant between 2005-2018 at the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio in Bogota, Colombia. In order to determine the factors associated with the development of acute cellular rejection, a generalized estimating equation approach was used, with an interchangeable correlation structure. The lowest value of quasi-likelihood information criterion and P < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients (49.3 ± 11.1 years old) were included. The mortality during the first month was 16.3% and the accumulated mortality during the first year was 23.6%. The incidence of the acute cellular rejection was higher during the third month after the transplant (79.9%); most of them were acute cellular rejection grade 1. The factors associated with the development of the rejection were the cyclosporine levels out of the therapeutic range in several periods of evaluation (P < .03) and the age of the receptor (P = .049). CONCLUSIONS: Using advanced modeling methodologies of longitudinal data we identified that the factors associated with acute cellular rejection during the first year after the transplant are related to the therapeutic levels of the calcineurin inhibitor (cyclosporin) during the first 6 months of follow-up and the age of the receptor.
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Ciclosporina/uso terapéutico , Rechazo de Injerto/etiología , Trasplante de Corazón/efectos adversos , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Estudios de Cohortes , Colombia/epidemiología , Femenino , Rechazo de Injerto/epidemiología , Rechazo de Injerto/prevención & control , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Labio Los defectos extensos de labio superior implican la reconstrucción funcional y estética de una estructura única en la cara. Diferentes alternativas se han propuesto para su reconstrucción que incluyen colgajos locales como colgajos libres, cada uno con ventajas y desventajas. Describimos la reconstrucción de grandes defectos de labio superior con colgajos musculocutáneos de oribularis oris modificando la técnica original descrita por Yotsuyanagi et al.
Surgery plastic Extensive upper lip defects require a functional and aesthetic reconstruction of a single structure on the face. Different alternatives have been proposed for its reconstruction, including local flaps and free flaps, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages. We describe the reconstruction of extensive defects of the upper lip with orbicularis oris musculocutaneous flaps using a modification of the original technique described by Yotsuyanagi, et al.
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Humanos , Estética , Colgajos Tisulares Libres , Colgajo Miocutáneo , Labio , Plásticos , Cirugía General , CaraRESUMEN
Among the problems associated to leishmaniasis, the two most outstanding ones are the lack of a vaccine and the adverse effects caused by drugs use for its control. Meglumine antimoniate compounds are the first-line drugs in the treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis (the most prevalent form of the disease in Colombia); nevertheless, they are far from being ideal drugs due to their toxicity (not to mention the emergence of drug-resistant parasites), all of which has prompted current search for new strategies to improve their safety. This work assesses the effectiveness and safety (toxicity including new aspects related with immunotoxicity not reported previously) of two different meglumine antimoniate formulations using an in vitro and in vivo murine model. The results evidence that although both injectable formulations induce an equally efficient (clearance of intracellular parasites), both give rise to adverse effects, including a preferential immunomodulation on Balb/c mice and in a lesser proportion on ICR mice. These results are comparable to human trials reporting variable reactions when following the same treatment regimen. The model presented herein is proposed as a tool for evaluating the effectiveness and safety of meglumine antimoniate-based antileishmanial formulations.
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Antiprotozoarios/farmacología , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/tratamiento farmacológico , Meglumina/farmacología , Compuestos Organometálicos/farmacología , Animales , Antiprotozoarios/administración & dosificación , Antiprotozoarios/toxicidad , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Inmunomodulación/efectos de los fármacos , Técnicas In Vitro , Inyecciones Intramusculares , Meglumina/administración & dosificación , Meglumina/toxicidad , Antimoniato de Meglumina , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Compuestos Organometálicos/administración & dosificación , Compuestos Organometálicos/toxicidad , Especificidad de la Especie , Pruebas de ToxicidadRESUMEN
The comprehension of the pathogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi-elicited myocarditis is crucial to delineate new therapeutic strategies aiming to ameliorate the inflammation that leads to heart dysfunction, without hampering parasite control. The augmented expression of CCL5/RANTES and CCL3/MIP-1alpha, and their receptor CCR5, in the heart of T. cruzi-infected mice suggests a role for CC-chemokines and their receptors in the pathogenesis of T. cruzi-elicited myocarditis. Herein, we discuss our recent results using a CC-chemokine receptor inhibitor (Met-RANTES), showing the participation of CC-chemokines in T. cruzi infection and unraveling CC-chemokine receptors as an attractive therapeutic target for further evaluation in Chagas disease.
