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Blue-green spaces (BGSs), urban areas characterized by the presence of vegetation and or water, and infrastructure form a potential solution for public health threats from increasing urbanization. We conducted a meta-analysis to test the hypothesis that blue-green spaces increase the abundance of nuisance and vector mosquito species compared to non-greened urban areas. After screening 7306 studies published since 1992, we identified 18 studies containing sufficient data from both traditional urban areas and BGSs. We found no significant difference in mean abundance of all mosquito taxa in three genera (Aedes, Culex, Anopheles) when comparing blue-green spaces and non-greened urban spaces. Similarly, a separate analysis of each individual genera found no significant differences. An analysis of the taxa by larval habitat guilds found no differences for container-breeding mosquitoes. Flood-water species tended to be more abundant in blue-green spaces, but the differences were not significant. The individual taxa of Aedes albopictus and the Culex pipiens complex showed no differences between blue-green and urban spaces, while the abundance of Aedes aegypti was significantly higher in traditional urban spaces. Due to the variety existing between and among the several types of blue-green spaces, further studies comparing each unique type of blue-green space or infrastructure will be necessary to draw conclusions regarding the influence of each structure on for urban mosquito communities.
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Opioids, such as morphine, are the most effective treatment for pain but their efficacy is diminished with the development of tolerance following repeated administration. Recently, we found that morphine activated ERK in opioid-tolerant but not in naïve rats, suggesting that morphine activation of µ-opioid receptors is altered following repeated morphine administration. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that µ-opioid receptor activation of ERK in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) is dependent on dynamin, a protein implicated in receptor endocytosis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Rats were made tolerant to repeated microinjections of morphine into the vlPAG. The effects of dynamin on ERK activation and antinociception were assessed by microinjecting myristoylated dominant-negative dynamin peptide (Dyn-DN) or a scrambled control peptide into the vlPAG. Microinjection of a fluorescent dermorphin analogue (DERM-A594) into the vlPAG was used to monitor µ-opioid receptor internalization. KEY RESULTS: Morphine did not activate ERK and Dyn-DN administration had no effect on morphine-induced antinociception in saline-pretreated rats. In contrast, morphine-induced ERK activation in morphine-pretreated rats that was blocked by Dyn-DN administration. Dyn-DN also inhibited morphine antinociception. Finally, morphine reduced DERM-A594 internalization only in morphine-tolerant rats indicating that µ-opioid receptors were internalized and unavailable to bind DERM-A594. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Repeated morphine administration increased µ-opioid receptor activation of ERK signalling via a dynamin-dependent mechanism. These results demonstrate that the balance of agonist signalling to G-protein and dynamin-dependent pathways is altered, effectively changing the functional selectivity of the agonist-receptor complex. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Analgésicos Opioides/farmacología , Tolerancia a Medicamentos/fisiología , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/metabolismo , Morfina/farmacología , Receptores Opioides mu/metabolismo , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapéutico , Animales , Dinaminas/farmacología , Calor , Masculino , Morfina/uso terapéutico , Péptidos Opioides/farmacología , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor/metabolismo , Sustancia Gris Periacueductal/metabolismo , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
Microinjection of opioids into the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) produces antinociception in part by binding to mu-opioid receptors (MOPrs). Although both high and low efficacy agonists produce antinociception, low efficacy agonists such as morphine produce limited MOPr internalization suggesting that MOPr internalization and signaling leading to antinociception are independent. This hypothesis was tested in awake, behaving rats using DERM-A594, a fluorescently labeled dermorphin analog, and internalization blockers. Microinjection of DERM-A594 into the vlPAG produced both antinociception and internalization of DERM-A594. Administration of the irreversible opioid receptor antagonist beta-chlornaltrexamine (beta-CNA) prior to DERM-A594 microinjection reduced both the antinociceptive effect and the number of DERM-A594 labeled cells demonstrating that both effects are opioid receptor-mediated. Pretreatment with the internalization blockers dynamin dominant-negative inhibitory peptide (dynamin-DN) and concanavalinA (ConA) attenuated both DERM-A594 internalization and antinociception. Microinjection of dynamin-DN and ConA also decreased the antinociceptive potency of the unlabeled opioid agonist dermorphin when microinjected into the vlPAG as demonstrated by rightward shifts in the dose-response curves. In contrast, administration of dynamin-DN had no effect on the antinociceptive effect of microinjecting the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline into the vlPAG. The finding that dermorphin-induced antinociception is attenuated by blocking receptor internalization indicates that key parts of opioid receptor-mediated signaling depend on internalization.
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Analgésicos Opioides/farmacología , Péptidos Opioides/farmacología , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptores Opioides mu/metabolismo , Analgésicos Opioides/química , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapéutico , Animales , Bicuculina/farmacología , Concanavalina A/farmacología , Dinaminas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Antagonistas de Receptores de GABA-A , Masculino , Microinyecciones , Naltrexona/análogos & derivados , Naltrexona/farmacología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Péptidos Opioides/química , Péptidos Opioides/uso terapéutico , Dolor/metabolismo , Dolor/fisiopatología , Dimensión del Dolor , Péptidos/farmacología , Sustancia Gris Periacueductal/efectos de los fármacos , Sustancia Gris Periacueductal/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores Opioides mu/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Ethanol withdrawal seizure-prone (WSP) and -resistant (WSR) mice have been genetically selected for differences in handling-induced convulsion severity during withdrawal from chronic ethanol administration. Importantly, drug-naïve mice from these selected lines also differ in handling-induced convulsion severity. Different N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit and splice variant associations confer varying sensitivities to ethanol, and may play a role in the different behavioral responses of the WSP and WSR mice. METHODS: In situ hybridization of riboprobes was used to characterize NMDA receptor subunit and splice variant mRNA expression in cortex and hippocampus from WSP and WSR mice. In addition, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry were used to examine the expression of specific NMDA receptor subunits and splice variants in hippocampus and cortex from the selected mouse lines. RESULTS: In situ hybridization of riboprobes indicated that, in brain sections from both WSP and WSR mice, there was a differential regional distribution of mRNA for the mouse NR1, NR2A, NR2B, and NR2C NMDA receptor subunits. However, there were no differences between the selected lines in the hybridization of riboprobes to hippocampal subfields or cortical layers. In addition, hybridization of the probe for a 63-base N1-terminal cassette of ethanol-sensitive NR1 splice variants labeled both cortex and hippocampus. The level of hybridization did not differ across subfields of the hippocampus. Results from Western blot and immunohistochemical experiments also indicated that there were no differences between selected lines in NMDA receptor subunit protein expression. However, there was a correlation between mRNA and protein expression in hippocampus and cortex for each NMDA receptor subunit that was examined. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that at the level of both mRNA and protein, NMDA receptor subunit and splice variant expression can be uncoupled from convulsion severity in mice that have been selectively bred for symptoms of ethanol withdrawal.
