RESUMEN

Toxoplasmosis is an emerging and re-emerging infectious disease that can be transmitted through a contaminated environment. Environmental contamination is an emergency health issue, and determining its occurrence is fundamental to a One Health approach. In this study, we addressed the extent of environmental contamination and viability of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in soil in different environments on Fernando de Noronha Island, Brazil. In addition, we performed species distribution modelling to predict the environmental suitability for coccidia persistence in the studied area. Soil samples were collected in 14 neighbourhoods of the Island and in the four main squares, creating a total of 95 soil samples (five samples per site). The samples were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for the presence of the 18S ribosomal DNA gene of Apicomplexan protozoa, followed by genetic sequencing. We obtained 4.2% (4/95) positive soil samples with 100% similarity for T. gondii sequences. Two out of four positive sites on PCR showed viability of T. gondii oocysts through the mouse bioassay technique. As a result of the application of the species distribution modelling, environmental adequacy for the coccidia was observed throughout the Island. The results confirm the contamination of the soil in this insular environment by T. gondii oocysts and the environmental suitability by modelling application. These findings are an alert for the possibility of infection in animals and humans by contaminated soil, and for contamination of the maritime environment in addition to water resources for consumption by the local population.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Roedores , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis Animal , Toxoplasmosis , Animales , Ratones , Humanos , Toxoplasma/genética , Oocistos/genética , Suelo , Brasil/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis/parasitología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/parasitología

RESUMEN

Considering the lack of information about livestock diseases on Brazilian oceanic islands, the occurrence of bovine brucellosis was investigated on the island of Fernando de Noronha, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Serum samples were collected in October 2009, from all the 105 cows raised on the island at that time. These were examined concurrently using the Rose Bengal test and the Complement Fixation Test. All the samples were negative in both tests, indicating that the cows on the island were likely free from infection by smooth forms of Brucella. These results can partly be explained by the prohibition of introduction and importation of both small and large-sized animals that had been implemented through District Decree 19 of February 28, 2004.(AU)

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Tendo em vista a inexistência de informações sobre a ocorrência da brucelose bovina em ilhas oceânicas brasileiras, investigou-se a presença da infecção na ilha de Fernando de Noronha, Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Soros de todas as 105 fêmeas bovinas existentes, colhidos em outubro de 2009, foram examinados concomitantemente pelo teste do Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado e pela Reação de Fixação de Complemento. Todas as amostras foram negativas em ambos os testes, indicando que provavelmente os animais presentes na ilha encontravam-se livres da infecção por Brucella. Estes resultados podem ser explicados, em partes, pela proibição da introdução e importação de grandes e pequenos animais, implementada pelo Decreto Distrital 19, de 28 de fevereiro de 2004.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Brucelosis Bovina/epidemiología , Bovinos , Rosa Bengala/análisis , Brasil , Pruebas de Fijación del Complemento/métodos , Biomarcadores/análisis

RESUMEN

Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, is zoonotic disease and is one of the most important foodborne parasitic diseases globally. The prevalence in humans is highly variable, being influenced by cultural habits, socioeconomic, and environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of T. gondii infection in humans on the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco State, Brazil, and to identify the risk factors associated with this infection. The seroprevalence of immunoglobulin G anti-T. gondii antibodies was 50.4% (172/341, 95% CI: 45.2%-55.7%). Factors associated with the infection were consumption of well water or rainwater (odds ratio [OR]: 2.43, p=0.020) and consumption of game meat (OR: 1.80, p=0.026). This is the first study to provide epidemiological information of T. gondii infection among the residents of the Island of Fernando de Noronha, revealing a considerable antibody seroprevalence in this population. This study provides information for the adoption of prevention and control measures in island environments.

Asunto(s)

Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis Animal , Animales , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos

RESUMEN

Leptospirosis has been widely reported in insular environments worldwide, characterizing a major public health threat. Although low-genetic biodiversity is expected in these regions, the introduction of domestic and synanthropic mammals may contribute to the wider diversity of leptospiral strains in insular settings. This study proposes a large-scale seroepidemiological investigation of Leptospira infection in animals from Fernando de Noronha archipelago and describes the characterization of the first leptospiral strain ever isolated from an insular setting in Brazil. A total of 1,265 blood samples from domestic (n = 682), synanthropic (n = 133) and wild (n = 450) animals were collected between 2007 and 2014, totalling 12 species. The presence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies was investigated by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), and kidney samples from 20 synanthropic rodents were collected for the isolation of Leptospira spp. The leptospires recovered were further characterized by serogrouping with polyclonal antibodies, whole-genome sequencing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The MAT results revealed the presence of agglutinins in 90 samples (7.1%) and the most frequently found serogroup was Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 57) in practically all species included. Viable leptospires were recovered from one brown rat, and characterization revealed that the isolate belongs to L. interrogans serogroup Pyrogenes. The results suggest that synanthropic rodents might play an important role in leptospiral infection among wildlife and domestic species in the archipelago.

