RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne virus that has been causing large outbreaks in the Americas since 2014. In Brazil, Asian-Caribbean (AC) and East-Central-South-African (ECSA) genotypes have been detected and lead to large outbreaks in several Brazilian states. In Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the southernmost state of Brazil, the first cases were reported in 2016. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: We employed genome sequencing and epidemiological investigation to characterise the Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) burden in RS between 2017-2021. FINDINGS: We detected an increasing CHIKF burden linked to travel associated introductions and communitary transmission of distinct lineages of the ECSA genotype during this period. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Until 2020, CHIKV introductions were most travel associated and transmission was limited. Then, in 2021, the largest outbreak occurred in the state associated with the introduction of a new ECSA lineage. CHIKV outbreaks are likely to occur in the near future due to abundant competent vectors and a susceptible population, exposing more than 11 million inhabitants to an increasing infection risk.
Asunto(s)
Fiebre Chikungunya , Virus Chikungunya , Animales , Humanos , Virus Chikungunya/genética , Brasil/epidemiología , Viaje , Filogenia , Mosquitos Vectores , Brotes de Enfermedades , GenotipoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne virus that has been causing large outbreaks in the Americas since 2014. In Brazil, Asian-Caribbean (AC) and East-Central-South-African (ECSA) genotypes have been detected and lead to large outbreaks in several Brazilian states. In Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the southernmost state of Brazil, the first cases were reported in 2016. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We employed genome sequencing and epidemiological investigation to characterise the Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) burden in RS between 2017-2021. FINDINGS We detected an increasing CHIKF burden linked to travel associated introductions and communitary transmission of distinct lineages of the ECSA genotype during this period. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Until 2020, CHIKV introductions were most travel associated and transmission was limited. Then, in 2021, the largest outbreak occurred in the state associated with the introduction of a new ECSA lineage. CHIKV outbreaks are likely to occur in the near future due to abundant competent vectors and a susceptible population, exposing more than 11 million inhabitants to an increasing infection risk.
RESUMEN
Since its detection in December of 2020, the SARS-CoV2 lineage P.1, descendent of B.1.1.28 lineage, has been identified in several places in Brazil and abroad. This Variant of Concern was considered highly prevalent in Northern Brazil and now is rapidly widening its geographical range. Here, we present epidemiological and genomic information of the first case of P1 lineage in Rio Grande do Sul state, in a patient without reported travel history and a tracked transmission chain. These findings occurred in a tourist destination representing an important hub receiving tourists from diverse places.(AU)
Desde a sua detecção em dezembro de 2020, a linhagem P.1 do SARS-CoV2, descendente da linhagem B.1.1.28, foi identificada em diversos locais no Brasil e no mundo. Essa variante de preocupação era considerada altamente frequente no Norte do Brasil e agora está ampliando rapidamente sua distribuição geográfica. Aqui, apresentamos informações epidemiológicas e genômicas do primeiro caso da linhagem P.1 no Rio Grande do Sul em um paciente sem histórico de viagens relatado e com cadeia de transmissão identificada. Esses achados ocorreram em um destino turístico que representa um importante pólo de recepção de turistas de diversas localidades.(AU)
Desde su detección en diciembre de 2020, del linaje P.1 del SARS-CoV2, derivada de la B.1.1.28, hay sido ampliamente identificada en Brasil y en todo el mundo. Esta variante preocupante es muy frecuente en el norte de Brasil y ahora está ampliando rápidamente su distribución geográfica. Aquí, presentamos información epidemiológica y genómica del primer caso de P.1 en Rio Grande do Sul en un paciente sin antecedentes de viaje y con una cadena de transmisión identificada. Estos datos se han obtenido en un destino turístico que representa un importante centro de acogida de turistas de diferentes lugares.(AU)
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COVID-19/transmisión , COVID-19/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Information on demographic, genetic, and environmental parameters of wild and captive animal populations has proven to be crucial to conservation programs and strategies. Genetic approaches in conservation programs of Brazilian snakes remain scarce despite their importance for critically endangered species, such as Bothrops insularis, the golden lancehead, which is endemic to Ilha da Queimada Grande, coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. This study aims to (a) characterize the genetic diversity of ex situ and in situ populations of B. insularis using heterologous microsatellites; (b) investigate genetic structure among and within these populations; and (c) provide data for the conservation program of the species. Twelve informative microsatellites obtained from three species of the B. neuwiedi group were used to access genetic diversity indexes of ex situ and in situ populations. Low-to-medium genetic diversity parameters were found. Both populations showed low-albeit significant-values of system of mating inbreeding coefficient, whereas only the in situ population showed a significant value of pedigree inbreeding coefficient. Significant values of genetic differentiation indexes suggest a small differentiation between the two populations. