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The aim was to evaluate the chemical composition, carbohydrates, protein fractionation and in vitro gas production of silages composed of spineless cactus and tropical forages and their effect on sheep performance. Treatments consisted of silages: corn silage (CS), spineless cactus silage (SCS), spineless cactus + gliricidia (SCG), spineless cactus + buffel grass silage (SCBG) and spineless cactus + pornunça (SCP). Silos were opened 60 days after ensiling, and analyses were carried out. The digestibility test lasted for 36 days, with eight animals per treatment. A completely randomized design was adopted. Considering carbohydrate fractionation, CS, SCS and SCBG silages had higher total carbohydrate content (p = 0.001). The SCS silage presented a higher A + B1 fraction (p = 0.001). The SCBG and SCG silages showed a higher B2 fraction (p < 0.0001) compared to the CS and SCS silages. The SCBG and SCP silages presented a higher C fraction (p = 0.001). For protein fractionation, the SCP and SCG silages showed higher crude protein contents (p = 0.001). The CS and SCS silages showed a higher A fraction (p = 0.001). The SCBG silage presented a higher B1 + B2 fraction (p = 0.001). The SCG silage showed a higher B3 fraction (p = 0.006) compared to SCBG silage. The SCS and SCP silages showed a higher C fraction (p = 0.001). Exclusive SCS silage showed higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (p = 0.001), dry matter degradability (p = 0.001) and total gas production (p = 0.001). The use of the SCBG, SCP and SCG silages to feed sheep increased the dry matter intake (p < 0.001). Sheep fed the SCG silage showed greater dry matter and crude protein digestibility compared to the sheep fed the CS, SCS and SCP silages (p = 0.002). There was a higher water intake (p < 0.001) with the use of the SCS and SCG silages to feed the sheep. The SCP and SCG silages provided a greater intake (p < 0.001) and excretion (p < 0.001) of nitrogen by the animals. Although there were no differences between the treatments for daily gains, lambs that received the spineless cactus-based silage associated with tropical forages showed higher gains (160-190 g/day) than lambs that received CS silage (130 g/day). Thus, the use of spineless cactus associated with buffelgrass, pornunça and gliricidia to prepare mixed silages (60:40) to feed sheep has potential use to feed sheep, with positive effects on nutrient degradation and increases in dry matter intake. Under experimental conditions, we recommend the exclusive use of spineless cactus silage associated with buffel grass, pornunça and gliricidia in feeding sheep in semi-arid regions, as it provides nutrients, water and greater daily gains compared to corn silage.

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Cactus pear is used in large proportions in diets for small ruminants in semiarid regions. However, its exclusive use is not recommended due to the low fiber and crude protein content and the high water and mineral content, leading to metabolic disorders, low dry matter intake, and weight loss. The use of mixed cactus silage associated with protein and fibrous sources seeks to overcome the deficits in dry matter, fiber and crude protein, aiming to improve the nutritional quality of the diets that will be offered to ruminants. Thus, the use of gliricidia hay in cactus pear silages could represent an important alternative to improve the nutritional and fermentative characteristics of the ensiled material. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the fermentation dynamics, nutritional characteristics, and aerobic stability of mixed silages of cactus pear combined with different levels of gliricidia hay. This was a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and five repetitions. The treatments consisted of different levels of inclusion of gliricidia hay (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% on a dry matter basis) in the composition of mixed cactus pear silages. The inclusion of gliricidia hay in the composition of mixed silages of cactus pear resulted in a quadratic effect for dry matter recovery, pH, NH3-N, buffering capacity, aerobic stability, ether extract, P, K, Na, and Zn (p < 0.05). There was a reduction in density, effluent losses, maximum pH, mineral matter, non-fiber carbohydrates, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn (p < 0.05), and an increase in the time to reach maximum pH as well as an upward trend in pH, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and B (p < 0.05). Under experimental conditions, the inclusion of gliricidia hay between 20 and 30% in cactus pear-based silage provided an improvement to the chemical composition and fermentation parameters of the silages.