Asunto(s)

Leptospira , Leptospirosis , Enfermedades de los Roedores , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , Leptospira/genética , Leptospirosis/epidemiología , Leptospirosis/veterinaria , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus/veterinaria , Ratas , Enfermedades de los Roedores/epidemiología , Roedores

RESUMEN

Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, is zoonotic disease and is one of the most important foodborne parasitic diseases globally. The prevalence in humans is highly variable, being influenced by cultural habits, socioeconomic, and environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of T. gondii infection in humans on the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco State, Brazil, and to identify the risk factors associated with this infection. The seroprevalence of immunoglobulin G anti-T. gondii antibodies was 50.4% (172/341, 95% CI: 45.2%–55.7%). Factors associated with the infection were consumption of well water or rainwater (odds ratio [OR]: 2.43, p=0.020) and consumption of game meat (OR: 1.80, p=0.026). This is the first study to provide epidemiological information of T. gondii infection among the residents of the Island of Fernando de Noronha, revealing a considerable antibody seroprevalence in this population. This study provides information for the adoption of prevention and control measures in island environments.(AU)

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A toxoplasmose, causada pelo protozoário Toxoplasma gondii, é uma zoonose e uma das doenças parasitárias transmitidas por alimentos mais importantes em todo o mundo. A prevalência em humanos é altamente variável, sendo influenciada por hábitos culturais, condições socioeconômicas e ambientais. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de infecção por T. gondii em humanos, no arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco, Brasil, e identificar os fatores de risco associados a essa infecção nesse contexto insular. A soroprevalência de anticorpos IgG anti-T. gondii nos ilhéus foi de 50,4% (172/341, 95% CI: 45,2%–55,7%). Os fatores associados à infecção encontrados foram o consumo de água do poço ou de água da chuva (Odds ratio [OR]: 2,43, p=0,020) e consumo de carne de caça (OR: 1,80, p=0,026). Este é o primeiro estudo a fornecer informações epidemiológicas da infecção por T. gondii entre os moradores da Ilha de Fernando de Noronha, revelando uma considerável soroprevalência de anticorpos nessa população. Este estudo fornece informações para subsidiar a adoção de medidas de prevenção e controle em ambientes insulares.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Toxoplasmosis Animal/diagnóstico , Toxoplasma , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

Abstract Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, is zoonotic disease and is one of the most important foodborne parasitic diseases globally. The prevalence in humans is highly variable, being influenced by cultural habits, socioeconomic, and environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of T. gondii infection in humans on the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco State, Brazil, and to identify the risk factors associated with this infection. The seroprevalence of immunoglobulin G anti-T. gondii antibodies was 50.4% (172/341, 95% CI: 45.2%-55.7%). Factors associated with the infection were consumption of well water or rainwater (odds ratio [OR]: 2.43, p=0.020) and consumption of game meat (OR: 1.80, p=0.026). This is the first study to provide epidemiological information of T. gondii infection among the residents of the Island of Fernando de Noronha, revealing a considerable antibody seroprevalence in this population. This study provides information for the adoption of prevention and control measures in island environments.

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Resumo A toxoplasmose, causada pelo protozoário Toxoplasma gondii, é uma zoonose e uma das doenças parasitárias transmitidas por alimentos mais importantes em todo o mundo. A prevalência em humanos é altamente variável, sendo influenciada por hábitos culturais, condições socioeconômicas e ambientais. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de infecção por T. gondii em humanos, no arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco, Brasil, e identificar os fatores de risco associados a essa infecção nesse contexto insular. A soroprevalência de anticorpos IgG anti-T. gondii nos ilhéus foi de 50,4% (172/341, 95% CI: 45,2%-55,7%). Os fatores associados à infecção encontrados foram o consumo de água do poço ou de água da chuva (Odds ratio [OR]: 2,43, p=0,020) e consumo de carne de caça (OR: 1,80, p=0,026). Este é o primeiro estudo a fornecer informações epidemiológicas da infecção por T. gondii entre os moradores da Ilha de Fernando de Noronha, revelando uma considerável soroprevalência de anticorpos nessa população. Este estudo fornece informações para subsidiar a adoção de medidas de prevenção e controle em ambientes insulares.

