RESUMEN

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a unique DNA damage repair pathway. To date, 22 genes have been identified that are associated with the FA pathway. A defect in any of those genes causes genomic instability, and the patients bearing the mutation become susceptible to cancer. In our earlier work, we identified that Fanconi anemia protein G (FANCG) protects the mitochondria from oxidative stress. In this report, we have identified eight patients having a mutation (C.65G>C), which converts arginine at position 22 to proline (p.Arg22Pro) in the N terminus of FANCG. The mutant protein, hFANCGR22P, is able to repair the DNA and able to retain the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 in the FANCGR22P/FGR22P cell. However, it lost mitochondrial localization and failed to protect mitochondria from oxidative stress. Mitochondrial instability in the FANCGR22P cell causes the transcriptional downregulation of mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis protein frataxin (FXN) and the resulting iron deficiency of FA protein FANCJ, an iron-sulfur-containing helicase involved in DNA repair.

Asunto(s)

Proteína del Grupo de Complementación G de la Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Proteínas del Grupo de Complementación de la Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Inestabilidad Genómica/genética , Proteínas de Unión a Hierro/biosíntesis , Mitocondrias/patología , ARN Helicasas/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Daño del ADN/genética , Reparación del ADN/genética , Regulación hacia Abajo/genética , Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Anemia de Fanconi/patología , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Proteínas de Unión a Hierro/genética , Proteínas Hierro-Azufre/genética , Mitocondrias/genética , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/genética , Frataxina

RESUMEN

Poor pancreatic cancer (PC) prognosis has been attributed to its resistance to apoptosis and propensity for early systemic dissemination. Existing therapeutic strategies are often circumvented by the molecular crosstalk between cell-signalling pathways. p53 is mutated in more than 50% of PC and NFκB is constitutively activated in therapy-resistant residual disease; these mutations and activations account for the avoidance of cell death and metastasis. Recently, we demonstrated the anti-PC potential of fucoidan extract from marine brown alga, Turbinaria conoides (J. Agardh) Kützing (Sargassaceae). In this study, we aimed to characterize the active fractions of fucoidan extract to identify their select anti-PC efficacy, and to define the mechanism(s) involved. Five fractions of fucoidan isolated by ion exchange chromatography were tested for their potential in genetically diverse human PC cell lines. All fractions exerted significant dose-dependent and time-dependent regulation of cell survival. Fucoidans induced apoptosis, activated caspase -3, -8 and -9, and cleaved Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). Pathway-specific transcriptional analysis recognized inhibition of 57 and 38 nuclear factor κB (NFκB) pathway molecules with fucoidan-F5 in MiaPaCa-2 and Panc-1 cells, respectively. In addition, fucoidan-F5 inhibited both the constitutive and Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-mediated NFκB DNA-binding activity in PC cells. Upregulation of cytoplasmic IκB levels and significant reduction of NFκB-dependent luciferase activity further substantiate the inhibitory potential of seaweed fucoidans on NFκB. Moreover, fucoidan(s) treatment increased cellular p53 in PC cells and reverted NFκB forced-expression-related p53 reduction. The results suggest that fucoidan regulates PC progression and that fucoidans may target p53-NFκB crosstalk and dictate apoptosis in PC cells.

Asunto(s)

FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Phaeophyceae/química , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos

RESUMEN

Tetranortriterpenoids (limonoids) obtained from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) have gained significant attention due to their anti-proliferative properties. Here we are investigating the role of a highly oxidized tetranortriterpenoid, azadirachtin on induction of the cell death. Using various apoptotic assays, we show that azadirachtin induces cell death independent of cell types. Although azadirachtin-treated cells show increased expression of p53, but no phosphorylation of p53 (at Ser15 and Ser46) is detected. In silico analysis reveals that azadirachtin interacts with Mdm2 in the p53 binding site, postulating the mutually exclusive interaction of p53 and azadirachtin with Mdm2. Surprisingly, azadirachtin potentiates cell death efficiently in both p53 wild-type and p53 negative cells. In addition, we find azadirachtin suppresses nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF-κB) by inhibiting the phosphorylation of upstream inhibitory subunit of NF-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK). Further, azadirachtin is unable to potentiate apoptosis in NF-κB-downregulated (IκB-DN) cells, whereas ectopic expression of p65 rescues azadirachtin-mediated apoptosis, regardless of their p53 status. Hence, our data suggest that azadirachtin mediates cell death through inhibition of NF-κB, but not due to the activation of p53. In conclusion, this study proposes azadirachtin as a potential therapeutic agent where insensitivity toward chemotherapy occurs due to the inactivation or mutations in p53.