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Cardiomiopatía Chagásica/tratamiento farmacológico , Quimiocina CCL5/análogos & derivados , Quimiocinas CC/metabolismo , Miocarditis/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptores de Quimiocina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Trypanosoma cruzi , Animales , Relación CD4-CD8 , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Cardiomiopatía Chagásica/inmunología , Cardiomiopatía Chagásica/metabolismo , Quimiocina CCL5/uso terapéutico , Quimiotaxis de Leucocito/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C3H , Miocarditis/inmunología , Miocarditis/metabolismo , Miocarditis/parasitología , Trypanosoma cruzi/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The comprehension of the pathogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi-elicited myocarditis is crucial to delineate new therapeutic strategies aiming to ameliorate the inflammation that leads to heart dysfunction, without hampering parasite control. The augmented expression of CCL5/RANTES and CCL3/MIP-1alpha, and their receptor CCR5, in the heart of T. cruzi-infected mice suggests a role for CC-chemokines and their receptors in the pathogenesis of T. cruzi-elicited myocarditis. Herein, we discuss our recent results using a CC-chemokine receptor inhibitor (Met-RANTES), showing the participation of CC-chemokines in T. cruzi infection and unraveling CC-chemokine receptors as an attractive therapeutic target for further evaluation in Chagas disease.
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Animales , Ratones , Cardiomiopatía Chagásica/tratamiento farmacológico , /análogos & derivados , Quimiocinas CC/metabolismo , Miocarditis/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptores de Quimiocina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Trypanosoma cruzi , /inmunología , /inmunología , Cardiomiopatía Chagásica/inmunología , Cardiomiopatía Chagásica/metabolismo , /uso terapéutico , Quimiotaxis de Leucocito/inmunología , Miocarditis/inmunología , Miocarditis/metabolismo , Miocarditis/parasitología , Trypanosoma cruzi/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The conventional intact PTH assays detect not only PTH 1-84 but also inactive fragments (as PTH 7-84) that accumulate in renal failure. There has been a recent development of a new PTH assay that measures only true 1-84 PTH (Whole PTH or CAP assay, Scantibodies). As 7-84 PTH fragment is antagonistic on bone effects of 1-84 PTH, Moniere-Faugere has suggested that 1-84/7-84 PTH ratio less than 1 is predictive of low turnover. We evaluated the usefulness of CAP assay and the 1-84/7-84 PTH ratio as markers of bone turnover in a groups of 24 patients in peritoneal dialysis (PD). Patients were classified as having low bone turn over if they had a Total PTH (similar to intact PTH) of less than 100 pg/ml. We also measured serum CrossLaps (CTX) as another serum resorption marker. Patients had a mean Whole PTH of 95.5 pg/ml and a mesan total PTH of 155.4 pg/l (range 9 to 900). Whole PTH represented 69.1% of total PTH. Fifteen patients (62.5%) had a total PTH of less than 100. These patients had a 1-84/7-84 relationship of 1.9 +/- 1.8 while 9 patients with Total PTH more than 100 had a relationship of 1.29 +/- 0.6 (p = NS). There was a tight correlation between Whole PTH and total PTH (r = 0.98; p < 0.0001) and with serum CTX (r = 0.78; p < 0.0001). We conclude that 1-84/7-84 ratio does not seem useful in the prediction of low bone turnover and that Whole PTH does not seem to be more useful than intact PTH in the prediction of bone turnover in this population. Future studies should correlate this markers with direct measurements of bone turnover in bone biopsies to demonstrate their usefulness in the prediction of the type of renal osteodystrophy.