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Animales , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis Animal , Brasil/epidemiología , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Estudios Transversales , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

Resistance to chemical insecticides detected in Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes has been a problem for the National Dengue Control Program (PNCD) over the last years. In order to provide deeper knowledge of resistance to xenobiotics, our study evaluated the susceptibility profile of temephos, diflubenzuron, and cypermethrin insecticides in natural mosquito populations from the Pernambuco State, associating these results with the local historical use of such compounds. Furthermore, mechanisms that may be associated with this particular type of resistance were characterized. Bioassays with multiple temephos and diflubenzuron concentrations were performed to detect and quantify resistance. For cypermethrin, diagnostic dose assays were performed. Biochemical tests were carried out to quantify the activity of detoxification enzymes. In addition, a screening of mutations present in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (NaV) was performed in samples previously submitted to bioassays with cypermethrin. The populations under study were resistant to temephos and showed a positive correlation between insecticide consumption and the resistance ratio (RR) to the compound. For diflubenzuron, the biological activity ratio (BAR) ranged from 1.3 to 4.7 times, when compared to the susceptible strain. All populations showed resistance to cypermethrin. Altered enzymatic profiles of alpha, p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA) esterases and glutathione-S-transferases were recorded in most of these samples. Molecular analysis demonstrated that Arcoverde was the only population that presented the mutated form 1016Ile/Ile. These findings show that the situation is critical vis-à-vis the effectiveness of mosquito control using chemical insecticides, since resistance to temephos and cypermethrin is widespread in Ae. aegypti from Pernambuco.

Asunto(s)

Aedes/genética , Resistencia a los Insecticidas/genética , Insecticidas , Canales de Sodio Activados por Voltaje/genética , Animales , Diflubenzurón , Femenino , Larva , Masculino , Piretrinas , Temefós , Pruebas de Toxicidad

RESUMEN

Neospora caninum is a protozoan responsible for abortions, stillbirths (mainly among cattle) and neuromuscular diseases in dogs. Its importance in wild species and its impact on the environmental preservation of different ecosystems have been little described. This study aimed to investigate the presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies in feral cats on the island of Fernando de Noronha and contribute epidemiological data on this disease in these animals and its impact on the environmental preservation of the island. Serum samples from 257 feral cats on the island were analyzed through the Neospora agglutination test (NAT) to search for anti-Neospora caninum antibodies. Among the 257 serum samples analyzed, 8 (3.11%) were positive in the NAT. The antibody titers were 20 in seven animals (87.5%) and 40 in one animal (12.5%). These results demonstrate that feral cats are exposed to infection by N. caninum on the island of Fernando de Noronha, at a low frequency. Greater knowledge on this infection in this animal species in this insular environment is important for elucidating its impact on the conservation of species and the maintenance of this parasite on the island.

Asunto(s)

Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Enfermedades de los Gatos/parasitología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Neospora/inmunología , Pruebas de Aglutinación/veterinaria , Animales , Animales Salvajes , Brasil/epidemiología , Gatos , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Islas , Neospora/aislamiento & purificación , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos

