RESUMEN
Over recent years, the cultivation of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) has spread widely in the Mediterranean, also affecting the southern regions of Spain and Italy with a typical semi-arid climate. Several and recent studies have investigated the responses of this species to the main abiotic stresses, which is an aspect of absolute relevance to the knowledge of the adaptive capacity of hops to the growing conditions of a new cultivation environment. Moreover, given the fact that hops' phytochemical composition is determined primarily by genetic and environmental factors, and that the species is perennial, the lack of knowledge on the effects of abiotic stress could be reflected in subsequent years, which means multi-year economic risks. This review work therefore aims to showcase, based on an in-depth investigation of the available literature, the response of hop to the main abiotic stresses, and the effect of these on productive and qualitative crop performances. The data presented will be useful to the understanding of constraints and to the identification of useful coping strategies to the cultivation of hops in semi-arid Mediterranean environments.
RESUMEN
The recent developments in the market and craft beer industry in Italy have led to an increasing demand for local raw materials, such as barley malt and hops. Few works have been addressed to evaluate suitability and productivity of hop in semi-arid Italian environments. With this purpose, two experiments were carried out in 2018 and 2019, testing the suitability to cultivation of three commonly used hop varieties (Cascade, Chinook and Nuggett) in two typical semi-arid environments in Sicily. Phenological stages were also evaluated, and GDDs accumulated in vegetative and reproductive stages were calculated according to 9 different methods, dealing with three Tbase temperatures (0 °C, 5 °C and 10 °C) and with different adjustments of daily thermal sums for Tmax values >30 °C. The obtained hop cones were used to prepare small batches of beer (fresh hop American Pale Ale), further submitted to sensory analysis through a panel test. The results have shown a high variability of yields and biometrical characteristics of the tested hop varieties according to the cropping management. However, a definite advantage showed up for the earliest maturing variety (Chinook), that allowed cones yield of 41 g per plant (d.m.) and biomass yield of 143 g per plant (d.m.). The sensory analyses assessed the excellent organoleptic characteristics of the obtained hop, as well as of the beer produced. Hop demonstrates to be a promising crop for semi-arid Mediterranean environments, although many aspects of cropping technique are still to be pointed out.