RESUMEN
We previously reported linkage of bipolar disorder to 5q33-q34 in families from two closely related population isolates, the Central Valley of Costa Rica (CVCR) and Antioquia, Colombia (CO). Here we present follow up results from fine-scale mapping in large CVCR and CO families segregating severe bipolar disorder, BP-I, and in 343 population trios/duos from CVCR and CO. Employing densely spaced SNPs to fine map the prior linkage peak region increases linkage evidence and clarifies the position of the putative BP-I locus. We performed two-point linkage analysis with 1134 SNPs in an approximately 9 Mb region between markers D5S410 and D5S422. Combining pedigrees from CVCR and CO yields a LOD score of 4.9 at SNP rs10035961. Two other SNPs (rs7721142 and rs1422795) within the same 94 kb region also displayed LOD scores greater than 4. This linkage peak coincides with our prior microsatellite results and suggests a narrowed BP-I susceptibility regions in these families. To investigate if the locus implicated in the familial form of BP-I also contributes to disease risk in the population, we followed up the family results with association analysis in duo and trio samples, obtaining signals within 2 Mb of the peak linkage signal in the pedigrees; rs12523547 and rs267015 (P = 0.00004 and 0.00016, respectively) in the CO sample and rs244960 in the CVCR sample and the combined sample, with P = 0.00032 and 0.00016, respectively. It remains unclear whether these association results reflect the same locus contributing to BP susceptibility within the extended pedigrees.
Asunto(s)
Indio Americano o Nativo de Alaska/genética , Trastorno Bipolar/genética , Cromosomas Humanos Par 5/genética , Ligamiento Genético , Linaje , Colombia , Costa Rica , Familia , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Marcadores Genéticos , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , América Latina , Escala de Lod , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genéticaRESUMEN
Leaf samples were collected from cucurbit and solanaceous crop plants and Musa spp. in 28 locations in five provinces of Costa Rica during the period from January to October 1996. Sampling sites were selected in dry, humid, and moist tropical regions ranging in altitude from 50 to 2,100 m above sea level. RNA-enriched total nucleic acid solutions were spotted onto nylon membranes and hybridized to RNA probes specific for Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) subgroups I or II. The presence of CMV was confirmed in 13 crops in 23 of the 28 sampling sites. CMV subgroup I was found to predominate in Costa Rica. CMV subgroup II was detected in the Atlantic region only, and in only 1 out of 113 CMV-positive samples.
RESUMEN
Nine different groups of individuals studied from 1969 to 1985 were tested for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) markers. In 8 groups only HBsAg in serum was tested, in another group: tissular HBsAg, and in two of those groups: serum HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc. Mean HBsAg prevalence in groups similar to general population was 0.64%; 5% in cirrhotics; HBV prevalence in haemophiliacs was 18.87% by testing serum for HBsAg and anti-HBs; serum HBsAg prevalence in Viral Chronic Active Hepatitis was 43.24%; and Hepatocellular Cancer (HCC) group had a prevalence for HBV of 13.04% when only tissular HBsAg was tested, and 54.29% when serum HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc were tested in all patients. Costa Rica has a low HBV markers prevalence only similar to what is found in industrial developed countries.