RESUMEN
Tests of eight Dutch Meloidogyne chitwoodi isolates to the differential set for host races 1 and 2 in M. chitwoodi provided no evidence for the existence of host race 2 in the Netherlands. The data showed deviations from expected reactions on the differential hosts, which raised doubts of the usefulness of the host race classification in M. chitwoodi. The term ''pathotype'' is proposed for groups of isolates of one Meloidogyne sp. that exhibit the same level of pathogenicity on genotypes of one host species. We recommend that the pathotype classification be applied in pathogen-host relationships when several genotypes of a Meloidogyne sp. are tested on several genotypes of one host species. Three pathotypes of M. chitwoodi were identified on Solanum bulbocastanum, suggesting at least two different genetic factors for virulence and resistance in the pathogen and the host species, respectively. The occurrence of several virulence factors in M. chitwoodi will complicate the successful application of resistance factors from S. bulbocastanum for developing resistant potato cultivars.
RESUMEN
ABSTRACT Soil receptivity as a quantifiable characteristic ranging from conduciveness to suppressiveness to soilborne pea pathogens Thielaviopsis basicola and Aphanomyces euteiches was determined by analysis of differences in disease response curves obtained by artificial introduction of inoculum into natural field soil samples. Several parameters, including maximum root rot severity, the area under the health index curve, scores on the first axis of a principal component analysis (PCA) on dose responses, and Weibull model fitting were used to describe the disease responses. In all cases, the Weibull model gave satisfactory fits. PCA yielded a first axis that comprised 86% of the variance found when using Weibull predicted responses for T. basicola and 74% of the variance found for A. euteiches. This PCA axis essentially represented the average increase in disease severity due to the addition of increasing doses of inoculum to the soil. The Weibull scale parameter B, which represents the amount of inoculum necessary to increase root rot severity by 63% with respect to the level caused by pathogens naturally present in the soil, is another means of quantifying the receptivity of soils to these plant pathogens. Weibull parameter B, maximum root rot severity, the areaunder the health index curve, and the scores on the first PCA axis were strongly correlated for each of the pathogens tested individually. To compare the extent and behavior of soil receptivity responses to different pathogens, Weibull parameters B and C (slope at dose B) were chosen because of their universal definition, in contrast to PCA scores. Comparison of the average levels of Weibull parameters B and C indicated significant differences between the pathogens. Yet, no significant similarity in the ranking of the soils was found for the three pathogens, demonstrating that individual soils may interact with different pathogens in totally different ways. In general, soils were suppressive to T. basicola but conducive to A. euteiches, whereas their response to Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi ranged from conducive to suppressive. Therefore, risk assessment of soils prior to planting may require different strategies for each pathogen. Bioassays with soil samples taken before the last pea crop in 1987 and 1991 revealed a significant increase in the natural inoculum potential of soils that mainly was accounted for by A. euteiches and Pythium spp. These results strongly indicate that A. euteiches must be considered one of the most threatening pathogens to pea crops in the Netherlands.