RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a prion disease. It is a rare, rapidly progressing fatal disorder of the central nervous system, which occurs in four forms: sporadic (sCJD), genetic/familial (gCJD), iatrogenic (iCJD), and variant (vCJD). METHODS: CJD research in the Czech Republic (CR) is conducted by the National Reference Laboratory for Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, established in 2001 at the Department of Pathology, Thomayer Hospital, Prague. In 2003, this NRL was included in the European network of laboratories monitoring prion diseases. The purpose of the article is to analyse data reported to the EPIDAT system. RESULTS: From June 2000 to June 2017, 207 deaths in persons diagnosed with CJN and four suspected deaths due to gCJD were reported to the EPIDAT system (national program of reporting, recording, and analysis of data on transmissible diseases in the CR). CONCLUSION: Reporting CJD cases to the EPIDAT is helpful in meeting the important goals, i.e. monitoring the incidence and trends of the disease. The incidence of gCJD in particular requires improved diagnosis based on a detailed personal and family history, and thorough epidemiological investigation is crucial to detect possible iatrogenic diseases.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob , Enfermedades por Prión , Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob/epidemiología , Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob/mortalidad , República Checa/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Enfermedades por Prión/diagnóstico , Enfermedades por Prión/epidemiología , Enfermedades por Prión/mortalidadRESUMEN
Human prion diseases are a group of very rare diseases with a unique pathogenesis and, due to an inauspicious prognosis and unavailability of therapy, with fatal consequences. The etiopathogenetic background is the presence of pathologically misfolded prion protein, highly resistant to denaturation, the aggregation and presence of which in the brain tissue causes irreversible neuronal damage. The most frequent prion disease in humans is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) which occurs in sporadic, hereditary/familial, or acquired/infectious/iatrogenic forms. A new form of CJD, variant CJD, is considered to be linked to dietary exposure to beef products from cattle infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and to infection via blood transfusion. The clinical picture of these diseases is characterized by a rapidly progressing dementia, cerebellar and extrapyramidal symptoms, and rather specific MRI, EEG, and CSF findings. Clinically, the diagnosis is described as possible or probable prion disease and needs to be confirmed by neuropathological or immunological investigation of the brain tissue. Epidemiological data from the Czech Republic spanning the last decade are presented.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob/epidemiología , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob/etiología , Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob/transmisión , República Checa/epidemiología , Encefalopatía Espongiforme Bovina/epidemiología , Encefalopatía Espongiforme Bovina/transmisión , Humanos , Reacción a la TransfusiónRESUMEN
Listeriosis is a severe and possibly fatal disease. Its incidence in the Czech Republic is low, with the most common vehicles of transmission being cheese, pastes, meat products, and salads. Nosocomial transmission is rare in the Czech Republic. Phylogenetic analysis and genotyping of isolated Listeria strains are very helpful in identifying the source of infection. A careful adherence to the preventive anti-epidemic measures in the health care institutions is still critically important.
Asunto(s)
Infección Hospitalaria/transmisión , Listeriosis/transmisión , República Checa , Genotipo , Humanos , Listeria/clasificación , FilogeniaAsunto(s)
Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/epidemiología , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/transmisión , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa/estadística & datos numéricos , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa/estadística & datos numéricos , Serodiagnóstico del SIDA/estadística & datos numéricos , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/diagnóstico , Adulto , Donantes de Sangre/estadística & datos numéricos , Comorbilidad , República Checa/epidemiología , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , Homosexualidad Masculina/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Medición de Riesgo , Distribución por Sexo , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Tasa de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
Nicotine is a very widely used drug of abuse, which exerts a number of neurovegetative behavioural effects by interacting with the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Using histochemical analysis (NADPH-diaphorase and Fluoro-Jade B dye), the influence of intraperitoneal administration of nicotine on neurons of the hippocampus in 35-day-old male rats of the Wistar strain was studied. At the age of 37 days, the animals were transcardially perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde under deep thiopental anaesthesia. Cryostat sections were stained to identify NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons that were then quantified in CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus, in the dorsal and ventral blade of the dentate gyrus and in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. In the same areas, using Fluoro-Jade B dye, signs of neurodegeneration were classified, using Fluoro-Jade B dye. Nicotine administration increased the number of NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons in the CA3 area of the hippocampus and in the hilus of the dentate gyrus with no effect in the remaining areas studied. Fluoro-Jade staining did not reveal any degenerating neurons in the hippocampus as an effect of nicotine administration.