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BACKGROUND: Acute heart failure (AHF) hospitalization presents an opportunity to optimize pharmacotherapy to improve outcomes. OBJECTIVES: This study's aim was to define eligibility for initiation of guideline-directed medical therapy and newer heart failure (HF) agents from recent clinical trials in the AHF population. METHODS: The authors analyzed patients with an AHF admission within the CAN-HF (Canadian Heart Failure) registry between January 2017 and April 2020. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) was defined as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40% and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) as LVEF >40%. Eligibility was assessed according to the major society guidelines or enrollment criteria from recent landmark clinical trials. RESULTS: A total of 809 patients with documented LVEF were discharged alive from hospital: 455 with HFrEF and 354 with HFpEF; of these patients, 284 had a de novo presentation and 525 had chronic HF. In HFrEF patients, eligibility for therapies was 73.6% for angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs), 94.9% for beta-blockers, 84.4% for mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), 81.1% for sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and 15.6% for ivabradine. Additionally, 25.9% and 30.1% met trial criteria for vericiguat and omecamtiv mecarbil, respectively. Overall, 71.6% of patients with HFrEF (75.5% de novo, 69.5% chronic HF) were eligible for foundational quadruple therapy. In the HFpEF population, 37.6% and 59.9% were eligible for ARNIs and SGLT2 inhibitors based on recent trial criteria, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients admitted with AHF are eligible for foundational quadruple therapy and additional novel medications across a spectrum of HF phenotypes.

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CD248 (endosialin) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is dynamically expressed on pericytes and fibroblasts during tissue development, tumour neovascularization and inflammation. Its role in tissue remodelling is associated with increased stromal cell proliferation and migration. We show that CD248 is also uniquely expressed by human, but not mouse (C57BL/6), CD8(+) naive T cells. CD248 is found only on CD8(+) CCR7(+) CD11a(low) naive T cells and on CD8 single-positive T cells in the thymus. Transfection of the CD248 negative T-cell line MOLT-4 with CD248 cDNA surprisingly reduced cell proliferation. Knock-down of CD248 on naive CD8 T cells increased cell proliferation. These data demonstrate opposing functions for CD248 on haematopoietic (CD8(+)) versus stromal cells and suggests that CD248 helps to maintain naive CD8(+) human T cells in a quiescent state.

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Studies of stromal cell populations in lymphoid tissue (LT) have been hampered by a lack of selective markers. Here, we show that CD248 (Endosialin/TEM1) is a stromal marker that is differentially expressed on fibroblasts and pericytes in the thymus, lymph node and spleen. Expression is high during LT development but largely disappears in the adult. CD248 is re-expressed in a Salmonella-induced model of splenic enlargement; peak expression corresponding to the peak of splenic enlargement. These results suggest that CD248 expression helps define a subset of LT stromal cells which play a role in remodelling during tissue development, infection and repair.

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Endosialin has been assigned the alternate name of tumour endothelial marker 1 (TEM1) due to its identification as a highly upregulated gene transcript in tumour endothelium compared to normal endothelium. As a consequence there is interest in endosialin as a potential therapeutic target in cancer treatment. However, there are conflicting reports over the nature of vascular expression in tumours with some evidence that endosialin is expressed on perivascular pericytes rather than the endothelial cells themselves. To address this, we have analysed the expression of endosialin in mouse embryos, newborn pups and adults. In the embryo endosialin is predominantly expressed on stromal fibroblasts throughout the mesenchyme but expression is also observed on the developing vasculature. When analysed by confocal microscopy endosialin on vessels does not colocalise with endothelial cells expressing CD31. Rather, endosialin is restricted to closely associated perivascular cells that also express the pericyte marker NG2. Finally, the fibroblast and pericyte expression of endosialin changes dynamically during development and becomes highly restricted in adult mouse tissues. This evolving picture of endosialin expression in sites of active tissue remodelling and neovascularisation has implications in tumour growth, angiogenesis and metastasis.

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Fibroblasts are a diverse cell type and display clear topographic differentiation and positional memory. In a screen for fibroblast specific markers we have characterized four monoclonal antibodies to endosialin (TEM1/CD248). Previous studies have reported that endosialin is a tumour endothelium marker and is localized intracellularly. We demonstrate conclusively that endosialin is a cell surface glycoprotein and is predominantly expressed by fibroblasts and a subset of pericytes associated with tumour vessels but not by tumour endothelium. These novel antibodies will facilitate the isolation and classification of fibroblast and pericyte lineages as well as the further functional analysis of endosialin.

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Endo180, a member of the mannose receptor family, is constitutively recycled between clathrin-coated pits on the cell surface and intracellular endosomes. Its large extracellular domain contains an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain, a single fibronectin type II domain and eight C-type lectin-like domains. The second of these lectin-like domains has been shown to mediate Ca2+-dependent mannose binding. In addition, cross-linking studies have identified Endo180 as a urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-associated protein and this interaction can be blocked by collagen V. Here we demonstrate directly using in vitro assays, cell-based studies and tissue immunohistochemistry that Endo180 binds both to native and denatured collagens and provide evidence that this is mediated by the fibronectin type II domain. In cell culture systems, expression of Endo180 results in the rapid uptake of soluble collagens for delivery to lysosomal degradative compartments. Together with the observed restricted expression of Endo180 in both embryonic and adult tissue, we propose that Endo180 plays a physiological role in mediating collagen matrix remodelling during tissue development and homeostasis and that the observed receptor upregulation in pathological conditions may contribute to disease progression.

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Endo180, also known as the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)-associated protein (uPARAP), is one of the four members of the mannose receptor family, and is implicated in extracellular-matrix remodelling through its interactions with collagens, sugars and uPAR. The extracellular portion of Endo180 contains an amino-terminal cysteine-rich domain, a single fibronectin type II domain and eight C-type lectin-like domains. We have purified a soluble version of Endo180 and analysed it by single-particle electron microscopy to obtain a three-dimensional structure of the N-terminal part of the protein at a resolution of 17 A and reveal, for the first time, the interactions between non-adjacent domains in the mannose receptor family. We show that for Endo180, the cysteine-rich domain contacts the second C-type lectin-like domain, thus providing structural insight into how modulation of its several ligand interactions may regulate Endo180 receptor function.

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PURPOSE: To compare cut scores resulting from the case-author method and the modified borderline-group method (MBG) of standard setting in an undergraduate objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), and to review the feasibility of using the MBG method of standard setting in a small-scale OSCE. METHOD: Sixty-one fourth-year medical students underwent a ten-station OSCE examination. For the eight stations used in this study, cut scores were established using the case-author and MBG methods. Cut scores and pass rates were compared for individual stations and the entire exam. RESULTS: The case-author and MBG methods of standard setting produced different cut scores for the entire examination (5.77 and 5.31, respectively) and for each station individually. The percentage of students failing the examination based on the case-author cut score was 42.2%, and based on the MBG cut score it was 15.25%. CONCLUSIONS: The case-author and MBG methods of standard setting produced different cut scores in an undergraduate OSCE. Overall, the MBG method was the more credible and defensible method of standard setting, and appeared well suited to a small-scale OSCE.

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