RESUMEN
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is common in patients positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The questions are whether the management of CIN in these patients should be different from that of HIV-negative women, whether there are any prognostic factors to indicate the course of CIN, and whether the latter is influenced by antiretroviral therapy. A total of 267 HIV-seropositive women were counseled and examined in our colposcopic clinic. Of that number, 53 patients died during the observation period; 74% of these patients were immunosuppressed (CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3), and 45% were given diagnoses of CIN. The incidence of CIN was significantly higher in patients with CD4 less than 200 cells/mm3. Neither the route of HIV infection nor the HPV status nor smoking habits correlated with CIN. CIN relapse was histologically confirmed in 28% of patients who underwent complete surgical removal. Immune status plays an important role in HIV-positive women not only with respect to survival but with respect to CIN.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/complicaciones , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/complicaciones , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-VIH/uso terapéutico , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Humanos , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Pronóstico , Factores de Riesgo , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/epidemiología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/inmunología , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/epidemiología , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The genes encoding the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthetic pathway in Ralstonia eutropha (3-ketothiolase, phaA or bktB; acetoacetyl-CoA reductase, phaB; and PHA synthase, phaC) were engineered for plant plastid targeting and expressed using leaf (e35S) or seed-specific (7s or lesquerella hydroxylase) promoters in Arabidopsis and Brassica. PHA yields in homozygous transformants were 12-13% of the dry mass in homozygous Arabidopsis plants and approximately 7% of the seed weight in seeds from heterozygous canola plants. When a threonine deaminase was expressed in addition to bktB, phaB and phaC, a copolyester of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate was produced in both Arabidopsis and Brassica.