RESUMEN
This paper presents a generalized predictive control (GPC) technique to regulate the activated sludge process found in a bioreactor used in wastewater treatment. The control strategy can track dissolved oxygen setpoint changes quickly, adapting to the system uncertainties and disturbances. Tests occur on an Activated Sludge Model No. 1 benchmark of an activated sludge process. A T filter added to the GPC framework results in an effective control strategy in the presence of coloured measurement noise. This work also suggests how a constraint on the measured variable can be added as a penalty term to the GPC framework which leads to improved control of the dissolved oxygen concentration in the presence of dynamic input disturbance.
Asunto(s)
Reactores Biológicos , Instalaciones de Eliminación de Residuos , Aguas Residuales/química , Modelos Teóricos , Oxígeno/análisis , Aguas del Alcantarillado , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Contaminantes Químicos del AguaAsunto(s)
Arthrobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Desfibriladores Implantables/efectos adversos , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/etiología , Infecciones Relacionadas con Prótesis/microbiología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Arthrobacter/clasificación , Arthrobacter/efectos de los fármacos , Biopelículas , Brevibacterium , Deferoxamina/farmacología , Desfibriladores Implantables/microbiología , Remoción de Dispositivos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Femenino , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infecciones Relacionadas con Prótesis/tratamiento farmacológico , Ribotipificación , Rumanía/etnología , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
The aim of our study was to determine the epidemiological profile and the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria and fungi identified from blood cultures in the patients of the clinical haematology unit. A retrospective study was carried out over an 8-year period (2003-2010) in the clinical haematology unit of the Percy Military Medical Center. During this period, we collected 723 isolates: Gram-negative bacilli (70.8%) and Gram-positive cocci (18.7%). The four most commonly isolated species were Escherichia coli (18.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.8%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (6.2%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (5.4%). The rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was 6.45% and that of coagulase-negative staphylococci 61.2%. No resistance to glycopeptides was observed. In E. coli, as in the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group, a 27% resistance to fluoroquinolones was observed. Concerning P. aeruginosa, the phenotypes were distributed over penicillinase (23.4%) and cephalosporinase (13.1% were resistant to ceftazidime). The impermeability rate of imipenem was 9.3%. The aggressiveness and duration of haematological treatments explains why infections remain one of the main complications of neutropenia. The emergence of new or unusual bacteria is highly likely. Antibiotic selective pressure and long periods of hospitalization could explain the emergence of multiresistant bacteria. As a consequence, epidemiological surveillance is indispensable.
Asunto(s)
Bacteriemia/microbiología , Sangre/microbiología , Neutropenia Febril/microbiología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias Grampositivas/aislamiento & purificación , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacteriemia/epidemiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Neutropenia Febril/epidemiología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/clasificación , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/clasificación , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Hospitales Militares/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Estudios RetrospectivosAsunto(s)
Fracturas del Fémur/cirugía , Infecciones por Mycobacterium no Tuberculosas/microbiología , Micobacterias no Tuberculosas/aislamiento & purificación , Osteomielitis/microbiología , Infección de la Herida Quirúrgica/microbiología , Cicatriz/microbiología , Cicatriz/cirugía , Claritromicina/uso terapéutico , Desbridamiento , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Fijación Interna de Fracturas , Fracturas Cerradas/cirugía , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infecciones por Mycobacterium no Tuberculosas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Mycobacterium no Tuberculosas/cirugía , Osteomielitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Osteomielitis/etiología , Osteomielitis/cirugía , Osteotomía , Ribotipificación , Rifampin/administración & dosificación , Infección de la Herida Quirúrgica/tratamiento farmacológico , Infección de la Herida Quirúrgica/cirugía , Vancomicina/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To introduce a unique system of alias assignment for patients whose identity is initially unknown at time of admission to the emergency unit; to prevent confusion and cases of mistaken identity. METHODS: At the triage area the "unknown" patient is given a "forename" using the phonetic alphabet according to the stage of the current name cycle. The sex of the patient is included as well as the unknown status and a "surname" is added as the numerical date. Thus an unknown male patient admitted on the 24th of April at the start of a new name cycle would be known as "unknown male Alpha 24/4". RESULTS: Ten thousand alias assignments have been issued to patients since the introduction of the system in 1985. CONCLUSION: This system is a simple yet effective, tried and tested method for the unique identification of unknown patients, which allows easy communication and retrieval of data for inquiries.