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PURPOSE: To study the clinical presentations, visual, and refractive profiles of children with congenital ectopia lentis in a large cohort of patients from a tertiary eye care network in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of electronic medical records from December 2012 to December 2020 was conducted. Two hundred and ninety-seven consecutive children ≤18 years of age at presentation were identified and analyzed for demographic details, patient distribution, lens subluxation, visual, and refractive profiles before and after the interventions. RESULTS: Five hundred and ninety-four eyes of 297 (male 56%; n = 166) patients were analyzed. The mean age at presentation was 8.74 ± 3.89. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at presentation ranged from 0.3 logMAR to 3.5 logMAR; (Snellen: 6/9 - close to face [CF]) (mean 0.89 ± 0.68). High myopia (n = 201; 33.83%) and mild astigmatism (n = 340; 57.23%) were more frequent. Temporal (n = 108; 18.18%) subluxation was most common followed by superior. Lensectomy with limited vitrectomy was performed in 243 eyes of 127 patients (40.90%). Median preoperative BCVA was 1.0 (range: 0.3-3.5 logMAR; 20/40 - CF). Median postoperative BCVA was 0.5 logMAR (6/18) in the pseudophakic group and 0.6 logMAR (6/24) in the aphakic group. Spherical equivalent in myopic children reduced from -12.06 ± 6.84D to -1.57D (-0.25D to - 5.5D) in the pseudophakic group and +9.3D (+5.5D to 15.5D) in the aphakic group. CONCLUSION: This study is a large cohort of children presenting with ectopia lentis. Following intervention, an improvement in the median BCVA and refractive correction was noted in the entire cohort.

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Purpose: To document the spectrum and magnitude of eye disorders and visual impairment in the Dongaria-a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group in the Rayagada district of Odisha, India. Methods: A door-to-door screening protocol included a record of basic health parameters, visual acuity for distance, and near and flashlight examination of the eyes. Spectacles were dispensed to those who improved; those who failed the screening were referred to fixed (primary and secondary) eye care centers. Results: We examined 89% (n = 9872/11,085) of people who consented for screening. The mean age was 25.5 ± 18.8 years; 55% (n = 5391) were female; 13.8% (n = 1361) were under-five children, and 39% (n = 3884) were 6 to 16 years. 86% (n = 8515) were illiterate. 12.4% (n = 1224) were visually impaired, of which 9.9% had early moderate VI, and 2.5% had severe VI and blindness. Uncorrected refractive error was detected in 7.5% (n = 744) and cataracts in 7.6% (n = 754); among the adults, 41.5% (n = 924/2227) had presbyopia. In children, 20% (n = 790) had vitamin A deficiency, 17% (n = 234) had global acute malnutrition, and 18% (n = 244) were stunted for their age. Almost two-thirds (62%, n = 6144) confirmed habitual intake of alcohol, and 4% (n = 389) of adults had essential hypertension. Following the screening, 43.5% (n = 837) of referred patients reported to the fixed centers, and 55% (134/243) of people advised underwent cataract surgery. Spectacles were dispensed to 1496 individuals. Conclusion: Visual impairment and malnutrition are high in Dongaria indigenous community. Permanent health facilities and advocacy would improve this community's health and health-seeking behavior.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of uncorrected refractive error (URE) among Dongarias-a particularly vulnerable tribal group in Rayagada, Odisha, India and evaluate if folding phoropter (FoFo) can help achieve on-site correction of URE. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. FoFo was used for people with URE. Spherical equivalent (SE) spectacles based on the FoFo refraction were dispensed when distance visual acuity improved to > 6/12. Others were referred to fixed eye centres. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the relationship of URE with sociodemographic characters and factors predicting acceptance of FoFo. RESULTS: In the study, 7.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]:7-8) people had URE, and included 4% with severe vision impairment and 36% with moderate visual impairment. URE was less common in children. Simple hyperopia was more common in females (25.3% vs 19.3%); compound myopic astigmatism was more common in males (27.4% vs 20.2%). People older than 50 years (p <0.0001) and females (p <0.0001) were more likely to have URE. Ninety-four people accepted FoFo on-site refraction and received SE spectacles; the acceptance was better in the younger (15-29 years old) and literate people (p <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: URE was the second most common cause of visual impairment in older adults and was higher in females. Within its technological limit, FoFo could be used in the field for correcting URE and obviating the need for travel, thus bridging the know-do gap for the marginalised Dongaria community.