Asunto(s)

Azadirachta/química , Quinasa I-kappa B/antagonistas & inhibidores , Limoninas/farmacología , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo , Células A549 , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Quinasa I-kappa B/genética , Quinasa I-kappa B/metabolismo , Limoninas/química , Células MCF-7 , Mutación , Oxidación-Reducción , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-mdm2/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-mdm2/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción ReIA/genética , Factor de Transcripción ReIA/metabolismo , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genética

RESUMEN

Accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGE) in diabetic patients and ageing people due to excess availability of simple 3- or 4-carbon sugars, is well-known. AGE has multiple deleterious effects including age-related disorders, apoptosis, inflammation, and obesity. We have found that AGE increases autophagy but the sustained amount of autophagosomes is observed till 3 days without maturation. It is important to understand the underlying mechanism of AGE-mediated signaling responsible for impairment of autophagy and its correlation to the induction of several adverse effects. We have identified cross talk between autophagy and apoptosis upon AGE stimulation, specifically in p53 negative cells. AGE impairs autophagosomes' clearance in p53 negative cells as observed with an autophagosome maturation blocker-bafilomycinA1 treated cells. This autophagy impairment is well supported by upregulation and overexpression of NF-κB in these p53 negative cells. Autophagy impairment acts as a switch to initiate apoptosis via regulation of NF-κB and its dependent genes. Increase in the expression of NF-κB-dependent NEDD4, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, which targets Beclin1 for cleavage is also evident. Beclin1 interacts with Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein thereby engaging it to facilitate apoptosis upon AGE stimulation. For the first time, we are providing data that NF-κB targeted cell signaling is involved in AGE-mediated autophagy impairment in p53 negative/null cells. The p53 acts antagonistically to prevent this impairment. This study will help to control the AGE-mediated detrimental effects associated with ageing and lysosomal storage disorders.

Asunto(s)

Autofagia/efectos de los fármacos , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/farmacología , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/deficiencia , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Beclina-1/metabolismo , Complejos de Clasificación Endosomal Requeridos para el Transporte/metabolismo , Células HCT116 , Células HeLa , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas Nedd4 , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/patología , Paclitaxel/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Interferencia de ARN , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Tiempo , Transfección , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genética , Células U937 , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Arriba

RESUMEN

Five new organotin(IV) complexes of compositions [Me2SnL1] (1), [Me2SnL2]n (2), [Me2SnL3] (3), [Ph3SnL1H]n (4) and [Ph3SnL3H] (5) (where L1=(2S)-2-((E)-((Z)-4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-ylidene)amino)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoate, L2=(2S)-(E)-2-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoate and L3=(2S)-(E)-2-((1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene)amino)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoate were synthesized and spectroscopically characterized. The crystal structures of 1-4 were determined. For the dimethyltin derivative 2, a polymeric chain structure was observed as a result of a long Sn∙∙∙O contact involving the exocyclic carbonyl oxygen-atom from the tridentate ligand of a neighboring Sn-complex unit. The tin atom in this complex has a distorted octahedral coordination geometry, in which the long Sn-O bond is almost trans to the tridentate ligand nitrogen-atom. In contrast, the dimethyltin(IV) complexes 1 and 3 displayed discrete monomeric structures where the tin atom has distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry with the two coordinating L oxygen atoms defining the axial positions. On the other hand, 4 is a chain polymer in the solid state. The ligand-bridged Sn atoms adopt a trans-Ph3SnO2 trigonal-bipyramidal configuration with equatorial phenyl groups. A carboxylato oxygen atom from one and the hydroxyl oxygen of the successive ligand in the chain occupy the axial positions. The solution structures were predicted by the use of 119Sn NMR chemical shifts. The photophysical properties of the complexes were investigated in the solid and in solution. The triphenyltin(IV) compound 4 was tested in detail ex vivo against A375 (human melanoma) cell line, exhibiting an IC50 value of 261nM to induce cell death as assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay without significant alteration of cytolysis as determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Compound 4-mediated potent cell death was also determined by Live and Dead assay and caspase-mediated cleavage of poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). Potent cell death activity was not observed in primary cells, like blood-derived peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC). Compound 4 inhibited the diphenyl hexatriene (DPH) binding to cells and decreased the micro viscosity in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the ability of 4 and cyclodextrin (CD) to interact was determined by molecular modelling.