RESUMEN

Background: Leptospirosis is a re-emergent contagious infectious disease, caused by pathogenic leptospires that are transmitted by the urine of infected animals or bacteria-contaminated water and mud. In tropical and subtropical countries it presents high prevalence due to the temperature and humidity conditions that favor the maintenance of the agent in the environment. This disease can affect several species, in Brazilian cattle is an endemic disease, and studies have shown a high occurrence of Leptospira spp. infection in beef and dairy herds. Domestic cats as well as other species of the Family Felidae seem to be resistant to leptospirosis. However, it has been demonstrated under experimental conditions that cats may become infected by ingestion of infected rodents and contaminated water. The present study investigated the occurrence of Leptospira spp. infection in cattle, feral cats and rodents of the Fernando de Noronha Island.Materials, Methods & Results: Fernando de Noronha Island is located 360 km far from Recife and Natal, capitals of the states of Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, respectively. It has an area of approximately 18.4 km2 and constitutes the submerged part of a volcanic edifice currently inactive, which base rests 4,000 m deep in the Atlantic Ocean. Blood samples were collected from all the cattle raised in the Island (n = 88), 200 feral cats and 150 rodents, and the sera were screened by MAT (Serogroups: Australis; Autumnalis; Ballum; Bataviae; Canicola; Cynopteri; Djasiman; Grippotyphosa; Hebdomadis; Icterohaemorrhagiae; Icterohaemorrhagiae; Panama; Pomona; Pyrogenes; Sejroe e Tarassovi) for detection of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies. Initially all sera were screened at 1:100 dilution and those with 50% or more agglutination were titrated at two-fold geometric dilutions. The serum titer was defined as the reciprocal of the highest positive dilution.[...]

Asunto(s)

Animales , Bovinos , Felis/microbiología , Leptospirosis/epidemiología , Leptospirosis/transmisión , Leptospirosis/veterinaria , Roedores/microbiología , Brasil , Pruebas de Aglutinación/métodos , Pruebas de Aglutinación/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Background: Leptospirosis is a re-emergent contagious infectious disease, caused by pathogenic leptospires that are transmitted by the urine of infected animals or bacteria-contaminated water and mud. In tropical and subtropical countries it presents high prevalence due to the temperature and humidity conditions that favor the maintenance of the agent in the environment. This disease can affect several species, in Brazilian cattle is an endemic disease, and studies have shown a high occurrence of Leptospira spp. infection in beef and dairy herds. Domestic cats as well as other species of the Family Felidae seem to be resistant to leptospirosis. However, it has been demonstrated under experimental conditions that cats may become infected by ingestion of infected rodents and contaminated water. The present study investigated the occurrence of Leptospira spp. infection in cattle, feral cats and rodents of the Fernando de Noronha Island.Materials, Methods & Results: Fernando de Noronha Island is located 360 km far from Recife and Natal, capitals of the states of Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, respectively. It has an area of approximately 18.4 km2 and constitutes the submerged part of a volcanic edifice currently inactive, which base rests 4,000 m deep in the Atlantic Ocean. Blood samples were collected from all the cattle raised in the Island (n = 88), 200 feral cats and 150 rodents, and the sera were screened by MAT (Serogroups: Australis; Autumnalis; Ballum; Bataviae; Canicola; Cynopteri; Djasiman; Grippotyphosa; Hebdomadis; Icterohaemorrhagiae; Icterohaemorrhagiae; Panama; Pomona; Pyrogenes; Sejroe e Tarassovi) for detection of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies. Initially all sera were screened at 1:100 dilution and those with 50% or more agglutination were titrated at two-fold geometric dilutions. The serum titer was defined as the reciprocal of the highest positive dilution.[...](AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Bovinos , Felis/microbiología , Roedores/microbiología , Leptospirosis/epidemiología , Leptospirosis/transmisión , Leptospirosis/veterinaria , Brasil , Pruebas de Aglutinación/métodos , Pruebas de Aglutinación/veterinaria

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: In Brazil, studies on animals and humans in mainland areas have shown that most strains of Toxoplasma gondii are pathogenic to mice and exhibit great genetic variability. RESULTS: In this study, using a set of 11 PCR-RFLP and 15 microsatellite markers, we isolated and genetically characterised T. gondii strains from one cat and three rats on Fernando de Noronha Island. The cat had antibodies to T. gondii, which were revealed using a modified agglutination test (MAT, cut-off 1:25) and the seroprevalence among the 46 rodents was 15.2%. Viable T. gondii was isolated from one cat (TgCatBrFN1), two brown rats (TgRatnoBrFN1 and TgRatnoBrFN2) and one black rat (TgRatraBrFN1). Unlike the strains from mainland Brazil, these isolates were not pathogenic to outbred mice. The genotypes of these strains were compared with strains previously isolated on the island and in mainland Brazil. The analysis based on microsatellite data showed a limited genetic diversity of T. gondii on Fernando de Noronha Island with the majority of strains clustered into the following three groups: type II, III, and Caribbean 1. CONCLUSIONS: There was little variation among strains within the same group, suggesting that the majority of strains circulating on Fernando de Noronha are derived from only a few strains that were recently introduced to the island, likely from imported cats. Except for the strain belonging to the Caribbean 1 group that originates from northeast Brazil, there was little evidence that strains from the other groups were introduced to Fernando de Noronha via mainland Brazil.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Gatos/parasitología , Variación Genética , Enfermedades de los Roedores/parasitología , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Toxoplasmosis Animal/parasitología , Pruebas de Aglutinación , Animales , Animales Salvajes , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Brasil/epidemiología , Gatos/parasitología , Genotipo , Humanos , Islas , Ratones , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción , Ratas , Roedores/parasitología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasma/inmunología , Toxoplasma/patogenicidad , Toxoplasmosis Animal/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/inmunología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/transmisión