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Purpose: To describe and validate the eye health program protocol of Dongria tribal community, a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) in Rayagada district, Odisha, India. Methods: The program would consist of three segments. At people's residences, trained community health workers (CHWs) will measure the vision and collect demographic data. In addition, vision technicians (VTs) will refract using a hand-held device and prescribe spectacles to people who improve to >6/12, N8. Others would be referred to the vision center (VC). At VC, the VT will perform a slit-lamp examination and re-refract. They would refer people with vision ≤6/12 to the secondary center (SC). At SC, referred people will receive a comprehensive eye examination and treatment. The ophthalmologist will assign the cause of blindness and visual impairment for people with visual acuity <6/12. The entire process was rehearsed in a pilot study. Results: The target population is approximately 10,000 people residing in 101 hutments on the hills of Rayagada district. The pilot study included 126 people. The mean age was 44 ± 18 years; 70% of the people were illiterate, and in this cohort, 97.6% (n = 123) had never worn spectacles. In the pilot study, 41% of the people had cataract, and 12% had pterygium. The agreements between optometrist versus VTs and between optometrist versus CHWs were good (k = ~0.8-1.0) in all eye conditions except for strabismus (k = ~0.56-0.65). Conclusion: The pilot study confirms the program modality, and when completed, it would help in the planning and resource allocation of Odisha PVTG eye care.

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PURPOSE: To report clinical profile, diagnostic challenges, and outcomes in cases of subacute/chronic cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (CSVT) presenting to neuro-ophthalmologists/neurologists. METHODS: This was a multicentric, retrospective, observational study. Records of patients with neuroimaging proven subacute/chronic CSVT seen the from January 1, 2016 to March 31, 2020 were analyzed. Data collected included duration of symptoms, diagnosing physician, ophthalmological vs. focal/generalized neurological symptoms, optic disc examination, perimetry, and neuroimaging findings. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA software. RESULTS: Forty-three patients with subacute (30)/chronic (13) CSVT were identified (32 males, 11 females). Median age was 37 (IQR 27-47) years. The presenting complaints were blurred vision 34 (79%), headaches in 25 (58%), vomiting 12 (28%), and diplopia 11 (26%). Eleven patients had associated sixth cranial nerve palsy. All but two patients had either disc edema/optic atrophy; four had unilateral disc edema at presentation. Ophthalmologists and neurologists diagnosed/suspected CSVT correctly in 13/29 (45%) and 11/14 (78.5%) patients, respectively. Most common initial alternate diagnosis was idiopathic intracranial hypertension in 12 (28%). Female gender, age ≤36, unilateral papilledema, not obtaining venogram at initial workup increased chances of initial alternate diagnosis. Median follow-up duration was 21 days. Average visual function remained stable in majority of patients at last follow-up. In total, 47.6% of patients had best-corrected visual acuity ≥20/30 at the final follow-up. CONCLUSION: In our series, subacute or chronic CSVT presented presented primarily with symptoms of intracranial hypertension. Unilateral papilledema, middle-aged patients, female gender, lack of focal/generalized neurological symptoms created diagnostic dilemma. Visual function remained stable in majority of patients.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the demographic profile, clinical features, visual outcomes, and follow-up patterns after successful cataract surgery in children from the tribal community in Odisha, India. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed records of tribal children aged 4 months-16 years, who underwent public health financed cataract surgery at our institute from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2019. Collected data included demographic profile, clinical features, outcomes, and follow-up. Univariate and multivariate linear regression identified factors affecting the visual outcome at a 6-week follow-up. Results: During this period, a total of 352 children [536 eyes; mean age: 9.11 ± 4.4 years, 219 boys (62%)] underwent cataract surgery. The most common etiology and presenting complaints were idiopathic congenital cataract and decreased vision, respectively. In 304 children (86%), presenting best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was <20/200 (1.0 LogMAR), 113 (32%) had associated strabismus, and 57 (16%) had associated nystagmus. The public health agency did not sponsor postoperative follow-up, and only 195 (56%) and 61 (17.3%) children completed a 6-week and a 3-month follow-up, respectively. Median BCVA at 6-week and 3-month review was 20/125 (0.8, interquartile range [IQR], 0.2-2 LogMAR) and 20/60 (0.5, IQR, 0.25-1.35 LogMAR), respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that children from the tribal community presented late with poor presenting VA and had suboptimal visual outcomes with inconsistent follow-ups. Greater advocacy, delivery of care closer to the place of residence, and financial support for follow-up care could improve early detection, regular evaluation, and outcomes.

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Many of the ophthalmic pathologies can co-exist and when taken together can at times give a clue to a life-threatening systemic condition. Presented here is a case of Aicardi syndrome in a prematurely born baby with retinopathy of prematurity . Early diagnosis by the ophthalmologist helped the baby for a timely neurological attention.

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