Asunto(s)

Aminoácidos Aromáticos/química , Compuestos Orgánicos de Estaño/química , Compuestos Orgánicos de Estaño/farmacología , Procesos Fotoquímicos , Bases de Schiff/química , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Modelos Moleculares , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Compuestos Orgánicos de Estaño/síntesis química , Bases de Schiff/síntesis química , Bases de Schiff/farmacología , Estereoisomerismo

RESUMEN

Synthesis and spectroscopic properties of seven new dibutyltin(IV) compounds of 2-{(E)-4-hydroxy-3-[(E)-4-(aryl)iminomethyl]phenyldiazenyl}benzoic acids (LnHH'; n=2-8) with general formula {[Bu2Sn(LnH)]2O}2 (1-7) are reported. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and by UV-Visible, fluorescence, IR, 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR spectroscopies. Solid state structures of dibutyltin(IV) compounds 1-3, 6 and 7 were accomplished from single crystal X-ray crystallography which reveal the common ladder-type structure with two endo- and two exo-Sn atoms. The redox properties of LnHH' (n=2-4, 7 and 8) and their diorganotin(IV) compounds 1-3, 6 and 7 were also investigated by cyclic voltammetry. In general, the dibutyltin(IV) derivatives exhibited significant in vitro cytotoxic potency towards A375 (melanoma) and HCT116 (colon carcinoma) cell lines as determined by several experiments, like Live and Dead assay, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cell viability assay, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), cleavage of caspases and PARP (poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase), and DNA fragmentation. Dibutyltin(IV) compounds increase cell death without cytolysis and decreases membrane fluidity, without interfering with p53. Among the dibutyltin(IV) compounds, compound 6 was found to be the most potent, with an IC50 value of 78nM. A mechanism of action for tumor cell death is proposed.

Asunto(s)

Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias del Colon/tratamiento farmacológico , Citotoxinas , Melanoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Compuestos Orgánicos de Estaño , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/patología , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias del Colon/metabolismo , Neoplasias del Colon/patología , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Citotoxinas/síntesis química , Citotoxinas/química , Citotoxinas/farmacología , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Humanos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Melanoma/metabolismo , Melanoma/patología , Fluidez de la Membrana/efectos de los fármacos , Estructura Molecular , Compuestos Orgánicos de Estaño/síntesis química , Compuestos Orgánicos de Estaño/química , Compuestos Orgánicos de Estaño/farmacología , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Mutation in B-Raf leads to gain of function in melanoma and causes aggressive behavior for proliferation. Most of the therapeutics are ineffective in this scenario. However, regulation of this aggressive behavior by targeting the key molecules would be viable strategy to develop novel and effective therapeutics. In this report we provide evidences that the resveratrol is potent to regulate melanoma cell growth than other inducers of apoptosis. Resveratrol inhibits pronounced cell proliferation in melanoma than other tumor cell types. Cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry shows that the treatment with resveratrol results in S phase arrest. Resveratrol inhibits microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and its dependent genes without interfering the MITF DNA binding in vitro. Resveratrol-mediated cell death is protected in MITF overexpressed cells and it is aggravated in MITF knocked down cells. These suggest the resveratrol-mediated decrease in MITF is the possible cause of melanoma cell death. Though resveratrol-mediated downregulation of NF-κB is responsible for cell apoptosis, but the downregulation of MITF is the main reason for melanoma-specific cell death. Thus, resveratrol can be effective chemotherapeutic agent against rapid proliferative melanoma cells.