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) recovered five clusters. No geographic relationship was found in the island, suggesting the occurrence of gene flow. Also, our data allowed the establishment of six preferential breeding couples, aiming to minimize inbreeding and elucidate uncertain parental relationships in the captive population. In a conservation perspective, continuous monitoring of both populations is demanded: it involves the incorporation of new individuals from the island into the captive population to avoid inbreeding and to achieve the recommended allelic similarity between the two populations. At last, we recommend that the genetic data support researches as a base to maintain a viable and healthy captive population, highly genetically similar to the in situ one, which is crucial for considering a reintroduction process into the island.
RESUMEN
Information on demographic, genetic, and environmental parameters of wild and captive animal populations has proven to be crucial to conservation programs and strategies. Genetic approaches in conservation programs of Brazilian snakes remain scarce despite their importance for critically endangered species, such as Bothrops insularis, the golden lancehead, which is endemic to Ilha da Queimada Grande, coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. This study aims to (a) characterize the genetic diversity of ex situ and in situ populations of B. insularis using heterologous microsatellites; (b) investigate genetic structure among and within these populations; and (c) provide data for the conservation program of the species. Twelve informative microsatellites obtained from three species of the B. neuwiedi group were used to access genetic diversity indexes of ex situ and in situ populations. Low‐to‐medium genetic diversity parameters were found. Both populations showed low—albeit significant—values of system of mating inbreeding coefficient, whereas only the in situ population showed a significant value of pedigree inbreeding coefficient. Significant values of genetic differentiation indexes suggest a small differentiation between the two populations. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) recovered five clusters. No geographic relationship was found in the island, suggesting the occurrence of gene flow. Also, our data allowed the establishment of six preferential breeding couples, aiming to minimize inbreeding and elucidate uncertain parental relationships in the captive population. In a conservation perspective, continuous monitoring of both populations is demanded: it involves the incorporation of new individuals from the island into the captive population to avoid inbreeding and to achieve the recommended allelic similarity between the two populations. At last, we recommend that the genetic data support researches as a base to maintain a viable and healthy captive population, highly genetically similar to the in situ one, which is crucial for considering a reintroduction process into the island.
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Eight current species of snakes of the Bothrops neuwiedi group are widespread in South American open biomes from northeastern Brazil to southeastern Argentina. In this paper, 140 samples from 93 different localities were used to investigate species boundaries and to provide a hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among the members of this group based on 1122bp of cyt b and ND4 from mitochondrial DNA and also investigate the patterns and processes occurring in the evolutionary history of the group. Combined data recovered the B. neuwiedi group as a highly supported monophyletic group in maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses, as well as four major clades (Northeast I, Northeast II, East-West, West-South) highly-structured geographically. Monophyly was recovered only for B. pubescens. By contrast, B. diporus, B. lutzi, B. erythromelas, B. mattogrossensis, B. neuwiedi, B. marmoratus, and B. pauloensis, as currently defined on the basis of morphology, were polyphyletic. Sympatry, phenotypic intergrades and shared mtDNA haplotypes, mainly between B. marmoratus and B. pauloensis suggest recent introgressive hybridization and the possible occurrence of a narrow hybrid zone in Central Brazil. Our data suggest at least three candidate species: B. neuwiedi from Espinhaço Range, B. mattogrossensis (TM173) from Serra da Borda (MT) and B. diporus (PT3404) from Castro Barros, Argentina. Divergence estimates highlight the importance of Neogene events in the origin of B. neuwiedi group, and the origin of species and diversification of populations of the Neotropical fauna from open biomes during the Quaternary climate fluctuations. Data reported here represent a remarkable increase of the B. neuwiedi group sampling size, since representatives of all the current recognized species from a wide geographic range are included in this study, providing basic information for understanding the evolution and conservation of Neotropical biodiversity.
