RESUMEN
Modern drug delivery research focuses on developing biodegradable nanopolymer systems. The present study proposed a polymer-based composite nanogel as a transdermal drug delivery system for the pH-responsive targeted and controlled delivery of anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). Nanogels have properties of both hydrogels and nanomaterials. The ß-cyclodextrin-based nanogels can enhance the loading capacity of poorly soluble drugs and promote a sustained drug release. The ß-cyclodextrin-grafted methacrylic acid conjugated hyaluronic acid composite nanogel was successfully synthesized. ß-Cyclodextrin was first grafted onto methacrylic acid. The composite nanogel-based drug carrier was prepared by controlled radical polymerization (CRP) of ß-cyclodextrin-grafted methacrylic acid with hyaluronic acid. The doxorubicin-loaded carrier was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, zeta potential analysis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The drug loading and release efficiencies were carried out at different pH levels. The maximum drug loading and encapsulation efficiencies of the synthesized final nanogel composite material at pH 8.0 were 86.44 ± 2.12 and 96.07 ± 2.01%, respectively. The DOX-loaded final material showed a 90.0 ± 2.6% release percentage of DOX at pH 5.5, whereas at pH 7.4, the release percentage of DOX was observed to be only 35.0 ± 0.3%. In vitro swelling, degradation, hemocompatibility, drug release kinetics, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cell colocalization, skin irritation, and skin permeation studies, along with in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, were performed to prove the efficacy of the synthesized nanogel composite as a transdermal carrier for doxorubicin.
RESUMEN
A highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor was developed using a surface modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) through molecularly imprinted polymerization on the surface of vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) coated magnetic nanoparticle (Fe3O4) decorated silver nanoparticles incorporated graphene oxide, GO (VTMS-Fe3O4/AgGO) for L- Tyrosine (Tyr) detection. A molecular imprinting technique based on free radical polymerization was applied to synthesize molecularly imprinted Methacrylic acid (MAA) and Acrylamide (AA) grafted VTMS-Fe3O4/AgGO polymer (MAA/AA-g- VTMS-Fe3O4/AgGO) designated as MIP and non-imprinted polymer (NIP). The structure and morphology of the prepared polymers were FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM and VSM. MIP and NIP were chosen for modifying the GCE surface by drop casting process to construct the sensors and their electrochemical properties were characterized via EIS and CV. Compared with NIP/GCE sensor, MIP /GCE sensor exhibits excellent sensing response towards Tyr with a wide linear range of 0.25 × 10-13 M to 0.10 × 10-3 M and the limit of detection and limit of quantification as 0.15 × 10-13 M and 0.50 × 10-13 M, respectively with R2 value of 0.9934 by DPV technique. Moreover, MIP/GCE sensor exhibits long-time storage, excellent selectivity and good stability in multiple cycle usage. The practical applicability of MIP/GCE sensor was tested in human blood serum sample. The recovery percentage was obtained between 98.8% and 106.0% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) between 1.01% and 1.59%. Results of the investigations revealed the clinical applicability of the MIP/GCE sensor.