Asunto(s)

Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Melanoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Factor de Transcripción Asociado a Microftalmía/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor de Transcripción Asociado a Microftalmía/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Puntos de Control del Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Células HT29 , Humanos , Melanoma/metabolismo , Resveratrol , Fase S/efectos de los fármacos , Estilbenos/farmacología

RESUMEN

The molecular mechanism by which Profilin acts as a tumor suppressor is still unclear. Several chemotherapeutic agents, used till date either have unfavorable side effects or acquired resistance in tumor cells. Our findings show that Profilin enhances cell death mediated by several chemotherapeutic-agents. The activation of NF-κB and its dependent genes, mediated by paclitaxel and vinblastine, was completely inhibited in Profilin overexpressing cells. This inhibition was due to the Profilin mediated attenuation of IκBα degradation, thereby preventing p65 nuclear translocation and low NF-κB DNA binding activity.Moreover, Profilin increases level of p53 in the presence of known inducers, such as doxorubicin, vinblastine, and benzofuran. This increased p53 level leads to enhanced cell death as indicated by activation of caspases 3, 8, 9, which results in cleavage of PARP.Furthermore, knocking down of p53 in Profilin overexpressing cells leads to decreased cell death. Ectopic expression of Profilin in HCT116 p53 knock out cells showed lesser cell death as compared to the HCT116 p53 wild type cells. For the first time, we provide evidences, which suggest that Profilin synergizes with chemotherapeutic drugs to induce tumor cell death by regulating NF-κB and p53. Thus, modulation of Profilin may be a useful strategy for effective combination therapy.

Asunto(s)

Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Apoptosis/fisiología , Inhibidor NF-kappaB alfa/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patología , Profilinas/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción ReIA/metabolismo , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/biosíntesis , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Benzofuranos/farmacología , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Caspasa 8/metabolismo , Caspasa 9/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Doxorrubicina/farmacología , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Células HCT116 , Humanos , Paclitaxel/farmacología , Poli(ADP-Ribosa) Polimerasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-mdm2/biosíntesis , Interferencia de ARN , ARN Interferente Pequeño/genética , Activación Transcripcional/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genética , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacos , Vinblastina/farmacología

RESUMEN

The molecular mechanism of Profilin for its tumour suppressor activity is still unknown. Nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) is known to activate many target genes involved in cell proliferation. In the present study, we provide evidence that supports the involvement of Profilin in regulation of NF-κB, which might repress the tumorigenic response. Profilin overexpressing cells show low basal activity of IκBα kinase (IKK), high amounts of cytoplasmic inhibitory subunit of NF-κB (IκBα) and p65, and low nuclear NF-κB DNA binding activity. Co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) studies suggest that Profilin interacts with a protein phosphatase, phosphatase and tension homologue (PTEN), and protects it from degradation. In turn, PTEN interacts physically and maintains a low phosphorylated state of the IKK complex and thereby suppresses NF-κB signalling. Thus, Profilin overexpressing cells show a decrease in NF-κB activation mediated by most of the inducers and potentiate cell death by repressing NF-κB-dependent genes involved in cell cycle progression. For the first time, we provide evidence, which suggests that Profilin increases tumour suppressor activity by regulating NF-κB.

Asunto(s)

Quinasa I-kappa B/metabolismo , Fosfohidrolasa PTEN/metabolismo , Profilinas/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Factor de Transcripción ReIA/metabolismo , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Quinasa I-kappa B/genética , Fosfohidrolasa PTEN/genética , Profilinas/genética , Unión Proteica , Proteolisis , Factor de Transcripción ReIA/genética , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/genética

RESUMEN

Advanced glycation end products (AGE) accumulate in diabetic patients and aging people because of high amounts of three- or four-carbon sugars derived from glucose, thereby causing multiple consequences, including inflammation, apoptosis, obesity, and age-related disorders. It is important to understand the mechanism of AGE-mediated signaling leading to the activation of autophagy (self-eating) that might result in obesity. We detected AGE as one of the potent inducers of autophagy compared with doxorubicin and TNF. AGE-mediated autophagy is inhibited by suppression of PI3K and potentiated by the autophagosome maturation blocker bafilomycin. It increases autophagy in different cell types, and that correlates with the expression of its receptor, receptor for AGE. LC3B, the marker for autophagosomes, is shown to increase upon AGE stimulation. AGE-mediated autophagy is partially suppressed by inhibitor of NF-κB, PKC, or ERK alone and significantly in combination. AGE increases sterol regulatory element binding protein activity, which leads to an increase in lipogenesis. Although AGE-mediated lipogenesis is affected by autophagy inhibitors, AGE-mediated autophagy is not influenced by lipogenesis inhibitors, suggesting that the turnover of lipid droplets overcomes the autophagic clearance. For the first time, we provide data showing that AGE induces several cell signaling cascades, like NF-κB, PKC, ERK, and MAPK, that are involved in autophagy and simultaneously help with the accumulation of lipid droplets that are not cleared effectively by autophagy, therefore causing obesity.