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Convulsiones por Abstinencia de Alcohol/genética , Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/genética , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/genética , Convulsiones por Abstinencia de Alcohol/metabolismo , Animales , Ratones , Sitios de Empalme de ARN/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismoRESUMEN
This report examines the relationship between early parental behavior and the later onset of asthma in a cohort of 150 children who were genetically at risk for developing asthma. Judgments of both parenting problems and maternal coping were made during a home visit when the infant was 3 weeks old. A clinical interview with the mother was developed and reliably coded. The sample was divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of concerns about coping and parenting. During the following 2 years, the respiratory status of the children was monitored. Four categories of respiratory status were defined: (1) asthma; (2) recurrent infectious wheezing; (3) a single isolated wheezing episode; or (4) no wheezing. Early problems in coping and parenting were associated with the later onset of asthma (p less than 0.001). Furthermore, parents of children who developed asthma were more likely to have been having difficulties at the 3-week visit than those whose children developed infectious wheezing (p less than 0.005).
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Asma/etiología , Padres/psicología , Adaptación Psicológica , Adulto , Asma/psicología , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Ruidos Respiratorios/etiología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/complicaciones , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
We reviewed the clinical records and operative notes of 28 patients with fractures of the posterolateral tibial plateau seen at our institution from 1949 to 1982. Five of the 28 patients had chronic depressions of the posterolateral tibial plateau after initial treatment elsewhere. All five were disabled because of significant functional instability when the knee was in flexion. There were 23 acute fractures, of which 4 were initially nondisplaced and treated nonoperatively. One nonoperative patient was lost to followup; the remaining three were rated as having had good or excellent results. Nineteen patients had acute depressed fractures and were treated operatively with open reduction, elevation of the depressed area, and bone grafting, with or without internal fixation. All patients treated operatively at the time of injury were seen for followup from 24 to 145 months postoperatively, with a mean followup of 59 months. One patient was lost to followup; the other 18 were rated using both objective and subjective criteria. Seventeen (94%) achieved a final rating of excellent or good; one patient (6%) achieved a rating of fair. We have observed these fractures occurring in a younger population and producing significant disability in activities requiring a stable knee in flexion. The depressed posterolateral tibial plateau fracture is best assessed by AP, lateral, and 45 degrees internal oblique views on radiographic examination. Because of continued disability caused by chronic, depressed fractures of this type, we recommend open reduction and bone grafting in acute cases to eliminate instability in flexion. This procedure produces good or excellent results in most cases.
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Traumatismos de la Rodilla/cirugía , Fracturas de la Tibia/cirugía , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Trasplante Óseo , Terapia por Ejercicio , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Inmovilización , Inestabilidad de la Articulación/rehabilitación , Inestabilidad de la Articulación/cirugía , Traumatismos de la Rodilla/diagnóstico por imagen , Traumatismos de la Rodilla/terapia , Ligamentos Articulares/lesiones , Ligamentos Articulares/cirugía , Masculino , Meniscos Tibiales/cirugía , Persona de Mediana Edad , Periodo Posoperatorio , Radiografía , Fracturas de la Tibia/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas de la Tibia/terapia , Lesiones de Menisco TibialRESUMEN
Between 1977 and 1982, 19 cases of congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) were encountered in black infants. Six of these cases were associated with other anomalies (atypical CDH); 13 were typical CDH. The incidence of complete CDH in the white population studied is 1.5/1000; in the black population studied it is 0.46/1000. The increased incidence in comparison to previous studies may possibly reflect genetic heterogeneity in the control population relative to the African black.
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Negro o Afroamericano , Luxación Congénita de la Cadera/epidemiología , Preescolar , Femenino , Luxación Congénita de la Cadera/terapia , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Louisiana , Masculino , Equipo Ortopédico , Osteotomía , TracciónRESUMEN
Third-generation beta-lactam antibiotics are effective against a wider range of microorganisms than are older antibiotics. Cefotaxime, moxalactam, cefoperazone, ceftizoxime, ceftazidime, cefsulodin, and ceftriaxone were used to treat 102 patients hospitalized with orthopedic infections. Sensitivity of the pathogens to the antibiotic used was established in all cases. Patients allergic to penicillin were given either moxalactam or ceftazidime. Pathogens were eradicated in all but six instances, five of which were Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Four of these developed resistance during therapy. Only three patients had clinical responses that were less than satisfactory. No serious adverse reaction occurred, and no allergic reactions developed. This new class of antibiotics is thus safe and effective as the sole therapeutic agent for many orthopedic infections, including those that require long periods of treatment.