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This study aimed to evaluate the correlations between mineral profile, physical and chemical characteristics, and proximate composition of ewe meat receiving different water supply levels (100% - ad libitum group; 80%; 60% and 40% ad libitum group). Thirty-two Santa Ines ewes were assigned to a randomized block design, with 4 treatments, and 8 replications, during the 63-day experimental period. Significant correlations between all minerals (P<0.05) were found in the 60% and 40% water supply levels. A correlation (P<0.05) was observed for minerals P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, and Fe with crude protein at 100% water supply. Negative correlations (P<0.05) between N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, and Zn were detected in the meat of animals supplied with 60% water. Principal component analysis (PCA) of macrominerals explained 82.9% data variance. Zinc had a strong contribution to PC1. Cooking losses had a similar contribution to PC1 and PC2. PC1 and PC2 explained 66.7% data variance in chemical characteristics. The decrease in water supply causes the correlation of nitrogen with the other minerals in meat, in addition to altering the correlation between the physical and chemical profile of the meat.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as correlações entre o perfil mineral, as características físico-químicas e a composição centesimal da carne de ovelhas recebendo diferentes níveis de oferta hídrica (100% - grupo ad libitum; 80%; 60% e 40% do grupo ad libitum). Trinta e duas ovelhas Santa Inês foram distribuídas em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com 4 tratamentos e 8 repetições, durante o período experimental de 63 dias. Correlações significativas entre todos os minerais (P<0,05) foram encontradas nos níveis de 60% e 40% de oferta hídrica. Observou-se correlação (P<0,05) dos minerais P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu e Fe com a proteína bruta em 100% de oferta hídrica. Correlações negativas (P<0,05) entre N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe e Zn foram detectadas na carne de animais que receberam oferta de 60% de água. A análise de componentes principais (ACP) dos macrominerais explicaram 82,9% da variação dos dados. O zinco apresentou forte contribuição para a componente 1 (CP1). As perdas por cozimento tiveram contribuição semelhante para CP1 e componente 2 (CP2). A CP1 e a CP2 explicaram 66,7% da variação dos dados das características químicas. A diminuição da oferta hídrica promoveu a correlação do nitrogênio com os demais minerais da carne, além de alterar a correlação entre o perfil físico e químico da carne

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The objective was to evaluate the fermentation profile, aerobic stability, chemical composition, and mineral content of silages of mango combined with cocoa pod husk meal. A completely randomized design was adopted, including four levels (65, 70, 75, and 80%) and five repetitions, totaling 20 experimental silos that were opened after 90 days of sealing. Increasing mango levels in the silages increased the dry matter recovery, total carbohydrates, and fraction B2 of carbohydrates, and reduced gas losses, dry matter, and mineral matter. The quadratic effect was found for pH, buffering capacity, potassium, boron, iron, and nitrogen fractions A and B1 + B2. Using unconventional products such as mango combined with cocoa pod husk meal for silage making can reduce the cost of food supplementation for ruminants, and the environmental contamination.(AU)

Foi avaliado o perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia, composição química e conteúdo mineral de silagens de manga combinadas com farelo de casca de cacau. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, incluindo quatro níveis (65, 70, 75 e 80%) e cinco repetições, totalizando 20 silos experimentais abertos aos 90 dias da vedação. O incremento dos níveis de manga nas silagens aumentou a recuperação de matéria seca, carboidratos totais e fração B2 de carboidratos, e reduziu as perdas de gases, matéria seca e matéria mineral. Foi encontrado um efeito quadrático para pH, capacidade tampão, potássio, boro, ferro e para as frações de nitrogênio A e B1 + B2. A utilização de produtos não convencionais como a manga combinada com a farinha da casca da vagem de cacau para a produção de silagem pode reduzir o custo da suplementação alimentar para ruminantes e a contaminação ambiental.(AU)

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The study evaluated the performance, carcass characteristics, tissue composition, and meat quality of goats raised on pasture in the Caatinga rangeland supplemented with Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) and Sabiá (Mimosa caesapiniifolia) hays associated or not with spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera), and without supplementation. Thirty male castrated goats, no defined breed, with an average body weight of 15.5 kg ± 0.64 were used, distributed in a randomized block design, according to the initial weight of the animals. The experimental period lasted 105 days. The highest intake of DM, OM and CP occurred in the animals supplemented with Leucena hay associated or not with spineless cactus. The intake of NDF was higher (p <0.05) for animals fed only with Leucena and Sabiá hays. The highest intake of TDN was observed for diets, only grazing, and hays associated with spineless cactus. The daily weight gain for goats fed with Leucena hay and spineless cactus was 68.5% higher (p <0.05) than on grazing alone. Consequently, they obtained the highest (p <0.05) weights and yields of carcasses, shoulder, loin, and leg cuts, conformation and finishing scores, leg muscle index, and % fat in the leg of goats. The meat quality did not differ. The supplementation with Leucena hay associated with spineless cactus improves performance, weights, and yields of the carcass, commercial cuts, leg muscle of goats grazing in the Caatinga rangeland.(AU)

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Tall- and dwarf-sized elephant grass cultivars have been developed for cut-and-carry system. Dwarf clones have better digestibility; on the other hand, tall-sized cultivars are more productive. The aim was to verify which grass would be most recommended for cut-and-carry: tall-sized (Elephant B and IRI-381) or dwarf (Taiwan A-146 2.37 and Mott) elephant grass cultivars to feed 24 male sheep, aged between 4 and 5 months, uncastrated, weighing approximately 24.08 ± 1.76 kg body weight which were sampled on intake, digestibility, performance, ingestive behavior, nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis, metabolic parameters, and ruminal degradability. This research was divided into two experiments: experiment 1 lasted 38 days, seven for adaptation and 31 for data collection. Elephant grass cultivars were supplied with a mineral mixture. Data collected were intake, digestibility, ingestive behavior, metabolic parameters, microbial protein synthesis, and performance submitted to a completely randomized design. For experiment 2, three rumen fistulae animals were sampled, lasting 20 days. In this case, a randomized block in split-plot design was applied. Both designs were with P < 0.05 and analyzed through SAS statistical software. Mott and Taiwan A-146 2.37 cultivars provided greater intake, digestibility, weight gain, feeding time, nitrogen retention, production and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability, and DM, crude protein, and NDF, but shorter rumination time rather than Elephant B and IRI-381. There was also a significant difference for glucose, triglycerides, plasma urea, total serum protein, urinary urea (mg/L), and urea excretion in urine (mg/day). Dwarf elephant grass cultivars as Mott and Taiwan A-146 2.37 have greater nutritional value than tall-sized Elephant B and IRI-381. Dwarf elephant grass is recommended for cut-and-carry system.

