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Aims@#The objective of the present study is to evaluate the possibility of reversing the resistance of pathogens to antibiotics using phytochemicals from plant extracts as antibiotic-adjuvant.@*Methodology and results@#Twenty-one plants were collected from Podhigai Hills, Tamil Nadu, India and tested in this study. The susceptibility of burn wound isolates (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) to antibiotics and the adjuvant activity of the aqueous plant extracts were tested using well diffusion assay. The impact of the plant extracts on quorum sensing was assessed using Chromobacterium violaceum as the model organism. The antibiofilm activity of the adjuvant and antibiotics was determined by crystal violet assay. The isolates which were resistant to more than one class of antibiotics (aminoglycoside, cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone and penicillin) were designated as multidrug resistant bacteria. Combination of cefdinir-Citrullus colocynthis showed 17 mm inhibition zone which is greater than cefdinir (0 mm) against P. aeruginosa. The combination reduced quorum sensing with an inhibition zone of 30 mm. The same combination reduced 96% and 95% of the biofilm formed by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, respectively at 16 h. Besides, cefdinir with Leucas aspera reduced quorum sensing with an inhibition zone of 28 mm. The combination reduced 94% and 95% of biofilm formed by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, respectively at 16 h. The aqueous extract of C. colocynthis and L. aspera revealed the presence of flavonoids that possess adjuvant activity. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Cefdinir-C. colocynthis and cefdinir-L. aspera reversed the resistance of multi drug resistant bacteria to cefdinir. The flavonoids of C. colocynthis and L. aspera served as an adjuvant that potentiates the activity of cefdinir.
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Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , FitoquímicosRESUMEN
Foley catheters are inevitable in health care unit. Pathogens colonise and form biofilm on catheter causing catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Therefore, the authors aimed to functionalise catheter to resist biofilm formation. The authors impregnated urinary catheters with a synergistic combination of antibiotics and silver nanoparticles (SNPs) to evaluate antibiofilm efficacy in vitro and in vivo. SNPs were synthesised using Spirulina platensis. Synergy between the SNPs and antibiotics was determined by the checker-board method. In vivo efficacy of the functionalised catheters was assessed in mice. Liver and kidney function tests of mice were performed. The in vitro anti-adherence activity of the functionalised catheters was evaluated after 2 years. Nanoparticle sizes were 42-75â nm. Synergistic activity was observed among SNPs (2â µg/ml), amikacin (6.25â µg/ml), and nitrofurantoin (31.25â µg/ml). In mice, catheters functionalised with combinations of antibiotics and SNPs exhibited no colonisation until Day 14. Blood, liver, and kidney tests were normal. After 2 years, catheters functionalised with antibiotics exhibited 25% inhibition of bacterial adhesion, and catheters functionalised with the nanoparticle-antibiotic combination exhibited 90% inhibition. Impregnation of urinary catheters with a synergistic combination of antibiotics and SNPs is an efficient and promising method for preventing biofilm formation.
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Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Biopelículas , Nanopartículas del Metal/administración & dosificación , Plata/química , Cateterismo Urinario/instrumentación , Animales , Humanos , Pruebas de Función Renal , Pruebas de Función Hepática , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , RatonesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides has distorted soil composition, fertility and integrity with non-desirable environmental and ecological consequences. A strategy was designed to prepare a nano structured slow release fertilizer system that delivers nutrients and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria simultaneously. Slow release nano phosphate and potash fertilizer was prepared by blending the nano emulsion of fertilizer with neem cake and PGPR. Slow release nano phosphate and potash fertilizer was prepared by blending the nano emulsion of fertilizer with neem cake and PGPR. Few patents relevant to the topic have been reviewed and cited. METHODS: The influence of nano structured slow release fertilizer on the biochemical characteristics, soil and yield attributes of Vigna radiata was studied in the field by randomized block design. The treatments used to evaluate the effect of nano SRF were a control (without any fertilizer), neem cake, chemical fertilizer, PGPR and nano SRF. Germination, specific activity of enzymes, carbohydrates, protein, photosynthetic pigments, root nodule number and microbial population were assessed by standard methods. RESULTS: The size of the nano urea slow release fertilizer ranged from 52.41 nm to 69.86 nm, and the size of the phosphate and potash fertilizer ranged from 81.85 nm to 87 nm. The weights of 1000 grains were 31.8 g, 33.28 g, 33.39 g, 36.65 g and 44.90 g in the control, neem cake, chemical fertilizer, PGPR and nano SRF, respectively. The protein concentrations were 162 mg g-1 in the control, 231 mg g-1 in the neem cake, 192 mg g-1 in the chemical fertilizer, 285 mg g-1 in the PGPR and 336 mg g-1 in the nano SRF. Nano slow release fertilizer treatment has stimulated germination and biochemical characteristics in Vigna radiata that are positively reflected in the yield attributes.
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Fertilizantes/análisis , Nanoestructuras/química , Suelo/química , Vigna/metabolismo , Amilasas/metabolismo , Clorofila/metabolismo , Producción de Cultivos , Germinación , Nitrógeno/química , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Tamaño de la Partícula , Patentes como Asunto , Péptido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Fósforo/química , Fósforo/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Vigna/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Burn is the fourth most common type of trauma worldwide. It often creates a third degree to fourth degree burn wound in the victims of accident. Hence a study was undertaken to fabricate hybrid sponge with biopolymers, silver nano particle and phytochemical constituents to accelerate wound healing. Antimicrobial susceptibility of wound isolates was evaluated by disc diffusion method. The silver nano particle was synthesized using the extracts of clove bud. The size of silver nano material ranged from 59-98 nm. The sponge was fabricated by freeze drying and its swelling property was evaluated. In the present study, 82.3% of the swelling of the sponge was observed within 20 minutes. The efficiency of sponge in healing infectious burn wound was assessed in rats. On the 20(th) day, 96.92% of wound was healed in sponge dressing and 58.2% in silverex treated rats. Thus, the study proved that the sponge accelerated the healing rate. Recent patents on the formulation of antimicrobial dressings and sponge have also been discussed in this paper.