Asunto(s)

Autofagia , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/agonistas , Receptor para Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/agonistas , Transducción de Señal , Regulación hacia Arriba , Quinasas raf/metabolismo , Autofagia/efectos de los fármacos , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/efectos adversos , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/genética , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/metabolismo , Humanos , Gotas Lipídicas/efectos de los fármacos , Gotas Lipídicas/metabolismo , Lipogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Asociadas a Microtúbulos/genética , Proteínas Asociadas a Microtúbulos/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/antagonistas & inhibidores , FN-kappa B/química , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Receptor para Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/metabolismo , Albúmina Sérica/efectos adversos , Albúmina Sérica/metabolismo , Albúmina Sérica Humana , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacos , Quinasas raf/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quinasas raf/química

RESUMEN

Mangiferin, a C-glycosyl xanthone, has shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumorigenic activities. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanism for the antioxidant property of mangiferin. Considering the role of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) in inflammation and tumorigenesis, we hypothesized that modulating its activity will be a viable therapeutic target in regulating the redox-sensitive ailments. Our results show that mangiferin blocks several inducers, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), lypopolysaccharide (LPS), phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) mediated NF-κB activation via inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation. In silico docking studies predicted strong binding energy of mangiferin to the active site of catalase (-9.13 kcal/mol), but not with other oxidases such as myeloperoxidase, glutathione peroxidase, or inducible nitric oxide synthase. Mangiferin increased activity of catalase by 44%, but had no effect on myeloperoxidase activity in vitro. Fluorescence spectroscopy further revealed the binding of mangiferin to catalase at the single site with binding constant and binding affinity of 3.1×10(-7) M(-1) and 1.046 respectively. Mangiferin also inhibits TNF-induced lipid peroxidation and thereby protects apoptosis. Hence, mangiferin with its ability to inhibit NF-κB and increase the catalase activity may prove to be a potent therapeutic.

Asunto(s)

Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamiento farmacológico , Catalasa/metabolismo , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/tratamiento farmacológico , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Xantonas/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Sitios de Unión , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/enzimología , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Catalasa/química , Dominio Catalítico , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Quinasa I-kappa B/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/enzimología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/enzimología , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/patología , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Unión Proteica , Conformación Proteica , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/farmacología , Células U937 , Regulación hacia Arriba , Xantonas/química , Xantonas/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Advanced glycation end products (AGE) accumulate in diabetic patients and aged persons due to high amounts of 3- or 4-carbon derivatives of glucose. Understanding the mechanism of AGE-mediated signaling leading to these consequences, like oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, etc. and its regulation would be a viable strategy to control diabetic complication and age-related diseases. We have detected the probable mechanism by which AGE increases lipogenesis, the cause of fatty liver in diabetic patients. AGE increased lipid accumulation in different cells as shown by Oil Red O staining. AGE-mediated regulation of several transcription factors was determined by gel shift assay. Antioxidants like NAC, PDTC, and vitamin C, except mangiferin, were unable to protect AGE-induced activation of SREBP and subsequent lipid accumulation. AGE increased the phosphorylation of ERK, and IKK and also DNA binding ability of SREBP, thereby its dependent gene transcription. AGE induces NF-κB which might suppress PPARγ activity, in turn reducing lipid breakdown and mobilization. Mangiferin not only inhibits AGE-mediated ROI generation that requires NF-κB activation, but also inhibits ERK and IKK activity, thereby suppression of SREBP activity and lipogenesis. Mangiferin has shown a double-edged sword effect to suppress AGE-mediated ailments by reducing ROI-mediated responses as antioxidant and inhibiting SREBP activation thereby lipogenesis, suggesting its potential efficacy against diabetes and obesity-related diseases.