Asunto(s)
Bothrops/genética , Filogenia , Animales , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Haplotipos , Hibridación Genética , Fenotipo , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , América del SurRESUMEN
Rapid identification of drug resistance in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is important in determining treatment for tuberculosis. The aim of this work was evaluate the performance of the GenoType MDRTBplus assay directly on sputum of patients who had treatment failure or relapse in a routine outpatient setting in southern Brazil.
Asunto(s)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Esputo/microbiología , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/microbiología , Antibióticos Antituberculosos/uso terapéutico , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Brasil , Catalasa/genética , ADN Bacteriano/análisis , ADN Bacteriano/genética , ARN Polimerasas Dirigidas por ADN , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Humanos , Isoniazida/uso terapéutico , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Mutación , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Oxidorreductasas/genética , Recurrencia , Rifampin/uso terapéutico , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Insuficiencia del Tratamiento , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Este estudo avaliou a resistência de três cepas de Salmonella frente aos desinfetantes ácido peracético, quaternário de amônio e hipoclorito de sódio. S. Enteritidis (SE86), responsável por mais de 90% dos surtos alimentares ocorridos no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), foi comparada com S. Typhimurium e S. Bredeney, ambas não envolvidas na ocorrência de salmonelose. A resistência aos desinfetantes foi avaliada por meio de teste de suspensão, conforme preconizado pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Todos os desinfetantes avaliados, nas concentrações indicadas pelos fabricantes, foram capazes de inativar as três cepas de Salmonella, entretanto, SE86 apresentou maior resistência ao hipoclorito de sódio a 400 ppm, além de ser a única cepa bacteriana capaz de sobreviver por até 15 minutos de exposição a 200 ppm desse desinfetante. Uma vez que o hipoclorito de sódio, nestas condições, é empregado com frequência como agente de desinfecção em indústrias de alimentos e serviços de alimentação, as características acima mencionadas podem contribuir para que esse microrganismo seja responsável pelos surtos de salmoneloses ocorridos no RS. Em função da importância desses micro-organismos como agentes patogênicos alimentares, cuidados especiais devem ser tomados nos processos de desinfecção e contaminação cruzada por Salmonella.
The resistance of Salmonella strains to the biocides peracetic acid, quaternary ammonium and sodiumhypochlorite was assessed. S. Enteritidis (SE86), which is responsible for more than 90% of food-borneoutbreaks occurred in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) was compared to S. Typhimurium and S. Bredeney, bothnot related to salmonellosis. The bacterial resistance to biocides was evaluated using the suspension test asrecommended by The Brazilian Agriculture Ministry. The three biocides were able to inactivate all of themicroorganisms tested, when the concentrations indicated by the manufacturers were used. However, SE86was resistant to 400 ppm sodium hypochlorite, and survived for up to 15 minutes of exposure to 200 ppmof this biocide, which was not demonstrated by the other bacteria strains. Since the sodium hypochlorite,at such concentration and time of exposure, is frequently used at food industries and food services, andowing to the above cited resistance characteristic, this condition could be contributing for the SE86 withfood-borne salmonellosis outbreak occurred in RS. In view of the importance of these microorganismsas alimentary pathogens, special cares in the food disinfection processes and cross-contamination withSalmonella must be taken.