RESUMEN

Duas tecnologias alternativas para o controle de Aedes aegypti foram avaliadas: a aplicação espacial de larvicida biológico-Bti em potenciais criadouros peridomiciliares, e a liberação de machos estéreis para inviabilização reprodutiva das fêmeas do mosquito. As ações foram realizadas pelos Agentes dos Serviços de Saúde em 15 vilas da Ilha de Fernando de Noronha, e em uma área (900 imóveis) no bairro da Várzea/Recife/Pernambuco. A efetividade dos métodos foi avaliada por indicadores entomológicos,estimados pela presença, quantidade e viabilidade de ovos do mosquito, coletados em armadilhas, e por marcadores genéticos. A aplicação de Bti, com atomizador costal, ocorreu a cada 30 dias em ambas as áreas. Uma redução importante e sustentável da população de A. aegypti,por este método, foi alcançada em 2015/2016 na Várzea e, em 2016, na Ilha, onde a remoção de 18 toneladas de resíduos sólidos em 2015 contribuiu possivelmente para os resultados. Machos esterilizados com radiação gama foram produzidos em massa no laboratório e liberados em uma das vilas da Ilha. A análise espaço-temporal dos indicadores, de dez/2015a ago/2016, revelou redução expressiva da densidade populacional do mosquito e da diversidade genética da população local. Ambas as abordagens parecem ter reduzido o contato homem-vetor e os riscos de transmissão de arboviroses na Ilha, apesar da elevada competência vetorial da população local do mosquito para os vírus Zika e Dengue. Os métodos testados se mostraram eficientes e passíveis de serem integradas às ações do SUS voltadas ao controle de A. aegypti.

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Two alternative technologies were evaluated for Aedes aegypti control:the spraying of a biological larvicide (Bti) in potential peridomiciliarybreeding sites and the release of sterile males to promote reproductionblockage in wild females. Actions were carried out by Agents of theHealth Services, in 15 villages of the Fernando de Noronha Island and in 900 properties from the district of Várzea, Recife-PE. The effectiveness of both methods was evaluated by entomological indicators, estimatedby the presence, quantity and viability of eggs from the mosquito collectedin traps and through genetic markers. Bti was delivered by backpacksprayer every 30 days in both areas. A significant and sustainablereduction of the A. aegypti population as a result of this technique wasachieved in 2015/2016 in Várzea and in 2016 in the Island, where it wasstrengthened by the removal of 18 tons of solid waste in 2015. Malessterilized with gamma radiation were mass-produced in the laboratoryand released in one village of the Island. The spatiotemporal analysis ofthe indicators, from Dec/2015 to Aug/2016, revealed a significant reductionin mosquito density, which impacted on the genetic diversity of thelocal population. Both approaches seem to have reduced human-vectorcontact and the risk of arbovirus transmission in the Island, althoughlocal mosquito population presented high vector competence to Zikaand Dengue virus. These methods were efficient and could be integratedinto SUS actions directed to A. aegypti control.

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Bacillus thuringiensis , Control de Vectores de las Enfermedades , Aedes/inmunología , Control Biológico de Vectores , Entomología

RESUMEN

Abstract Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease of global distribution that affects all warm-blooded animals. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infection and identify the risk factors associated with its occurrence in domestic ruminants raised on the island of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil, and to confirm that cattle and sheep raised in Fernando de Noronha Island present statistically different T. gondii prevalence rates. Serum samples were collected from sheep (n=240) and cattle (n=140) for the detection of antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. Samples were collected from all the animals on all the farms. Risk factors were analyzed by univariate analysis and logistic regression. The prevalence rate of positive sheep was 85.0% while that of cattle was 10.7%. A multivariate analysis revealed that the site of contact of sheep with felines was a risk factor. For cattle, the risk factors identified in this study were: extensive farming system, water source, more than three cats per farm, and the presence of rats in feed storage locations. The findings revealed a significant difference in the prevalence rates in sheep and cattle raised in this insular environment.(AU)

