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The title naphthalene derivative, C24H20O2, features 4-methy-oxy-substituted benzene rings in the 1 and 4 positions of the naphthalene ring system. There are two crystallographically independent mol-ecules (A and B) in asymmetric unit. The independent mol-ecules have very similar conformations in which the naphthalene ring systems are only slightly bent, exhibiting dihedral angles between the constituent benzene rings of 3.76 (15) and 3.39 (15)° for A and B, respectively. The pendent 4-methyoxybenzene rings are splayed out of the plane through the naphthalene ring system to which they are connected [range of dihedral angles = 59.63 (13) to 67.09 (13)°]. In the crystal, the mol-ecular packing is consolidated by inter-molecular C-H⋯π inter-actions, leading to supra-molecular chains along the b axis. The chains assemble without directional inter-actions between them.

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AIM: The study was conducted to isolate and identify Dermatophilus congolensis (DC) using conventional and molecular diagnostic techniques in scab materials collected from skin infections of sheep and goats in the Delta region of Tamil Nadu. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 20 scab samples collected from 18 goats and 2 sheep from Nagapattinam, Thanjavur, and Tiruvarur districts of Tamil Nadu. Smears were made from softened scab materials and stained by either Gram's or Giemsa staining. Isolation was attempted on blood agar plates, and colonies were stained by Gram's staining for morphological identification. Identification was also done by biochemical tests and confirmed by 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the amplified product. RESULTS: The peculiar laddering arrangement of coccoid forms in stained smears prepared from scab materials revealed the presence of DC. Isolated colonies from scab materials of sheep and goats on bovine blood agar plate were small, hemolytic, rough, adherent, and bright orange-yellow in color, but some colonies were white to cream color. Gram-staining of cultured organisms revealed Gram-positive branching filaments with various disintegration stages of organisms. 16S rRNA PCR yielded 500 bp amplicon specific for DC. Sequence analysis of a sheep DC isolate showed 99-100% sequence homology with other DC isolates available in NCBI database, and phylogenetic tree showed a close cluster with DC isolates of Congo, Nigeria, and Angola of Africa. Genes for virulence factors such as serine protease and alkaline ceramidase could not be detected by PCR in any of the DC strains isolated of this study. CONCLUSION: The presence of dermatophilosis in Tamil Nadu was established from this study.

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Two inactivated vaccines were prepared against hydropericardium syndrome. The vaccine prepared from liver homogenate extracted with chloroform, inactivated with formalin and adjuvanted with liquid paraffin was highly effective against challenge in chickens aged three, five and seven weeks. Seroconversion following vaccination and challenge was assessed by the agar gel immunodiffusion test. The inactivated oil emulsion vaccine was highly effective against the syndrome in both experimental trials and field trials.

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Antibodies were detected against bovine herpesviruses 1 (BHV 1) and 2 (BHV 2) in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) using the passive hemagglutination (PHA) test. The study was conducted during May to December 1994 using sera collected from zoological gardens and national parks in India. Four (4%) of 109 elephant sera had PHA titers ranging from 1:8 to 1:32 against BHV 1. Twenty-five (23%) of the 109 elephant sera had PHA titers ranging from 1:8 to 1:64 against BHV 2. Asian elephants appear to be better reservoirs for herpesviruses which are serologically related to BHV 2.

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Post-exposure vaccination of bovines against rabies with three anti-rabies vaccines viz. BHK21 cell culture inactivated vaccine. "Raksharab", Vero cell culture vaccine and Semple's vaccine was studied with different schedules of vaccination. The mean RFFIT and ELISA titres of animals vaccinated with Raksharab and Vero cell culture vaccine reached a peak 95 days post-exposure (dpe). The animals vaccinated with Semple's vaccine showed maximum RFFIT and ELISA titres on 40 dpe and the titres were lower than those induced by tissue culture rabies vaccines. All the calves vaccinated with Raksharab and Vero cell culture vaccine were protected. One out of six calves vaccinated with Semple's vaccine died of rabies on 16 dpe. All the control animals died of rabies between 14 and 22 dpe. Raksharab schedule of vaccination on days 0, 4, 7, 14, 28 and 90 dpe was effective when compared with other vaccines with similar and different schedules. Tissue culture rabies vaccine is superior to nervous tissue vaccine in eliciting satisfactory immune response required to protect animals exposed to virulent rabies virus.

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A new system, the Toxorhynchites-fluorescent antibody (TFA) test in which the larvae of Toxorhynchites splendens mosquitoes were used for the detection of bluetongue virus (BTV) from Culicoides midges, was developed. Twenty-seven pools of Culicoides midges were collected from bluetongue-prone areas of Tamil Nadu by use of the light-trap and suction-trap methods. A suspension of each pool was injected intrathoracically into T. splendens IV instar larvae and inoculated onto Vero cell monolayers. An indirect fluorescent antibody technique and an immunoperoxidase test were used to detect BTV antigen in smears of crushed midges, crushed larval head smears after incubation for 7 d at 28 degrees and cell monolayers showing cytopathic effects 48 h post inoculation. The suspensions were also injected intravenously into embryonated chicken eggs, and the characteristic BTV-induced lesion(s), viz. cherry-red appearance of embryos, were observed after 48 h. Virus was confirmed by a qualitative neutralization test conducted simultaneously in embryonated chicken eggs. A total of seven out of 27 samples (26%) were positive for the presence of BTV antigen in all the diagnostic systems used. Since BTV propagates readily in experimentally infected T. splendens larvae and the BTV antigen can be detected by the fluorescent antibody technique with a sensitivity comparable to that for virus propagated in tissue culture and embryonated eggs, the TFA system can be adopted as a new method for the isolation of BTV from vectors. The advantages of the TFA system are discussed.

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Four groups of calves (A, B, C and D) each consisting of five calves were used for the present study. Group A calves were given Corynebacterium parvum alone. Group B calves were inoculated with inactivated ground-up-tick supernate (GUTS) prepared from Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum infected with Theileria annulata plus C. parvum. Group C received only inactivated GUTS. All the surviving calves of groups A to C were exposed on day 45 post-inoculation to a lethal tick challenge along with susceptible control calves of group D. All the calves of groups A and B withstood the challenge whereas all the calves of groups C and D died of theileriosis. Complement fixing antibodies were detected in calves of groups B and C. A significant decrease in neutrophils and a significant increase in monocytes was observed in calves of groups A and B. No significant changes were seen in other cell types. The results of this study demonstrated that C. parvum alone may be used as an immunostimulant for producing non-specific resistance against T. annulata.

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Killed Corynebacterium parvum was used as an adjuvant for the production of non-specific resistance against Theileria annulata in cattle. Groups of cross-bred (Bos indicus X Bos taurus) calves were administered C. parvum adjuvant subcutaneously and were then challenged with T. annulata-infected ticks on 45, 60 or 90 days later. The challenge caused mild reactions in the protected calves. None of the 10 immunized calves died due to theileriosis, whereas all three paris of susceptible control calves died due to theileriosis. It appears from this pilot study that cattle can be protected non-specifically with C parvum adjuvant against T. annulata.

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