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Huesos/metabolismo , Trastorno Mineral y Óseo Asociado a la Enfermedad Renal Crónica/sangre , Hormona Paratiroidea/sangre , Remodelación Ósea , Huesos/fisiopatología , Trastorno Mineral y Óseo Asociado a la Enfermedad Renal Crónica/diagnóstico , Trastorno Mineral y Óseo Asociado a la Enfermedad Renal Crónica/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fragmentos de Péptidos/sangreRESUMEN
Several lines of evidence have shown that Trypanosoma cruzi interacts with host extracellular matrix (ECM) components producing breakdown products that play an important role in parasite mobilization and infectivity. Parasite-released antigens also modulate ECM expression that could participate in cell-cell and/or cell-parasite interactions. Increased expression of ECM components has been described in the cardiac tissue of chronic chagasic patients and diverse target tissues including heart, thymus, central nervous system and skeletal muscle of experimentally T. cruzi-infected mice. ECM components may adsorb parasite antigens and cytokines that could contribute to the establishment and perpetuation of inflammation. Furthermore, T. cruzi-infected mammalian cells produce cytokines and chemokines that not only participate in the control of parasitism but also contribute to the establishment of chronic inflammatory lesions in several target tissues and most frequently lead to severe myocarditis. T. cruzi-driven cytokines and chemokines may also modulate VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 adhesion molecules on endothelial cells of target tissues and play a key role in cell recruitment, especially of activated VLA-4+LFA-1+CD8+ T lymphocytes, resulting in a predominance of this cell population in the inflamed heart, central nervous system and skeletal muscle. The VLA-4+-invading cells are surrounded by a fine network of fibronectin that could contribute to cell anchorage, activation and effector functions. Since persistent "danger signals" triggered by the parasite and its antigens are required for the establishment of inflammation and ECM alterations, therapeutic interventions that control parasitism and selectively modulate cell migration improve ECM abnormalities, paving the way for the development of new therapeutic strategies improving the prognosis of T. cruzi-infected individuals
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Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular , Cardiomiopatía Chagásica , Matriz Extracelular , Proteínas Quimioatrayentes de Monocitos , Cardiomiopatía Chagásica , Enfermedad Crónica , Matriz Extracelular , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
Several lines of evidence have shown that Trypanosoma cruzi interacts with host extracellular matrix (ECM) components producing breakdown products that play an important role in parasite mobilization and infectivity. Parasite-released antigens also modulate ECM expression that could participate in cell-cell and/or cell-parasite interactions. Increased expression of ECM components has been described in the cardiac tissue of chronic chagasic patients and diverse target tissues including heart, thymus, central nervous system and skeletal muscle of experimentally T. cruzi-infected mice. ECM components may adsorb parasite antigens and cytokines that could contribute to the establishment and perpetuation of inflammation. Furthermore, T. cruzi-infected mammalian cells produce cytokines and chemokines that not only participate in the control of parasitism but also contribute to the establishment of chronic inflammatory lesions in several target tissues and most frequently lead to severe myocarditis. T. cruzi-driven cytokines and chemokines may also modulate VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 adhesion molecules on endothelial cells of target tissues and play a key role in cell recruitment, especially of activated VLA-4+LFA-1+CD8+ T lymphocytes, resulting in a predominance of this cell population in the inflamed heart, central nervous system and skeletal muscle. The VLA-4+-invading cells are surrounded by a fine network of fibronectin that could contribute to cell anchorage, activation and effector functions. Since persistent "danger signals" triggered by the parasite and its antigens are required for the establishment of inflammation and ECM alterations, therapeutic interventions that control parasitism and selectively modulate cell migration improve ECM abnormalities, paving the way for the development of new therapeutic strategies improving the prognosis of T. cruzi-infected individuals.
