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BackgroundCardiac sequelae of past SARS-CoV-2 infection are still poorly documented. We conducted a cross-sectional study in health-care workers to report evidence of pericarditis and myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 infection. MethodsWe studied 139 health-care workers with confirmed past SARS-CoV-2 infection (103 diagnosed by RT-PCR and 36 by serology). Participants underwent clinical assessment, electrocardiography, laboratory tests including immune cell profiling and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Pericarditis was diagnosed when classical criteria were present, and the diagnosis of myocarditis was based on the updated CMR Lake-Louise-Criteria. ResultsMedian age was 52 years (IQR 41-57), 100 (72%) were women, and 23 (16%) were previously hospitalized for Covid-19 pneumonia. At examination (10.4 [9.3-11.0] weeks after infection-like symptoms), all participants presented hemodynamic stability. Chest pain, dyspnoea or palpitations were observed in 58 (42%) participants; electrocardiographic abnormalities in 69 (50%); NT-pro-BNP was elevated in 11 (8%); troponin in 1 (1%); and CMR abnormalities in 104 (75%). Isolated pericarditis was diagnosed in 4 (3%) participants, myopericarditis in 15 (11%) and isolated myocarditis in 36 (26%). Participants diagnosed by RT-PCR were more likely to still present symptoms than participants diagnosed by serology (73 [71%] vs 18 [50%]; p=0.027); nonetheless, the prevalence of pericarditis or myocarditis was high in both groups (44 [43%] vs 11 [31%]; p=0.238). Most participants (101 [73%]) showed altered immune cell counts in blood, particularly decreased eosinophil (37 [27%]; p<0.001) and increased CD4-CD8-/loT{beta}-cell numbers (24 [17%]; p<0.001). Pericarditis was associated with elevated CD4-CD8-/loT{beta}-cell numbers (p=0.011), while participants diagnosed with myopericarditis or myocarditis had lower (p<0.05) plasmacytoid dendritic cell, NK-cell and plasma cell counts and lower anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgG antibody levels (p=0.027). ConclusionsPericarditis and myocarditis with clinical stability are frequent long after SARS-CoV-2 infection, even in presently asymptomatic subjects. These observations will probably apply to the general population infected and may indicate that cardiac sequelae might occur late in association with an altered (delayed) innate and adaptative immune response. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT04413071 Research in contextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSVery little evidence exists describing long cardiac sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although pericarditis and myocarditis are the two most frequent cardiac manifestations observed after a viral infection, as of May 13, 2020, the peer-reviewed literature was limited to isolated case reports of myocarditis and pericarditis during the COVID-19 hospitalization phase and to a retrospective observation in 26 recovered patients with COVID-19 pneumonia presenting cardiac complaints during hospitalization, revealing the presence of myocardial oedema in 14 (54%) patients and late gadolinium enhancement in 8 (31%) patients. These small size case series, limited to hospitalized RT-PCR patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, are insufficient to generalize conclusions about the true prevalence of pericardial and myocardial long involvement after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, no study has investigated the immunological consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the settings of pericarditis and myocarditis. Added value of this studyTo our knowledge, this is the largest cohort of subjects (N=139) --even for other common viruses-- with clinical, electrocardiographic, laboratory and CMR imaging evaluations, to assess pericardial and myocardial involvements after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The strength of this study is the addition of non-hospitalized participants and also the inclusion of participants diagnosed of past SARS-CoV-2 infection through serology. Contrary to previous studies, women are well represented. We found a prevalence of pericarditis or myocarditis up to 40% cases; pericarditis coexisted with some degree of concurrent myocardial inflammation in 11% cases. Study participants who were previously hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia and patients who received antiviral (hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir-ritonavir) or anti-inflammatory (high-dose glucocorticoids and anti-interleukin treatments) treatments, and who were on chronic drug treatment with statins, were less likely to develop pericarditis or myocarditis. The clinical assessment of the participants showed clinical stability without any patient presenting severe pericardial effusion, heart failure or left ventricular dysfunction. We provide new data on seropositive subjects; although RT-PCR participants were more likely to still present symptoms than participants diagnosed by serology, the prevalence of pericarditis, myocarditis or myocarditis, almost three months after the initial viral prodrome, was high in both groups. In-depth investigation of the distribution of multiple major and minor populations of immune cells in blood showed high frequency of altered immune profiles after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The altered immune cell profiles identified partially mimic abnormalities previously reported during active infection together with others described here for the first time, with unique patterns associated with pericardial and/or myocardial injury. Nonetheless, we also described altered immune profiles in participants without pericardial and myocardial manifestations. Whether these later alterations are due to persistence of tissue damage in other organs affected by SARS-CoV-2, such as the lung, or they reflect normal post-infection immune recovery mechanisms, remains to be investigated. Implications of all the available evidenceAt present, there is much interest in the long-term sequelae of COVID-19. It is intriguing that pericarditis and myocarditis were observed so long after SARS-CoV-2 infection and also in some presently asymptomatic subjects, in association with notably altered immune cell profiles in blood. These observations will probably apply to the general population infected and may indicate that cardiac sequelae might occur late, paving the way for a better understanding the immune mechanisms involved. Thus, our study may have health-care consequences given the widespread diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in population-based seroprevalence studies.
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OBJECTIVES: Myocardial strains can be calculated using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) feature-tracking (FT) algorithms. They show excellent intra- and inter-observer agreement but rather disappointing inter-vendor agreement. Currently, it is unknown how well CMR-FT-based strain values agree with manually obtained strain values. METHODS: In 45 subjects (15 controls, 15 acute myocardial infarction, 15 non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy), end-systolic manually derived strains were compared to four CMR-FT software packages. Global radial strain (GRS), global circumferential strain (GCS) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) were determined. Intra- and inter-observer agreement and agreement between manual and CMR-FT analysis were calculated. Statistical analysis included Bland-Altman plots, intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV). RESULTS: Manual contouring yielded excellent intra-observer (ICC 0.903 (GRS) to 0.995 (GCS)) and inter-observer agreement (ICC 0.915 (GRS) to 0.966 (GCS)) with CV ranging 4.7% (GCS) to 20.7% (GRS) and 12.7% (GCS) to 20.0% (GRS), for intra-observer and inter-observer agreement, respectively. Agreement between manual and CMR-FT strain values ranged from poor to excellent, with best agreement for GCS (ICC 0.857-0.935) and intermediate for GLS (ICC 0.591-0.914), while ICC values for GRS ranged widely (ICC 0.271-0.851). In particular, two software packages showed a strong trend toward systematic underestimation of myocardial strain in radial and longitudinal direction, correlating poorly to moderately with manual contouring, i.e., GRS (ICC 0.271, CV 25.2%) and GLS (ICC 0.591, CV 17.6%). CONCLUSION: Some CMR-FT values agree poorly with manually derived strains, emphasizing to be cautious to use these software packages in the clinical setting. In particular, radial and longitudinal strain tends to be underestimated when using manually derived strains as reference.