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Melothria heterophylla (Lour.) Cogn., (family-Cucurbitaceae) popularly known as kundari, has been shown to exhibit antioxidant effects. The main objective was to isolate active constituents of the plant extract. In this study, the ability of M. heterophylla to induce apoptosis was studied in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Treatment of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells with a variety of concentrations of the ethanol extracts of M. heterophylla and gallic acid (100-1000 µM), to determine the sequences of events marked by apoptosis, assayed by the spectrofluorometric method. Gallic acid and rutin were isolated from plant extract which were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Our results indicate that ethanol extracts of M. heterophylla and gallic acid-induced apoptotic cell death in a dose dependent manner could be due to the generation of reactive oxygen species, especially H2O2, which is confirmed by caspase 3 activation. Treatment of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma bearing Swiss albino mice with varied doses (200 and 400 mg/kg, b.w.) of plant extract significantly reduced tumor volume and viable tumor cell count and improved hemoglobin content, RBC count, mean survival time, tumor inhibition, and percentage life span. The enhanced antioxidant status in extract-treated animals were evident from the decline in the levels of lipid peroxidation and increased levels of glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. The data suggest that M. heterophylla exerts anticancer activity, valuable for application in food and drug products.

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Chhana based milk products viz. rossogolla, kanchagolla,narampak sandesh and karapak sandesh are very popular in eastern part of India and gaining popularity in other parts of the country. A wide variation in manufacture method, microbial quality and shelf-life of these traditional milk products were observed by previous research. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of contamination of chhana based milk products available in Kolkata city with Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) serogroups. Random samples of different chhana based milk products were collected from different parts of Kolkata city in aseptic condition, cultured in selective media and examined for biochemical tests. Among 240 samples, E. coli was isolated from 67 (27.91%) of them. Potential EPEC was present in 52 samples (21.66%) and 55 of the isolates were EPEC. Eleven serogroups were identified viz. O26, O55, O111, O119, O114, O125, O142, O86, O126, O127, O128. Among all these serogroups, O55 (23.66%) was the most prevalent. Though recent studies on virulence factors indicate that not all strains serologically classified as EPEC are able to attaching/effacing lesion, it is believed that the isolation of EPEC serogroups from chhana based milk products represent a potential risk for public health particularly children, as well as an indicative of the presence of other enteropathogens. Considering the public health importance of sweetmeat consumers, the product should be prepared hygienically reducing the microbial load present in it. The result indicates that strict preventive measures should be adopted to ensure contamination free sweetmeats for the safety of the consumers.

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Cassia tora is a well known plant of India. Aloe-emodin was isolated from the leaves of this plant and its metabolism pattern was studied. The results showed that about 15.4% of the administered aloe-emodin was excreted and the rest was probably bound or metabolized in the system.

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Hepatoprotective activity of the n-heptane extract of Cassia fistula leaves was investigated by inducing hepatotoxicity with paracetamol in rats. The extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg body wt. exhibited orally, significant protective effect by lowering the serum levels of transaminases (SGOT and SGPT), bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The effects produced were comparable to that of a standard hepatoprotective agent.

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The anti-inflammatory activity of Ficus racemosa extract was evaluated on carrageenin, serotonin, histamine and dextran-induced rat hind paw oedema models. The extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg has been found to possess significant anti-inflammatory activity on the tested experimental models. The extract (400 mg/kg) exhibited maximum anti-inflammatory effect, that is 30.4, 32.2, 33.9 and 32.0% at the end of 3 h with carrageenin, serotonin, histamine, dextran-induced rat paw oedema, respectively. In a chronic test the extract (400 mg/kg) showed 41.5% reduction in granuloma weight. The effect produced by the extract was comparable to that of phenylbutazone, a prototype of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.

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The effect of a methanol extract, obtained from the roots of Ocimum sanctum, on mouse swimming performance were studied using three different doses. On the basis of our findings, a high dose (400 mg/kg, i.p.) of the extracts of Ocimum sanctum increased the swimming time suggesting a central nervous system stimulant and/or antistress activity. The effect produced by the extract was comparable to that of desipramine, an antidepressant drug.

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The macroscopic character of the leaves, physical constant values, extractive values, behavior on treatment with different chemical reagents. Fluorescence characters under ultraviolet light after treatment wit different chemical reagents of the powdered leaves of Cassia tora Linn. (Family: Leguminosae) were studied to characterize some pharmacognostical parameters. Preliminary phytochemical study on different tracts of the leaves were also performed.

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The microscopic and macroscopic characters of the leaves, physical constant values, behavior on treatment with different chemical reagents, fluorescence characters under ultra violet light after treatment with different chemical reagents of the powdered leaves of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Family-Meliaceae) were studies to fix some pharmacognostical parameters.

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Hepatoprotective activity of the n-heptane extract of Cassia fistula leaves was investigated in rats by inducing hepatotoxicity with carbon tetrachloride:liquid paraffin (1:1). The extract has been shown to possess significant protective effect by lowering the serum levels of transminases (SGOT and SGPT), bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The extract of C. fistula at a dose of 400 mg/kg showed significant hepatoprotective activity which was comparable to that of a standard hepatoprotective agent.

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An extract of the leaves of Ficus racemosa Linn. (Moraceae) was evaluated for hepatoprotective activity in rats by inducing chronic liver damage by subcutaneous injection of 50% v/v carbon tetrachloride in liquid paraffin at a dose of 3 mL/kg on alternate days for a period of 4 weeks. The biochemical parameters SGOT, SGPT, serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase were estimated to assess the liver function. The activity of extract was also comparable to a standard liver tonic (Neutrosec).

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Different strength of alcohol 40.50,60,70,80,90 per cent (v/v) and absolute were utilized for the preparation of tincture of azadirachta Indica A. Juss leaves by maceration for 7, 14,21 days. 60 per cent tincture produced after 21 says of maceration showed a maximum solid content of 1.425 per cent (v/v) and sowed pH 3.15. This tincture was characterized by studying is various physico-chmicla properties along wit its thin-layer chromatographic characteristics.

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In a study on jaundice during pregnancy it was observed that the incidence of jaundice in pregnancy was 1 in 429. Majority of the cases were primigravida, 70% of cases were between 20 and 30 years of age, 60% of the patients were unbooked, 25% of cases were with severe degree of jaundice in respect to serum bilirubin level and 70% cases were with anaemia. There were preponderance of cases in 3rd trimester. Majority of the cases (60%) had jaundice-delivery interval of above 4 weeks. Among the causes virus hepatitis was commonest one (80%). Maternal mortality was recorded as 1 in 20 cases and perinatal mortality was 7 in 17 births (41%).

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