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Resumo A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose cosmopolita que acomete animais de sangue quente. Objetivou-se nessa investigação determinar a prevalência e identificar os fatores de risco associados à ocorrência da infecção por T. gondii em ruminantes domésticos criados na Ilha de Fernando de Noronha e demonstrar que bovinos e ovinos criados na ilha de Fernando de Noronha, Brasil, apresentam prevalências estatisticamente distintas. Foram obtidas amostras de soro sanguíneo de todos os ovinos (n=240) e bovinos (n=140) de todas as propriedades da ilha para a pesquisa de anticorpos na Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta. Os fatores de risco foram analisados por meio da análise univariada e regressão logística. A prevalência de ovinos reagentes foi de 85,0% e 10,7% para bovinos, que foram significativamente diferentes. Na análise multivariada, local de contato de ovinos com outras espécies foi identificado como fator de risco. Para os bovinos, os fatores de risco foram: sistema extensivo, fonte de água, número de gatos nas propriedades e a presença de rato. Os resultados obtidos demonstram diferença significativa nas prevalências em ovinos e bovinos criados neste ambiente insular.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/etiología , Anticuerpos , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

Abstract Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease of global distribution that affects all warm-blooded animals. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infection and identify the risk factors associated with its occurrence in domestic ruminants raised on the island of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil, and to confirm that cattle and sheep raised in Fernando de Noronha Island present statistically different T. gondii prevalence rates. Serum samples were collected from sheep (n=240) and cattle (n=140) for the detection of antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. Samples were collected from all the animals on all the farms. Risk factors were analyzed by univariate analysis and logistic regression. The prevalence rate of positive sheep was 85.0% while that of cattle was 10.7%. A multivariate analysis revealed that the site of contact of sheep with felines was a risk factor. For cattle, the risk factors identified in this study were: extensive farming system, water source, more than three cats per farm, and the presence of rats in feed storage locations. The findings revealed a significant difference in the prevalence rates in sheep and cattle raised in this insular environment.

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Resumo A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose cosmopolita que acomete animais de sangue quente. Objetivou-se nessa investigação determinar a prevalência e identificar os fatores de risco associados à ocorrência da infecção por T. gondii em ruminantes domésticos criados na Ilha de Fernando de Noronha e demonstrar que bovinos e ovinos criados na ilha de Fernando de Noronha, Brasil, apresentam prevalências estatisticamente distintas. Foram obtidas amostras de soro sanguíneo de todos os ovinos (n=240) e bovinos (n=140) de todas as propriedades da ilha para a pesquisa de anticorpos na Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta. Os fatores de risco foram analisados por meio da análise univariada e regressão logística. A prevalência de ovinos reagentes foi de 85,0% e 10,7% para bovinos, que foram significativamente diferentes. Na análise multivariada, local de contato de ovinos com outras espécies foi identificado como fator de risco. Para os bovinos, os fatores de risco foram: sistema extensivo, fonte de água, número de gatos nas propriedades e a presença de rato. Os resultados obtidos demonstram diferença significativa nas prevalências em ovinos e bovinos criados neste ambiente insular.

Asunto(s)

Animales , Gatos , Perros , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/etiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Toxoplasma , Brasil/epidemiología , Ovinos , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasmosis Animal/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease of global distribution that affects all warm-blooded animals. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infection and identify the risk factors associated with its occurrence in domestic ruminants raised on the island of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil, and to confirm that cattle and sheep raised in Fernando de Noronha Island present statistically different T. gondii prevalence rates. Serum samples were collected from sheep (n=240) and cattle (n=140) for the detection of antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. Samples were collected from all the animals on all the farms. Risk factors were analyzed by univariate analysis and logistic regression. The prevalence rate of positive sheep was 85.0% while that of cattle was 10.7%. A multivariate analysis revealed that the site of contact of sheep with felines was a risk factor. For cattle, the risk factors identified in this study were: extensive farming system, water source, more than three cats per farm, and the presence of rats in feed storage locations. The findings revealed a significant difference in the prevalence rates in sheep and cattle raised in this insular environment.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/epidemiología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios , Brasil/epidemiología , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Ratas , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis Animal/etiología