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Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/fisiología , Cardiomiopatía Chagásica/parasitología , Factores Quimiotácticos/fisiología , Matriz Extracelular/parasitología , Trypanosoma cruzi/fisiología , Animales , Cardiomiopatía Chagásica/patología , Enfermedad Crónica , Proteínas de la Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Humanos , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/parasitología , Ratones , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
It has been proposed that antigens released by Trypanosoma cruzi sensitize vertebrate cells leading to their destruction by the immune response raised against the parasite. Here, we characterized antigens released by trypomastigotes of T. cruzi that bind to non-infected cells and investigated biological consequences of this adsorption. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of antigens released by [(35)S]-methionine-labeled parasites revealed the presence of polypeptides mainly ranging from 85 to 170 kDa that were specifically recognized by sera from chronically T. cruzi infected rabbits. Polypeptides of 85-110 and 160-170 kDa bound to non-infected epithelial, fibroblast and muscle mammalian cell lines, which thus became targets for anti-T. cruzi antibody binding. Cysteine-proteinase, but not trans-sialidase, was detected among the cell-bound antigens, and purified cysteine-proteinase was adsorbed to non-infected cells. Immunoelectron microscopic studies showed that parasite antigens were mainly released as membrane vesicles that adhered to membrane microvilli and were internalized by mammalian cells. We provide evidence that adsorption of parasite antigens induced an increase in expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components (fibronectin, laminin and type I collagen) by sensitized cells. Thus, our data reinforce the idea that in vivo T. cruzi released antigens might be involved in the establishment of inflammation, sensitizing non-infected host cells and triggering an immune response against parasite antigens. Further, our data showed that antigen sensitization modulates biological cell functions as ECM expression that could mediate cell-cell or parasite-host cell interactions, contributing to the establishment of inflammation.
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Antígenos de Protozoos/inmunología , Antígenos de Protozoos/metabolismo , Antígenos de Superficie/inmunología , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Trypanosoma cruzi/inmunología , Glicoproteínas Variantes de Superficie de Trypanosoma , Adsorción , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Matriz Extracelular/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The determinants of the prevalence of CD8(+) T cells in the inflamed myocardium of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected patients and experimental animals are undefined. Using C3H/He mice infected with the Colombiana strain of T. cruzi, we found that the distribution of CD4(+)/CD8(-) and CD4(-)/CD8(+) T cells in the myocardium mirrors the frequency of cells expressing the CD62L(Low)LFA-1(High)VLA-4(High) activation phenotype among CD4(+)/CD8(-) and CD4(-)/CD8(+ )peripheral blood T cells. Consistently, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1-positive endothelial cells and a fine fibronectin network surrounding VLA-4(+) mononuclear cells were found in the inflamed myocardium. Further, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and IFN-gamma-induced chemokines (RANTES, MIG and CRG-2/IP-10), as well as JE/MCP-1 and MIP1-alpha, were found to be the dominant cytokines expressed in situ during acute and chronic myocarditis elicited by T. cruzi. In contrast, interleukin 4 mRNA was only detected during the chronic phase. Altogether, the results indicate that the distribution of T-cell subsets in the myocardium of T. cruzi-infected mice reflects the particular profile of adhesion molecules acquired by most peripheral CD8(+) T lymphocytes and point to the possibility that multiple IFN-gamma-inducible molecules present in the inflamed tissue contribute to the establishment and maintenance of T. cruzi-induced myocarditis.
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Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Cardiomiopatía Chagásica/inmunología , Integrinas/análisis , Interferón gamma/farmacología , Selectina L/análisis , Antígeno-1 Asociado a Función de Linfocito/análisis , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T alfa-beta/análisis , Receptores Mensajeros de Linfocitos/análisis , Animales , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/biosíntesis , Cardiomiopatía Chagásica/parasitología , Cardiomiopatía Chagásica/patología , Quimiocinas/biosíntesis , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Femenino , Inmunofenotipificación , Integrina alfa4beta1 , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C3H , Miocardio/patología , Parasitemia/mortalidadRESUMEN
Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi causes a strong inflammatory reaction at the inoculation site and, later, in the myocardium. The present study investigates the role of cytokines as modulators of T. cruzi-induced chemokine expression in vivo and in vitro. In macrophage cultures, although the stimulation with interferon (IFN)-gamma increases the expression of IP-10, it blocks KC expression. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, on the other hand, potentiates KC, IP-10, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, and JE/monocyte chemotatic protein-1 expression. Interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta inhibited almost all chemokines tested. The role of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in chemokine modulation during infection was investigated in T. cruzi-infected IFN-gamma-deficient (GKO) or TNF-R1/p55-deficient (p55-/-) mice. The expression of chemokines detected in the inoculation site correlated with the infiltrating cell type observed. Although GKO mice had a delayed and intense neutrophilic infiltrate correlating with the expression of KC and macrophage inflammatory protein-2, none of the above was observed in p55-/- mice. The detection of infiltrating T cells, Mig, and IP-10 in the myocardium was observed in wild-type and p55-/-, but not in GKO mice. Together, these results suggest that the regulatory roles of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha on chemokine expression may play a crucial role in the modulation of the inflammatory response during T. cruzi infection and mediate resistance to infection.
