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Background: Abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) findings can be seen in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. ECG may be an inexpensive tool to identify patients at high risk for developing cardiac dysfunction after TBI. This study aimed to examine abnormal ECG findings after isolated TBI and their association with true cardiac dysfunction based on echocardiogram. Methods: This prospective observational study examined the data from adult patients with isolated and non-operated TBI between 2020 and 2021. Patients aged <18 years and >65 years with and presence of extracranial injuries including orthopedic, chest, cardiac, abdominal, and pelvis, pre-existing cardiac disease, patients who have undergone cardiothoracic surgery, with inotrope drugs, acute hemorrhage, and brain death were excluded from the study. Results: We examined data from 100 patients with isolated TBI who underwent ECG and echocardiographic evaluation. ECG changes among 53% of mild cases showed a heart rate of 60-100/min, and 2% of cases showed more than 100/min. Prolonged pulse rate (PR) interval was observed in 8%, 11%, and 16% of mild, moderate, and severe cases, while no changes in PR interval were observed in 65% of cases. A prolonged QRS pattern was observed in 5%, 7%, and 15% of mild, moderate, and severe cases. A normal QRS complex was observed in 71% of cases. Prolonged QTc was observed in 3%, 10%, and 15% of cases in mild, moderate, and severe cases, respectively. Conclusion: Repolarization abnormalities, but not ischemic-like ECG changes, are associated with cardiac dysfunction after isolated TBI. 12-lead ECG may be an inexpensive screening tool to evaluate isolated TBI patients for cardiac dysfunction.

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BACKGROUND: The STICH trial showed superiority of coronary artery bypass plus medical treatment (CABG) over medical treatment alone (MED) in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35%. In previous publications, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) prior to CABG was associated with worse prognosis. OBJECTIVES: The main purpose of this study was to analyse if prior PCI influenced outcomes in STICH. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients in the STICH trial (n = 1212), followed for a median time of 9.8 years, were included in the present analyses. In the total population, 156 had a prior PCI (74 and 82, respectively, in the MED and CABG groups). In those with vs. without prior PCI, the adjusted hazard-ratios (aHRs) were 0.92 (95% CI = 0.74-1.15) for all-cause mortality, 0.85 (95% CI = 0.64-1.11) for CV mortality, and 1.43 (95% CI = 1.15-1.77) for CV hospitalization. In the group randomized to CABG without prior PCI, the aHRs were 0.82 (95% CI = 0.70-0.95) for all-cause mortality, 0.75 (95% CI = 0.62-0.90) for CV mortality and 0.67 (95% CI = 0.56-0.80) for CV hospitalization. In the group randomized to CABG with prior PCI, the aHRs were 0.76 (95% CI = 0.50-1.15) for all-cause mortality, 0.81 (95% CI = 0.49-1.36) for CV mortality and 0.61 (95% CI = 0.41-0.90) for CV hospitalization. There was no evidence of interaction between randomized treatment and prior PCI for any endpoint (all adjusted p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In the STICH trial, prior PCI did not affect the outcomes of patients whether they were treated medically or surgically, and the superiority of CABG over MED remained unchanged regardless of prior PCI. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov; Identifier: NCT00023595.