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Regiões semiáridas são caracterizadas pela elevada evapotranspiração e baixa precipitação pluvial, favorecendo o acúmulo de sais quando irrigado com água salobra. Objetivou se avaliar o efeito do cultivo de milheto com níveis de água salobra e fertilização orgânica nas propriedades químicas e físicas do solo. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial, em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro lâminas de irrigação (25, 50, 75 e 100% da evapotranspiração da cultura) e as subparcelas foram compostas por quatro níveis de fertilização orgânica (0; 15; 30 e 45 Mg ha-1). No final do ciclo de produção do milheto, o solo foi coletado nas camadas de 0-0.20 e 0.20-0.40 m, para aspectos físicos (densidade do solo, densidade de partículas e porosidade) e químicos (CE, pH, K, Na, Ca, Mg, H + Al, SB, CTC, V). Não houve interação entre a água salobra e a fertilização orgânica nas propriedades químicas do solo. A água salobra reduziu o potássio na camada de 0,20-0,.40 m. Observou-se efeito linear negativo para densidade na camada 0,20 - 0,40 m sob níveis de fertilização orgânica. Níveis de água salobra e fertilizante orgânico no cultivo do milheto não altera as propriedades químicas e físicas do solo na camada de 0-0,20 m. Porém, o uso de água salobra reduz a concentração de potássio no solo e a aplicação de fertilização orgânica reduz a densidade do solo na camada de 0.20-0,40 m.

Semi-arid regions are characterized by high evapotranspiration and low rainfall, favoring the accumulation of salts when irrigated with brackish water. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pearl millet cultivation with brackish water levels and fertilized with organic fertilizer on the chemical and physical properties of the soil. A split plot randomized block design was adopted, in a factorial arrangement, with three repetitions. Plots consisted of four irrigation levels (25, 50, 75 and 100% crop evapotranspiration) and subplots consisted of four levels of organic fertilizer (0; 15; 30 and 45 Mg ha-¹). At the end of the pearl millet production cycle, soil was collected from layers 0-0.20 m and 0.20-0.40 m, for physical (soil bulk density, particle density and porosity) and chemical (EC, pH, K, Na, Ca, Mg, H + Al, SB, CEC, V) properties. There was no effect of interaction of brackish water levels and organic fertilizer levels on soil chemical properties. Brackish water reduced potassium on layer 0.20-0.40 m. A negative linear effect was found for density in the 0.20-0.40 m layer under different levels of organic fertilizer. Brackish water levels and organic fertilizer levels in the cultivation of pearl millet does not alter soil chemical and physical properties at the 0-0.20 m layer. However, the use of brackish water reduces the concentration of potassium in the soil and the application of organic fertilizer reduces soil density at the 0.20-0.40 m layer.