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Enfermedad de Chagas/metabolismo , Quimiocinas/biosíntesis , Interferón gamma/deficiencia , Peritonitis/parasitología , Receptores del Factor de Necrosis Tumoral/deficiencia , Animales , Antígenos CD , Movimiento Celular , Enfermedad de Chagas/patología , Quimiocina CXCL10 , Quimiocina CXCL9 , Quimiocinas/genética , Quimiocinas CXC/metabolismo , Femenino , Inmunofenotipificación , Interferón gamma/fisiología , Interleucina-10/fisiología , Linfocitos/fisiología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C3H , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Miocardio/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Receptores Tipo I de Factores de Necrosis Tumoral , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/fisiología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/fisiologíaAsunto(s)
Fosfatasa Alcalina/sangre , Trastorno Mineral y Óseo Asociado a la Enfermedad Renal Crónica/epidemiología , Hormona Paratiroidea/sangre , Diálisis Peritoneal/efectos adversos , Adulto , Anciano , Hidróxido de Aluminio/uso terapéutico , Biomarcadores , Calcitriol/administración & dosificación , Calcitriol/uso terapéutico , Calcio/uso terapéutico , Quelantes/uso terapéutico , Terapia por Quelación , Trastorno Mineral y Óseo Asociado a la Enfermedad Renal Crónica/etiología , Nefropatías Diabéticas/complicaciones , Nefropatías Diabéticas/terapia , Soluciones para Diálisis/análisis , Femenino , Humanos , Fallo Renal Crónico/complicaciones , Fallo Renal Crónico/cirugía , Fallo Renal Crónico/terapia , Trasplante de Riñón , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Paratiroidectomía , Fósforo , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/terapia , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Prevalencia , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
La presente investigación de tipo cualitativo, desarrollaba en las comunidades indígenas de la Amazonía Colombiana, se propuso identificar y analizar las representaciones sociales del proceso salud-enfermedad y los métodos de curación y prevención, con el fin de adecuar y rescatar antiguas prácticas indígenas en salud. La metodología utilizada fue de corte cualitativo, enmarcando en la Investigación Acción Participativa IAP, con técnicas como: observación participante, acción participante, diarios de campo, entrevistas semiestructuradas, charlas educativas y talleres, por medio de las cuales se encontró que las comunidades indígenas amazónicas aún conservan sus métodos de curación y prevención, aunque algunos de sus pobladores han ido perdiendo sus creencias, debido principalmente a la cercanía del hombre blanco. Esta visión del mundo indígena frente al saber tradicional lleva a plantear que la representación social de la salud y la enfermedad está ligada a las creencias milenarias, a la funcionalidad y, definitivamente , al complejo cuerpo-espíritu-medio ambiente.
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Medicina Tradicional , Servicios de Salud del Indígena/tendenciasRESUMEN
This study was designed to compare calcium bioavailability and serum parathyroid hormone acute changes after oral intake of 500 mg of elemental calcium from liquid milk, yogurt, calcium-citrate-enriched powdered milk or a calcium carbonate pill; or after intake of soybean imitation-milk. After a 12-h fast, blood samples were drawn both at baseline and 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after an oral intake of the above-mentioned products, which were ingested together with a light neutral breakfast. The administration order of the study products was randomly assigned to each of 19 healthy young volunteers (11 females, 8 males). The baseline serum concentrations of ionized calcium, phosphorus and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were normal. Calcium-citrate-enriched powdered milk induced a significant increase in serum ionized calcium (p<0.001) and a significant and continuous decrease in serum iPTH concentration (p<0. 001). Yogurt and the calcium carbonate pill induced a similar but less significant effect, increasing serum ionized calcium (p<0.05) and decreasing serum iPTH (p<0.01). Liquid milk only induced a significant change in serum ionized calcium and iPTH concentration during the first 2 h; this effect was lost during the following 2 h. In conclusion, our study suggests the possibility that the addition of calcium citrate to powered milk may improve calcium bioavailability and enhance the inhibitory effect on serum iPTH in the assayed conditions.