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BACKGROUND: Advancing age is associated with a greater prevalence of coronary artery disease in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and with a higher risk of complications after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Whether the efficacy of CABG compared with medical therapy (MED) in patients with heart failure caused by ischemic cardiomyopathy is the same in patients of different ages is unknown. METHODS: A total of 1212 patients (median follow-up, 9.8 years) with ejection fraction ≤35% and coronary disease amenable to CABG were randomized to CABG or MED in the STICH trial (Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure). RESULTS: Mean age at trial entry was 60 years; 12% were women; 36% were nonwhite; and the baseline ejection fraction was 28%. For the present analyses, patients were categorized by age quartiles: quartile 1, ≤54 years; quartile, 2 >54 and ≤60 years; quartile 3, >60 and ≤67 years; and quartile 4, >67 years. Older versus younger patients had more comorbidities. All-cause mortality was higher in older compared with younger patients assigned to MED (79% versus 60% for quartiles 4 and 1, respectively; log-rank P=0.005) and CABG (68% versus 48% for quartiles 4 and 1, respectively; log-rank P<0.001). In contrast, cardiovascular mortality was not statistically significantly different across the spectrum of age in the MED group (53% versus 49% for quartiles 4 and 1, respectively; log-rank P=0.388) or CABG group (39% versus 35% for quartiles 4 and 1, respectively; log-rank P=0.103). Cardiovascular deaths accounted for a greater proportion of deaths in the youngest versus oldest quartile (79% versus 62%). The effect of CABG versus MED on all-cause mortality tended to diminish with increasing age (Pinteraction=0.062), whereas the benefit of CABG on cardiovascular mortality was consistent over all ages (Pinteraction=0.307). There was a greater reduction in all-cause mortality or cardiovascular hospitalization with CABG versus MED in younger compared with older patients (Pinteraction=0.004). In the CABG group, cardiopulmonary bypass time or days in intensive care did not differ for older versus younger patients. CONCLUSIONS: CABG added to MED has a more substantial benefit on all-cause mortality and the combination of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular hospitalization in younger compared with older patients. CABG added to MED has a consistent beneficial effect on cardiovascular mortality regardless of age. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00023595.

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BACKGROUND: Transradial access for angioplasty and percutaneous intervention (PCI) has become more popular across the world due to lower risk of bleeding and better patient comfort. It has been shown to be effective and feasible in the Western population. However, there is a relative paucity of similar data for small-statured females, especially from Asian countries. Given the increased theoretical risk of local complications due to smaller-sized radial arteries in such females, feasibility and safety of transradial PCI (rPCI) needs to be better established in this group. METHODS: We present observational data for rPCI from a 3-year period at a single tertiary care center in South Asia. Data were collected on all female patients who underwent rPCI from January 2005 to December 2007. Primary outcomes assessed were procedure failure rate and complication rate. Secondary outcomes included death, recurrence of myocardial infarction, anginal symptoms or other complaints. Outcomes were recorded post-procedurally in the hospital and after discharge for up to 6 months. RESULTS: A total of 93 patients were included for final data analysis. Average patient age was 57.5 ± 10.3 years, with average height of 151.7 ± 8.4 cm and average weight of 58.1 ± 12.5 kg. Seventy patients (75.3%) underwent angioplasty or percutaneous intervention (PCI) for ACS and 23 (24.7%) for chronic stable angina refractory to medical therapy. A total of 118 lesions were treated in 90 patients. Ninety-one lesions (77.1%) were classified as Type B2 and Type C according to modified American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association lesion morphology criteria. Three cases of procedure failure accounted for a failure rate of 3.23%. No specified complications were noted in any of the patients. At 6-month follow-up, no deaths were observed. Two patients developed acute myocardial infarction and 16 patients (17.7%) had recurrence of anginal symptoms. CONCLUSION: Radial artery angioplasty and stenting is feasible and safe in Asian females. Increased theoretical risk of complication due to small-sized radial arteries in this subgroup is unlikely to be true. Success rates are likely to be good even with complex coronary inventions performed with transradial access.

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The eustachian valve is an embryological remnant of the inferior vena cava valve that is absent or inconspicuous in the adult. Even when prominent, it is considered to be a benign finding. The present report describes a patient with deep venous thrombosis who had recurrent pulmonary embolism despite thrombolysis and anticoagulation. He was found to have an adherent thrombus on the eustachian valve and his symptoms resolved completely following surgical thrombectomy. The present report highlights that the eustachian valve can, on rare occasions, harbour pathology and can adversely impact the outcomes of coexisting medical problems such as deep venous thrombosis. Infective endocarditis, pulmonary embolism and systemic embolism via a patent foramen ovale are the major complications of eustachian valve pathology. Transesophageal echocardiography appears to be superior to transthoracic echocardiography in identifying eustachian valve pathology and should be considered in all patients with thromboembolism without a known source.

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A patient who underwent open-heart surgery for closure of secundum atrial septal defect and later developed rheumatic mitral stenosis has been subjected to balloon valvuloplasty by puncturing the interatrial septum in the standard fashion. This report discusses the pros and cons of the procedure.