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Objetivou-se avaliar a composição química, fracionamento de carboidratos e compostos nitrogenados, parâmetros de degradação e fermentação ruminal in vitro de genótipos de palma forrageira. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 4 genótipos de palma forrageira e 4 repetições. Os genótipos de palma forrageira avaliadas foram: Miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), IPA Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera), Gigante (Opuntia ficus indica Mill), e Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia stricta Haw), todas in natura. As amostras foram coletadas aleatoriamente em pontos distintos na área experimental. Plantas inteiras foram coletadas 24 meses após o estabelecimento da cultura de campo. N. cochenillifera Salm Dyck apresentou os maiores teores de matéria seca, proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido, carboidratos não fibrosos, nutrientes digestíveis totais, energia digestível, carboidratos totais e fração A + B1 e menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinza e proteína, fibra em detergente ácido e celulose (P<0,05). A digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro verdadeira in vitro foi elevada para os genótipos N. cochenillifera Salm Dyck e N. cochenillifera Dyck, que também apresentaram altos valores de produção de gás in vitro (P<0,05). Os genótipos de palma forrageira apresentam características químicas adequadas para compor dietas oferecidas aos ruminantes, no entanto, é necessário uma suplementação para aumentar os teores de matéria seca e fibra. Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck apresenta as maiores proporções de nutrientes digestíveis totais, carboidratos não fibrosos, nitrogênio não protéico e alta produção de gases em relação aos demais genótipos analisados aos 24 meses após o estabelecimento do palmal.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, fractionation of carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds, degradation parameters, and in vitro ruminal fermentation of cactus pear genotypes. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 cactus pear genotypes and 4 replicates. The evaluated cactus pear genotypes were: Miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), IPA Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera), Gigante (Opuntia ficus indica Mill), and Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia stricta Haw), all in natura. Samples were randomly collected at different points in the experimental area. Whole plants were collected 24 months after field crop establishment. N. cochenillifera Salm Dyck presented the highest dry matter, acid detergent insoluble protein, non-fibrous carbohydrate, total digestible nutrients, digestible energy, total carbohydrates, and fractions A + B1 (P<0.05), while presenting lower neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose in relation to the other genotypes studied (P<0.05). The in vitro true digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was high for the genotypes N. cochenillifera Salm Dyck and N. cochenillifera Dyck, which also presented high in vitro total gas production (P<0.05). The cactus pear genotypes show adequate chemical characteristics to be composed part of diets offered to ruminants. However, supplementation is necessary to increase the dry matter and fiber contents. The Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck genotype presented the highest proportions of total digestible nutrients, non-fibrous carbohydrates, non-protein nitrogen, unavailable nitrogen fraction total, and high gas production in relation to the other analyzed genotypes 24 months after field crop establishment.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, fractionation of carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds, degradation parameters, and in vitro ruminal fermentation of cactus pear genotypes. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 cactus pear genotypes and 4 replicates. The evaluated cactus pear genotypes were: Miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), IPA Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera), Gigante (Opuntia ficus indica Mill), and Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia stricta Haw), all in natura. Samples were randomly collected at different points in the experimental area. Whole plants were collected 24 months after field crop establishment. N. cochenillifera Salm Dyck presented the highest dry matter, acid detergent insoluble protein, non-fibrous carbohydrate, total digestible nutrients, digestible energy, total carbohydrates, and fractions A + B1 (P<0.05), while presenting lower neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose in relation to the other genotypes studied (P<0.05). The in vitro true digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was high for the genotypes N. cochenillifera Salm Dyck and N. cochenillifera Dyck, which also presented high in vitro total gas production (P<0.05). The cactus pear genotypes show adequate chemical characteristics to be composed part of diets offered to ruminants. However, supplementation is necessary to increase the dry matter and fiber contents. The Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck genotype presented the highest proportions of total digestible nutrients, non-fibrous carbohydrates, non-protein nitrogen, unavailable nitrogen fraction total, and high gas production in relation to the other analyzed genotypes 24 months after field crop establishment.

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição química, fracionamento de carboidratos e compostos nitrogenados, parâmetros de degradação e fermentação ruminal in vitro de genótipos de palma forrageira. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 4 genótipos de palma forrageira e 4 repetições. Os genótipos de palma forrageira avaliadas foram: Miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), IPA Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera), Gigante (Opuntia ficus indica Mill), e Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia stricta Haw), todas in natura. As amostras foram coletadas aleatoriamente em pontos distintos na área experimental. Plantas inteiras foram coletadas 24 meses após o estabelecimento da cultura de campo. N. cochenillifera Salm Dyck apresentou os maiores teores de matéria seca, proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido, carboidratos não fibrosos, nutrientes digestíveis totais, energia digestível, carboidratos totais e fração A + B1 e menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinza e proteína, fibra em detergente ácido e celulose (P<0,05). A digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro verdadeira in vitro foi elevada para os genótipos N. cochenillifera Salm Dyck e N. cochenillifera Dyck, que também apresentaram altos valores de produção de gás in vitro (P<0,05). Os genótipos de palma forrageira apresentam características químicas adequadas para compor dietas oferecidas aos ruminantes, no entanto, é necessário uma suplementação para aumentar os teores de matéria seca e fibra. Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck apresenta as maiores proporções de nutrientes digestíveis totais, carboidratos não fibrosos, nitrogênio não protéico e alta produção de gases em relação aos demais genótipos analisados aos 24 meses após o estabelecimento do palmal.

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Semi-arid regions are characterized by high evapotranspiration and low rainfall, favoring the accumulation of salts when irrigated with brackish water. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pearl millet cultivation with brackish water levels and fertilized with organic fertilizer on the chemical and physical properties of the soil. A split plot randomized block design was adopted, in a factorial arrangement, with three repetitions. Plots consisted of four irrigation levels (25, 50, 75 and 100% crop evapotranspiration) and subplots consisted of four levels of organic fertilizer (0; 15; 30 and 45 Mg ha-1). At the end of the pearl millet production cycle, soil was collected from layers 0-0.20 m and 0.20-0.40 m, for physical (soil bulk density, particle density and porosity) and chemical (EC, pH, K, Na, Ca, Mg, H + Al, SB, CEC, V) properties. There was no effect of interaction of brackish water levels and organic fertilizer levels on soil chemical properties. Brackish water reduced potassium on layer 0.20-0.40 m. A negative linear effect was found for density in the 0.20-0.40 m layer under different levels of organic fertilizer. Brackish water levels and organic fertilizer levels in the cultivation of pearl millet does not alter soil chemical and physical properties at the 0-0.20 m layer. However, the use of brackish water reduces the concentration of potassium in the soil and the application of organic fertilizer reduces soil density at the 0.20-0.40 m layer.