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Compuestos de Amonio Cuaternario , Hipoclorito de Sodio , Salmonella , Ácido PeracéticoRESUMEN
The adhesion of Salmonella (S.) strains to stainless steel and polyethylene and their inactivation by biocides used in food industry was investigated. Coupons of stainless steel and polyethylene were immersed in bacterial suspensions of S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Bredeney during 15, 30, and 60 minutes, and submitted to different concentrations of peracetic acid (PAA), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and quaternary ammonium (Quat) sanitizers. Hydrophobicity of the surfaces was evaluated by contact angle measurements using the sessile drop method and bacterial adhesion was accompanied through bacterial counts and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results indicated that the three serovars of Salmonella presented similar adhesion to both materials (5.0 to 6.5 log cfu cm-2). The time of exposure did not influence the counts of adhered cells on both surfaces, however SEM revealed larger clusters of S. Enteritidis on both materials, not found for the other serovars. S. Enteritidis presented lower sessile drop angle on polyethylene, indicating hydrophilic properties of this material. The biocides were not able to inactivate all the microorganisms adhered on both surfaces. At least 1 log cfu cm-2 of all serovars tested remained viable after the exposure to different biocide concentrations. In general, higher counts of survivors were observed on polyethylene disinfected with different concentrations of biocides. S. Bredeney e S. Typhimurium were more resistant than S. Enteritidis to PAA, whilst S. Enteritidis presented smaller reduction rates to NaOCl. This last biocide was able to reduce Salmonella counts in approximately 3.0 to 4.0 log cm-2. When adhered to polyethylene, the serovars S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were more resistant to Quat than S. Bredeney in all concentrations tested, and the numbers of S. Enteritidis remained almost unaltered. On stainless steel disinfected by Quat, S. Bredeney presented higher numbers of survivors.
RESUMEN
The adhesion of Salmonella (S.) strains to stainless steel and polyethylene and their inactivation by biocides used in food industry was investigated. Coupons of stainless steel and polyethylene were immersed in bacterial suspensions of S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Bredeney during 15, 30, and 60 minutes, and submitted to different concentrations of peracetic acid (PAA), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and quaternary ammonium (Quat) sanitizers. Hydrophobicity of the surfaces was evaluated by contact angle measurements using the sessile drop method and bacterial adhesion was accompanied through bacterial counts and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results indicated that the three serovars of Salmonella presented similar adhesion to both materials (5.0 to 6.5 log cfu cm(-2)). The time of exposure did not influence the counts of adhered cells on both surfaces, however SEM revealed larger clusters of S. Enteritidis on both materials, not found for the other serovars. S. Enteritidis presented lower sessile drop angle on polyethylene, indicating hydrophilic properties of this material. The biocides were not able to inactivate all the microorganisms adhered on both surfaces. At least 1 log cfu cm(-2) of all serovars tested remained viable after the exposure to different biocide concentrations. In general, higher counts of survivors were observed on polyethylene disinfected with different concentrations of biocides. S. Bredeney e S. Typhimurium were more resistant than S. Enteritidis to PAA, whilst S. Enteritidis presented smaller reduction rates to NaOCl. This last biocide was able to reduce Salmonella counts in approximately 3.0 to 4.0 log cm(-2). When adhered to polyethylene, the serovars S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were more resistant to Quat than S. Bredeney in all concentrations tested, and the numbers of S. Enteritidis remained almost unaltered. On stainless steel disinfected by Quat, S. Bredeney presented higher numbers of survivors.
