RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Little information is available regarding the healthcare burden associated with deliberate caffeine ingestion. The present study sought to establish the impact of caffeine ingestion on hospital attendances and Poisons Centre enquiries in Scotland. METHODS: Retrospective analyses of clinical data from patients attending the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh after acute caffeine ingestion, and TOXBASE enquiries from Scotland regarding caffeine poisoning between 2000-2008 inclusive. Cochran-Armitage trend tests were used to evaluate changes in annual admissions and TOXBASE enquiries. RESULTS: There were 43 hospital attendances due to deliberate caffeine ingestion, representing 0.2% of all poisoning cases. The median (interquartile range) stated dose was 1040 mg (600-1500 mg). Minor gastrointestinal symptoms were common, and no patient developed features of severe toxicity. There were 1418 enquiries to TOXBASE concerning caffeine poisoning, representing 0.2% of all poisoning enquiries from Scotland. The proportions of hospital admissions and TOXBASE enquiries due to caffeine ingestion have remained constant. CONCLUSION: Caffeine ingestion is uncommon, and results in only a small number of hospital attendances and Poisons Centre enquiries. In contrast to patterns reported elsewhere, the prevalence of caffeine abuse has not increased in Scotland over recent years.
Asunto(s)
Cafeína/envenenamiento , Adulto , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Centros de Control de Intoxicaciones , Intoxicación/epidemiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Escocia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The study aimed at localizing TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-6 at light and electron microscope levels in patients with chronic hepatitis C, using the immunocytochemical techniques in biopsy material from patients with chronic hepatitis C and at comparing the expression of the cytokines with histopathological changes. Our studies demonstrated an augmented expression of all cytokines in liver biopsies in chronic hepatitis C, in comparison with respective values, obtained in control biopsy material. The highest expression of the cytokines was observed in hepatocytes. That was confirmed by electron microscopy, which demonstrated the cytokines mainly in altered ER cisterns and in the cytoplasm. In children, the expression of IL-1alpha was negatively correlated with staging, while in adult patients; the staging was positively correlated with the expression of TNF-alpha. The new element involves demonstration of cellular and subcellular expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha and IL-6 in hepatocytes in in vivo infection.
Asunto(s)
Hepatitis C Crónica/inmunología , Interleucina-1/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Adulto , Biopsia , Niño , Hepatitis C Crónica/patología , Hepatocitos/inmunología , Hepatocitos/patología , Humanos , Hígado/inmunología , Hígado/patologíaRESUMEN
The National Research Institute of Mother and Child (NRIMC) school anti-tobacco programmes are presented. They are discussed with reference to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines and other effective school programmes to prevent tobacco use among children and young people. The general objectives of the programmes at different educational levels and the elaborated strategic recommendations are presented. The own conceptualised evaluation model of school anti-tobacco programmes is analysed, including process and outcome evaluation. The presented model clarifies concepts and procedures of planning the design and evaluation of the programme in its different stages. In our opinion, the NRIMC evaluation model can be applied in other heath promotion programmes.