Regiões semiáridas são caracterizadas pela elevada evapotranspiração e baixa precipitação pluvial, favorecendo o acúmulo de sais quando irrigado com água salobra. Objetivouse avaliar o efeito do cultivo de milheto com níveis de água salobra e fertilização orgânica nas propriedades químicas e físicas do solo. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial, em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro lâminas de irrigação (25, 50, 75 e 100% da evapotranspiração da cultura) e as subparcelas foram compostas por quatro níveis de fertilização orgânica (0; 15; 30 e 45 Mg ha-1). No final do ciclo de produção do milheto, o solo foi coletado nas camadas de 0-0.20 e 0.20-0.40 m, para aspectos físicos (densidade do solo, densidade de partículas e porosidade) e químicos (CE, pH, K, Na, Ca, Mg, H + Al, SB, CTC, V). Não houve interação entre a água salobra e a fertilização orgânica nas propriedades químicas do solo. A água salobra reduziu o potássio na camada de 0,20-0,.40 m. Observou-se efeito linear negativo para densidade na camada 0,20 - 0,40 m sob níveis de fertilização orgânica. Níveis de água salobra e fertilizante orgânico no cultivo do milheto não altera as propriedades químicas e físicas do solo na camada de 0-0,20 m. Porém, o uso de água salobra reduz a concentração de potássio no solo e a aplicação de fertilização orgânica reduz a densidade do solo na camada de 0.20-0,40 m.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC):neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratios (0.70:1, 0.90:1, 1.14:1, 1.42:1, and 1.85:1) in diets containing cactus cladodes on intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, ingestive behavior, and microbial protein of growing heifers. Five rumencannulated heifers (194 ± 70 kg of body weight) were distributed in a Latin square design (5 x 5). There was a quadratic effect on the intake of dry matter (DM) (Kg day-1 and %BW) and crude protein (CP) with the increase in non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC): neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratio, with maximum values of 7.07 kg day-1, 2.86%, and 0.949 kg day-1, estimated for 1.37:1, 1.39:1, and 1.27:1 ratios. When the intake of NDF decreased, in turn, the intakes of NFC and TDN increased. The NDF digestibility decreased with increasing NFC levels in diets. The other nutrients were not influenced. The ruminal pH showed the lowest values at 4 hours after feeding, mainly for animals fed the 1.85:1 ratio. There was a quadratic effect for rumination time with maximum values estimated for an NFC:NDF ratio of 0.88:1. The time spent idle increased linearly, while total chewing time and feeding efficiency of NDF decreased. The urinary volume increased linearly. However, microbial protein synthesis and the efficiency of the synthesis were not influenced. The number of protozoa increased by 64.5% with the elevation of the NFC:NDF ratio. We recommend a NFC:NDF ratio of 1.37:1 in diets containing cactus cladodes, to improve the use of nutrients, without negatively affecting ruminal parameters.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes relações carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF): fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) (0,70: 1; 0,90: 1; 1,14: 1; 1,42: 1 e 1,85: 1) em dietas contendo palma forrageira sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, parâmetros ruminais, comportamento ingestivo e proteína microbiana de novilhas em crescimento. Cinco novilhas, fistuladas no rúmen (194 ± 70 kg de peso corporal) foram distribuídas em um delineamento em quadrado latino (5 x 5). Houve efeito quadrático sobre o consumo de matéria seca (MS) (kg dia-1 (% PC) e proteína bruta (PB) com o aumento da relação carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF): fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), com valores máximos de 7,07 kg dia-1, 2,86% e 0,949 kg dia-1, estimado para 1,37: 1; 1,39: 1 e proporção de 1,27: 1. Enquanto a ingestão de FDN diminuiu, a ingestão de CNF e NDT aumentou. A digestibilidade da FDN diminuiu com o aumento dos teores de FDN nas dietas. Os demais nutrientes não foram influenciados. O pH ruminal apresentou os menores valores 4 horas após a alimentação, principalmente para os animais alimentados na proporção de 1,85: 1. Houve efeito quadrático para o tempo de ruminação com valores máximos estimados para uma relação CNF: FDN de 0,88: 1. O tempo de ócio aumentou linearmente, enquanto o tempo total de mastigação e a eficiência alimentar da FDN diminuíram. O volume urinário aumentou linearmente. No entanto, a síntese de proteína microbiana e a eficiência da síntese não foram influenciadas. O número de protozoários aumentou 64,5% com a elevação da relação CNF: FDN. Recomenda-se a relação CNF:FDN de 1,37: 1 em dietas contendo palma forrageira, para melhorar o aproveitamento dos nutrientes, sem afetar negativamente os parâmetros ruminais.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to investigate the replacement effect of cactus cladodes with cassava root and corn silage (CRCS) (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%, dry matter basis) in diets of lactating dairy cows on nutrients intake and digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, nitrogen balance, and milk yield. Ten Holstein cows with an average milk yield of 16 kg/day, an initial body weight (BW) of 670 ± 35 kg, and an average of 17 weeks in milking were assigned to an experiment using a double 5 × 5 Latin square design. The ratio of forage/concentrate was 82:18, and the ingredients used were cactus cladodes, cassava root, corn silage, soybean meal, wheat meal, urea, and mineral premix. The intake of dry matter, organic matter, and total digestible nutrients were not influenced by the replacement levels. On the other hand, the intake of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber increased while the intake of non-fiber carbohydrates decreased with addition of CRCS. The digestibility of the nutrients was not changed as the milk yield as fat-corrected milk production and milk content of fat, protein, lactose, and total solids. The microbial protein synthesis, microbial protein efficiency, nitrogen balance, and efficiency of N in milk were not changed. Therefore, we recommend the complete replacement of cactus cladodes by cassava root and corn silage in the diets of lactating cows with an average milk yield of 16 kg/day.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the intake, performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of goats submitted to grazing in the Caatinga rangeland supplemented with two hays: jitirana (Merremia aegyptia) or mororó (Bauhinia cheilanta), with or without the association of spineless cactus (Nopalea cochelinifera Salm Dick), and a treatment without supplementation (control). Thirty male goats (castrated), of no defined breed, with an initial mean body weight of 19 ± 0.35 kg and approximately 90 days of age were used. The experimental design was completely randomized, using initial body weight as a covariate, in a factorial design (2 x 2) + 1, with five treatments and six replicates. The highest intake of supplement, total dry matter (DM), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) intakes occurred in the animals supplemented with jitirana or mororó hays associated with spineless cactus, and higher crude protein (CP) intake accounted for goats supplemented with mororó hay and spineless cactus. Higher intakes of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were observed in the animals fed with jitirana hay. There were no dietary influences in pasture DM intake, performance, cut weights, and carcass characteristics. As for the quality of the meat, there was an influence of the treatments only on the parameter b* (yellowness). Feeding supplementation with jitirana and mororó hays, and spineless cactus did not improve performance and carcass characteristics, and did not negatively influence the quality of goat meat raised on pasture in the Caatinga region.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o consumo, desempenho, características de carcaça e a qualidade da carne de caprinos criados em pastejo na Caatinga e suplementados com dois tipos de fenos: jitirana (Merremia aegyptia) ou mororó (Bauhinia cheilanta), com ou sem a associação a palma forrageira (Nopalea cochelinifera Salm Dick), e um tratamento sem suplementação (controle). Foram utilizados 30 caprinos machos castrados, sem padrão racial definido, com peso corporal inicial de 19 ± 0,35 kg e aproximadamente 90 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, usando o peso corporal inicial como covariável, em arranjo fatorial (2x2) + 1, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Os maiores consumos de suplemento, consumo total de matéria seca (MS), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) e dos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) ocorreram para os animais alimentados com feno de jitirana ou mororó associados à palma forrageira, e maior consumo de proteína bruta (PB) ocorreu pelos caprinos suplementados com o feno de mororó com palma forrageira. Maiores consumos de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) foram observados nos animais suplementados com feno de jitirana. Não houve influência das dietas sobre o consumo de MS do pasto, desempenho, pesos dos corte e as características de carcaça. Quanto a qualidade da carne, houve influencia dos tratamentos apenas sobre o parâmetro b* (Intensidade de amarelo). A suplementação alimentar com os fenos de jitirana e mororó, e palma forrageira não proporcionou melhorias no desempenho e nas características de carcaça, bem como não influenciou negativamente a qualidade da carne de caprinos criados em pastejo em região de Caatinga.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the plasma lipid profile and plasma fatty acids of dairy cows receiving diets supplemented with annatto. A total of 32 Holstein cows (550 kg), distributed in a completely randomized design, were allocated to individual stalls and submitted to following treatments: C0 = no annatto; C4 = inclusion of annatto at 4 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) of diet (0.07 g bixin kg-1 diet); C5 = inclusion of annatto at 5 g kg-1 DM of diet (0.09 g bixin kg-1 diet); and C7 = inclusion of annatto at 7 g kg-1 DM of diet (0.12 g bixin kg-1 diet). Blood samples were collected via epigastric vein puncture, centrifuged, and frozen for subsequent analysis. The results indicate that the inclusion (p > 0.05) of annatto does not decrease the total cholesterol or low and high density lipoproteins. However, it impacts the profile of fatty acids, evidenced by the reduction (p < 0.05) in levels of hypercholesterolemic fatty acids viz, myristic acid and palmitic acid. It also causes an increase in the levels of arachidonic acid, rumenic acid, linoleic acid, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, bixin included in the diets of dairy cows induces changes in the plasma fatty acid profile.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate non-carcass components of goats submitted to grazing in the Caatinga rangeland and supplemented with spineless cactus (Nopalea cochelinifera Salm Dick), Jitirana hay (Merremia aegyptia L. Urban) and Mororó hay (Bauhinia cheilanta Bong Stend). Thirty male goats (castrated), with no defined breed, with an initial mean body weight of 19 ± 0.35 kg and approximately 90 days of age were used. The treatments consisted of grazing without supplementation (GWS), grazing + Jitirana hay (GJ); grazing + Jitirana hay + spineless cactus (GJSC); grazing + Mororó hay (GM); grazing + Mororó hay + spineless cactus (GMSC). The means of the variables were tested by Tukey's test at 5% probability. The goats fed GWS, GJSC, GM and GMSC presented higher weights and yields of the diaphragm, and the spleen weight (p < 0.05). The highest yield of omasum (p < 0.05) occurred with goats fed GJ treatment. There were treatments (p < 0.05) on omental fat weight and leg yield, with the highest values for goats, fed GWS, GJSC, GM, and GMSC. The "Buchada" EBW-1 yield was higher (p < 0.05) for animals fed GWS. Feeding supplementation of goats grazing in the Caatinga had few influences on weights and yields of non-carcass componentes.