Asunto(s)

Diabetes Mellitus/metabolismo , Hígado Graso/metabolismo , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/metabolismo , Lipogénesis/genética , Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus/genética , Diabetes Mellitus/patología , Hígado Graso/patología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/efectos de los fármacos , FN-kappa B/genética , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , PPAR gamma/biosíntesis , Transducción de Señal , Xantonas/administración & dosificación

RESUMEN

The synthesis and spectroscopic properties of nine water soluble zinc(II) complexes of (E)-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)arylamines (L(n)) with the general formula [Zn(X)2(L(n))] (X = Cl(-), Br(-), I(-); (1-8)) and [Zn(µ-N3)(N3)(L(3))]2 (9) are reported. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis and their spectroscopic properties were studied using UV-Visible, fluorescence, IR and (1)H NMR spectroscopies. The solid state structures of zinc(II) complexes 2-4 and 6-9 were established by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The majority of the structures are mononuclear with tetra-coordinate zinc centres (2-4, 6 and 7) except where L carries an additional donor atom capable of coordinating zinc (8), in which case the zinc atom has a distorted square pyramidal geometry. The centrosymmetric molecule of [Zn(µ-N3)(N3)(L(3))]2 (9) is binuclear with the zinc atoms in a trigonal bipyramidal coordination environment. In general, the dichlorozinc derivatives 1, 3-5 and 8 exhibited moderately elevated in vitro cytotoxic potency towards the human epithelial cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell line, with 4 as the best performer (IC50 value of 18 µM). Apoptosis-inducing activity, assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, showed that the zinc complexes interacted with DNA and thereby interfered the DNA binding of several transcription factors to its promoter sites, thus inhibiting gene transcription required for the biological activity of cells.

Asunto(s)

Aminas/química , Complejos de Coordinación/síntesis química , ADN/metabolismo , Zinc/química , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Complejos de Coordinación/metabolismo , Complejos de Coordinación/farmacología , Cristalografía por Rayos X , ADN/química , Células HeLa , Humanos , Conformación Molecular , Piridinas/química , Estereoisomerismo , Agua/química

RESUMEN

Accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), due to excessive amounts of 3- or 4-carbon sugars derived from glucose; cause multiple consequences in diabetic patients and older persons. The transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), is down regulated in the diabetic condition. Drugs targeting PPARγ were developed for diabetes therapy. We found that AGE inhibited PPARγ activity in different cell types induced by PPARγ activators, like troglitazone, rosiglitazone, oleamide, and anandamide. AGE induced translocation of PPARγ from nucleus to cytoplasm, increased on activation of ERK in cells. Antioxidants that inhibit AGE-induced NF-κB activation by preventing ROI generation were unable to protect AGE-mediated decrease in PPARγ activity. Only mangiferin, a ß-D-glucoside, prevented AGE-mediated decrease in PPARγ activity and inhibited phosphorylation of ERK and cytoplasmic translocation of PPARγ. Mangiferin interacts with PPARγ and enhanced its DNA binding activity as predicted by in silico and shown by in vitro DNA-binding activity. Overall, the data suggest that (i) mangiferin inhibited AGE-induced ERK activation thereby inhibited PPARγ phosphorylation and cytoplasmic translocation; (ii) mangiferin interacts with PPARγ and enhances its DNA-binding ability. With these dual effects, mangiferin can be a likely candidate for developing therapeutic drug against diabetes.

Asunto(s)

ADN/metabolismo , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/metabolismo , Glucósidos/farmacología , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/fisiología , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Secuencia de Bases , Cartilla de ADN , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/enzimología , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/metabolismo , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Inmunohistoquímica , Fosforilación , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa

RESUMEN

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulate in diabetic patients due to high blood glucose levels and cause multiple deleterious effects. In this study, we provide evidence that the AGE increased cell death, one such deleterious effect. Methyl glyoxal-coupled human serum albumin (AGE-HSA) induced transcription factors such as NF-κB, NF-AT, and AP-1. AGE acts through its cell surface receptor, RAGE, and degranulates vesicular contents including interleukin-8 (IL-8). The number of RAGEs, as well as the amount of NF-κB activation, is low, but the cell death is higher in neuronal cells upon AGE treatment. Degranulated IL-8 acts through its receptors, IL-8Rs, and induces sequential events in cells: increase in intracellular Ca(2+), activation of calcineurin, dephosphorylation of cytoplasmic NF-AT, nuclear translocation of NF-AT, and expression of FasL. Expressed FasL increases activity of caspases and induces cell death. Although AGE increases the amount of reactive oxygen intermediate, accompanying cell death is not dependent upon reactive oxygen intermediate. AGE induces autophagy, which partially protects cells from cell death. A novel mechanism of AGE-mediated cell death in different cell types, especially in neuronal cells where it is an early event, is provided here. Thus, this study may be important in several age-related neuronal diseases where AGE-induced apoptosis is observed because of high amounts of AGE.

Asunto(s)

Apoptosis , Calcio/metabolismo , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Transporte Activo de Núcleo Celular , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Autofagia , Calcineurina/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Proteína Ligando Fas/metabolismo , Humanos , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Células U937

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Several children with autism show regression in language and social development while maintaining normal motor milestones. A clear period of normal development followed by regression and subsequent improvement with treatment, suggests a multifactorial etiology. The role of inflammation in autism is now a major area of study. Viral and bacterial infections, hypoxia, or medication could affect both foetus and infant. These stressors could upregulate transcription factors like nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a master switch for many genes including some implicated in autism like tumor necrosis factor (TNF). On this hypothesis, it was proposed to determine NF-κB in children with autism. METHODS: Peripheral blood samples of 67 children with autism and 29 control children were evaluated for NF-κB using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). A phosphor imaging technique was used to quantify values. The fold increase over the control sample was calculated and statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 15. RESULTS: We have noted significant increase in NF-κB DNA binding activity in peripheral blood samples of children with autism. When the fold increase of NF-κB in cases (n = 67) was compared with that of controls (n = 29), there was a significant difference (3.14 vs. 1.40, respectively; p<0.02). CONCLUSION: This finding has immense value in understanding many of the known biochemical changes reported in autism. As NF-κB is a response to stressors of several kinds and a master switch for many genes, autism may then arise at least in part from an NF-κB pathway gone awry.

Asunto(s)

Trastorno Autístico/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Adulto , Células Cultivadas , Preescolar , Ensayo de Cambio de Movilidad Electroforética , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino

RESUMEN

Doxorubicin is one of the most effective molecules used in the treatment of various tumors. Contradictory reports often open windows to understand the role of p53 tumor suppressor in doxorubicin-mediated cell death. In this report, we provide evidences that doxorubicin induced more cell death in p53-negative tumor cells. Several cells, having p53 basal expression, showed increase in p53 DNA binding upon doxorubicin treatment. Doxorubicin induced cell death in p53-positive cells through expression of p53-dependent genes and activation of caspases and caspase-mediated cleavage of cellular proteins. Surprisingly, in p53-negative cells, doxorubicin-mediated cell death was more aggressive (faster and intense). Doxorubicin increased the amount of Fas ligand (FasL) by enhancing activator protein (AP) 1 DNA binding in both p53-positive and p53-negative cells, but the basal expression of Fas was higher in p53-negative cells. Anti-FasL antibody considerably protected doxorubicin-mediated cell death in both types of cells. Activation of caspases was faster in p53-negative cells upon doxorubicin treatment. In contrast, the basal expression of Ras oncoprotein was higher in p53-positive cells, which might increase the basal expression of Fas in these cells. Overexpression of Ras decreased the amount of Fas in p53-negative cells, thereby decreasing doxorubicin-mediated aggressive cell death. Overall, this study will help to understand the much studied chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin-mediated cell signaling cascade, that leads to cell death in p53-positive and -negative cells. High basal expression of Fas might be an important determinant in doxorubicin-mediated cell death in p53-negative cells.

Asunto(s)

Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Apoptosis/fisiología , Doxorrubicina/farmacología , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo , Proteínas ras/metabolismo , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Neoplasias de la Mama , Caspasas/metabolismo , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/fisiología , Proteína Ligando Fas/genética , Proteína Ligando Fas/metabolismo , Femenino , Células HCT116 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Proteínas Quinasas JNK Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/genética , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción AP-1/metabolismo , Células U937