RESUMEN

The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in free-range chickens of the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil and to identify risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection. Blood samples were collected from all the adult chickens raised in the Archipelago and screened by Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (430 samples, in total). Univariate analysis (Chi-square) and logistic regression were used to investigate the relationship between various variables possibly predictive of an increased likelihood of T. gondii infection. The overall prevalence of T. gondii infection in chickens of the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago was 88.4% (380/430; 84.6%-91.0%; 95% CI), ranging from 57.1% to 100.0% among the studied properties. The risk factors associated with T. gondii infection were the number of domestic cats in the properties (p=0.022), the presence of feral cats (p=0.006) and the presence of an open water source (p=0.046). Domestic and feral cats should be prevented from accessing the water and food supplied to chickens.

Asunto(s)

Animales Domésticos/parasitología , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Encéfalo/parasitología , Pollos/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Toxoplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Toxoplasmosis Animal/epidemiología , Adulto , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , Gatos , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente Indirecta , Humanos , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

Background: There is little scientific data about the effects of continuous supplementation with nutraceuticals over horses health and performance. Horse owners and veterinarians are still using supplements for horses without any kind of evaluations. At the Brazilian market is possible to buy hundreds of different products, but there is not private or state regulation over production and quality of these products. The absence of information about quality and efficacy of these products may contribute to mistakes in horses nutrition program. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of supplementation with a combination of nutraceuticals over some blood parameters (red cell count, total plasma proteins, free plasma glutamine and glutamate) and components of body composition in working horses. Materials, Methods & Results: There were 19 gelding horses, divided in two groups: nutraceutical (NUTR; n=10) and placebo (PLAC; n=9). Both groups received equivalent feeding regimens in regard to concentrate and grass, and did similar exercise program. NUTR group received their pellets with nutraceuticals, and PLAC group received a placebo during the morning meal. There is no visual difference between nutraceutical and placebo pellets. Body composition determination and blood collection were taken in three periods: pre-test, after 4 and 12 weeks of supplementation. Body composition was determined after evaluation of horses body mass by electronic scale associated with measurement of rump fat by ultrasound. Results showed that there were no significant changes in body composition during 12 weeks of supplementation in both groups, which had percentage of body fat around 13%. However, supplementation with nutraceutical produced significant changes (P <0.05) in some blood parameters in NUTR group. This group had large red cell count, hematocrit and blood glutamine concentration when compared with PLAC group after 12 weeks of supplementation.(...)(AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Suplementos Dietéticos , Análisis Químico de la Sangre , Caballos , Alimentación Animal

RESUMEN

Background: There is little scientific data about the effects of continuous supplementation with nutraceuticals over horse’s health and performance. Horse owners and veterinarians are still using supplements for horses without any kind of evaluations. At the Brazilian market is possible to buy hundreds of different products, but there is not private or state regulation over production and quality of these products. The absence of information about quality and efficacy of these products may contribute to mistakes in horse’s nutrition program. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of supplementation with a combination of nutraceuticals over some blood parameters (red cell count, total plasma proteins, free plasma glutamine and glutamate) and components of body composition in working horses. Materials, Methods & Results: There were 19 gelding horses, divided in two groups: nutraceutical (NUTR; n=10) and placebo (PLAC; n=9). Both groups received equivalent feeding regimens in regard to concentrate and grass, and did similar exercise program. NUTR group received their pellets with nutraceuticals, and PLAC group received a placebo during the morning meal. There is no visual difference between nutraceutical and placebo pellets. Body composition determination and blood collection were taken in three periods: pre-test, after 4 and 12 weeks of supplementation. Body composition was determined after evaluation of horse’s body mass by electronic scale associated with measurement of rump fat by ultrasound. Results showed that there were no significant changes in body composition during 12 weeks of supplementation in both groups, which had percentage of body fat around 13%. However, supplementation with nutraceutical produced significant changes (P <0.05) in some blood parameters in NUTR group. This group had large red cell count, hematocrit and blood glutamine concentration when compared with PLAC group after 12 weeks of supplementation.(...)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Análisis Químico de la Sangre , Suplementos Dietéticos , Caballos , Alimentación Animal