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RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to evaluate non-carcass components of goats submitted to grazing in the Caatinga rangeland and supplemented with spineless cactus (Nopalea cochelinifera Salm Dick), Jitirana hay (Merremia aegyptia L. Urban) and Mororó hay (Bauhinia cheilanta Bong Stend). Thirty male goats (castrated), with no defined breed, with an initial mean body weight of 19 ± 0.35 kg and approximately 90 days of age were used. The treatments consisted of grazing without supplementation (GWS), grazing + Jitirana hay (GJ); grazing + Jitirana hay + spineless cactus (GJSC); grazing + Mororó hay (GM); grazing + Mororó hay + spineless cactus (GMSC). The means of the variables were tested by Tukey's test at 5% probability. The goats fed GWS, GJSC, GM and GMSC presented higher weights and yields of the diaphragm, and the spleen weight (p < 0.05). The highest yield of omasum (p < 0.05) occurred with goats fed GJ treatment. There were treatments (p < 0.05) on omental fat weight and leg yield, with the highest values for goats, fed GWS, GJSC, GM, and GMSC. The "Buchada" EBW-1 yield was higher (p < 0.05) for animals fed GWS. Feeding supplementation of goats grazing in the Caatinga had few influences on weights and yields of non-carcass componentes.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the plasma lipid profile and plasma fatty acids of dairy cows receiving diets supplemented with annatto. A total of 32 Holstein cows (550 kg), distributed in a completely randomized design, were allocated to individual stalls and submitted to following treatments: C0 = no annatto; C4 = inclusion of annatto at 4 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) of diet (0.07 g bixin kg-1 diet); C5 = inclusion of annatto at 5 g kg-1 DM of diet (0.09 g bixin kg-1 diet); and C7 = inclusion of annatto at 7 g kg-1 DM of diet (0.12 g bixin kg-1 diet). Blood samples were collected via epigastric vein puncture, centrifuged, and frozen for subsequent analysis. The results indicate that the inclusion (p > 0.05) of annatto does not decrease the total cholesterol or low and high density lipoproteins. However, it impacts the profile of fatty acids, evidenced by the reduction (p < 0.05) in levels of hypercholesterolemic fatty acids viz, myristic acid and palmitic acid. It also causes an increase in the levels of arachidonic acid, rumenic acid, linoleic acid, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, bixin included in the diets of dairy cows induces changes in the plasma fatty acid profile.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the replacement of corn by cassava dregs (0, 33, 66, and 100%) in the diet of lamb on physicochemical parameters, fatty acid profile, and sensory attributes of meat. Forty male non-castrated Santa Inês crossbred lambs with an initial average weight of 20 ± 1.87 kg were slaughtered after 70 days. The physicochemical parameters and chemical composition of meat were not affected by the diets. Eicosenoic (C20:1n-9) and linolenic (C18:3n-3) acids increased linearly and there was a linear decreasing effect for the flavor score with increasing cassava dregs in the diets. The replacement of corn by cassava dregs did not influence omega-6:omega-3 ration or the total desirable fatty acids, as well as the color, aroma, tenderness, juiciness, or overall evaluation scores. Cassava dregs may be added in the diets of lambs, without negative effects on physicochemical characteristics, chemical composition, and fatty acid indexes, with positive effects on unsaturated fatty acid content. However, the total replacement of corn altered the sensory attributes and decreased purchase intent of the meat.