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BACKGROUND: The thin-spined porcupine, also known as the bristle-spined rat, Chaetomys subspinosus (Olfers, 1818), the only member of its genus, figures among Brazilian endangered species. In addition to being threatened, it is poorly known, and even its taxonomic status at the family level has long been controversial. The genus Chaetomys was originally regarded as a porcupine in the family Erethizontidae, but some authors classified it as a spiny-rat in the family Echimyidae. Although the dispute seems to be settled in favor of the erethizontid advocates, further discussion of its affinities should be based on a phylogenetic framework. In the present study, we used nucleotide-sequence data from the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and karyotypic information to address this issue. Our molecular analyses included one individual of Chaetomys subspinosus from the state of Bahia in northeastern Brazil, and other hystricognaths. RESULTS: All topologies recovered in our molecular phylogenetic analyses strongly supported Chaetomys subspinosus as a sister clade of the erethizontids. Cytogenetically, Chaetomys subspinosus showed 2n = 52 and FN = 76. Although the sexual pair could not be identified, we assumed that the X chromosome is biarmed. The karyotype included 13 large to medium metacentric and submetacentric chromosome pairs, one small subtelocentric pair, and 12 small acrocentric pairs. The subtelocentric pair 14 had a terminal secondary constriction in the short arm, corresponding to the nucleolar organizer region (Ag-NOR), similar to the erethizontid Sphiggurus villosus, 2n = 42 and FN = 76, and different from the echimyids, in which the secondary constriction is interstitial. CONCLUSION: Both molecular phylogenies and karyotypical evidence indicated that Chaetomys is closely related to the Erethizontidae rather than to the Echimyidae, although in a basal position relative to the rest of the Erethizontidae. The high levels of molecular and morphological divergence suggest that Chaetomys belongs to an early radiation of the Erethizontidae that may have occurred in the Early Miocene, and should be assigned to its own subfamily, the Chaetomyinae.
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Filogenia , Puercoespines/clasificación , Puercoespines/genética , Animales , Cromosomas de los Mamíferos/genética , Citocromos b/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Evolución Molecular , Femenino , Cariotipificación , Alineación de Secuencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Spiny rats of the genus Proechimys are morphologically diverse, widely distributed and have diploid numbers ranging from 2n = 14-16 to 2n = 62. In this paper we present cytogenetical data and brief comments on morphological and biogeographical issues related to spiny rats. In our sample of 42 spiny rats collected from 12 Brazilian Amazonian tropical rainforest and the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) sites we detected nine karyological entities: four different karyomorphs with 2n = 30, three with 2n = 28, one with 2n = 15 and one with 2n = 44. Based on qualitative morphological characters these karyomorphs can be allocated to five species within the goeldii, guyannensis and longicaudatus species groups
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Animales , Citogenética , Ratas/genética , Brasil , Cariotipificación , Roedores/genéticaRESUMEN
Com o aumento da expectaiva de vida da população mundial e consequente crescimento do número de pacientes idosos, vem surgindo na Odontologia uma enorme procura por tratamento especializado para o atendentimento desta nova clientela. Contudo, a qualificação profissional nesta área, embora necessária, ainda é escassa. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é informar aos profissionais da saúde, através de uma revisão bibliorgráfica, não apenas a necessidade de conhecimentos específicos, mas também a de uma inter-relação com outras especialidades, no intuito de se estabelecer um diagnóstico completo, ressaltando ainda a necessidade de realização de mais pesquisas enfocando este estrato populacional, para que, num futuro próximo, novas metas de estudo e tratamento sejam determinadas
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento , Competencia Clínica , Medicina , Odontología Geriátrica , Salud BucalRESUMEN
Os avanços recentes da odontologia não isentaram o cirurgião-dentista de buscar uma relação mais humana com seus pacientes, Esse trabalho objetiva analisar o respeito ao princípio bioético da autonomia na relação cirurgião-dentista de crianças submetidas a tratamento odontológico em Araçatuba, SP. Para tanto, aplicou-se um questionário a cem responsáveis de nível socioeconômico variado, sendo 97 deles foram colaboradores. Os dados demonstraram que, embora 84,54 por cento dos pais acreditassem que os filhos recebram um atendimento adequado, somente 34,02 por cento deles participaram da decisão dos procedimentos. Assim, conclui-se que houve negligência profissional em relação aos direitos dos responsáveis de participar do atendimento