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This study aimed to verify the influence of months on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of pasture and forage selected by goats in the semiarid region of Brazil’s Pernambuco state. Six male goats fistulated in the rumen were used in a completely randomized design. Forage collection was conducted in herbaceous and shrub/tree layers, in order to simulate goat grazing, and materials were separated into leaves and branches. Extrusa and pasture collections were held in November, January and February/March. There was collection month (P <0.05) effect for pasture on dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), with average values of 458.27g/kg NM and 155.46, 521.30 and 390.13g/kg DM, respectively. For the stem (P <0.05) for DM, Organic matter (OM), mineral matter (MM), ethereal stratum (EE), ADF, acid detergent unavailable protein (AIP), total carbohydrates (TCHO) and dry matter in vitro digestibility (DMIVD), with average values of 487.47g/kg NM and 930.80, 69.07, 20.67, 440.30 and 63.78g/kg DM, respectively. About the extrusa, there was collection time effect (P <0.05) on the DM, OM, MM, CP, EE, AIP, TCHO, Non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and DMIVD, with average values of 84.53g/kg DM, 863.03, 136.97, 152.90, 33.60, 14.07, 676.37 and 55.35g/kg DM, respectively. Rainfall changes in the rainy season in the caatinga altered pasture quality, causing changes in the diet selected by goats, mainly in DM, CP, CNF and DMIVD.

Objetivou-se verificar a influência dos meses do ano sobre a composição química e digestibilidade in vitro do pasto e da forragem selecionada por caprinos no semiárido pernambucano. Foram utilizados seis caprinos machos fistulados no rúmen, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As coletas de forragem foram realizadas nos estratos herbáceo e arbustivo/arbóreo, simulando o pastejo dos caprinos, e os materiais separados em folhas e galhos. As coletas da extrusa e do pasto foram realizadas nos meses de novembro, janeiro e fevereiro/março. Houve efeito do mês de coleta (P<0,05), para a folha do pasto sobre a matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), com valores médios de 458,27g/Kg MN; 155,46; 521,30; 390,13g/Kg MS respectivamente. Para o caule (P<0,05) sobre MS, matéria orgânica (MO), matéria mineral (MM), estrato etéreo (EE), FDA, proteína indisponível em detergente ácido (PIDA), carboidratos totais (CHOT), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS), com valores médios de 487,47g/Kg MN; 930,80; 69,07; 20,67; 440,30; 63,78g/Kg MS respectivamente. Sobre a extrusa, ocorreu efeito do mês de coleta (P<0,05) sobre a MS, MO, MM, PB, EE, PIDA, CHOT, carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) e DIVMS, com valores médios de 84,53g/Kg MS; 863,03; 136,97; 152,90; 33,60; 14,07; 676,37; 55,35g/Kg MS respectivamente. Alterações na pluviosidade nos meses chuvosos na caatinga alteraram a qualidade da pastagem, ocasionando mudanças na dieta selecionada pelos caprinos, principalmente na MS, PB, CNF e DIVMS.

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This study aimed to verify the influence of months on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of pasture and forage selected by goats in the semiarid region of Brazils Pernambuco state. Six male goats fistulated in the rumen were used in a completely randomized design. Forage collection was conducted in herbaceous and shrub/tree layers, in order to simulate goat grazing, and materials were separated into leaves and branches. Extrusa and pasture collections were held in November, January and February/March. There was collection month (P <0.05) effect for pasture on dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), with average values of 458.27g/kg NM and 155.46, 521.30 and 390.13g/kg DM, respectively. For the stem (P <0.05) for DM, Organic matter (OM), mineral matter (MM), ethereal stratum (EE), ADF, acid detergent unavailable protein (AIP), total carbohydrates (TCHO) and dry matter in vitro digestibility (DMIVD), with average values of 487.47g/kg NM and 930.80, 69.07, 20.67, 440.30 and 63.78g/kg DM, respectively. About the extrusa, there was collection time effect (P <0.05) on the DM, OM, MM, CP, EE, AIP, TCHO, Non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and DMIVD, with average values of 84.53g/kg DM, 863.03, 136.97, 152.90, 33.60, 14.07, 676.37 and 55.35g/kg DM, respectively. Rainfall changes in the rainy season in the caatinga altered pasture quality, causing changes in the diet selected by goats, mainly in DM, CP, CNF and DMIVD.(AU)

Objetivou-se verificar a influência dos meses do ano sobre a composição química e digestibilidade in vitro do pasto e da forragem selecionada por caprinos no semiárido pernambucano. Foram utilizados seis caprinos machos fistulados no rúmen, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As coletas de forragem foram realizadas nos estratos herbáceo e arbustivo/arbóreo, simulando o pastejo dos caprinos, e os materiais separados em folhas e galhos. As coletas da extrusa e do pasto foram realizadas nos meses de novembro, janeiro e fevereiro/março. Houve efeito do mês de coleta (P<0,05), para a folha do pasto sobre a matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), com valores médios de 458,27g/Kg MN; 155,46; 521,30; 390,13g/Kg MS respectivamente. Para o caule (P<0,05) sobre MS, matéria orgânica (MO), matéria mineral (MM), estrato etéreo (EE), FDA, proteína indisponível em detergente ácido (PIDA), carboidratos totais (CHOT), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS), com valores médios de 487,47g/Kg MN; 930,80; 69,07; 20,67; 440,30; 63,78g/Kg MS respectivamente. Sobre a extrusa, ocorreu efeito do mês de coleta (P<0,05) sobre a MS, MO, MM, PB, EE, PIDA, CHOT, carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) e DIVMS, com valores médios de 84,53g/Kg MS; 863,03; 136,97; 152,90; 33,60; 14,07; 676,37; 55,35g/Kg MS respectivamente. Alterações na pluviosidade nos meses chuvosos na caatinga alteraram a qualidade da pastagem, ocasionando mudanças na dieta selecionada pelos caprinos, principalmente na MS, PB, CNF e DIVMS.(AU)

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