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The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a topical combination of moxidectin 3.5%, imidacloprid 10% and praziquantel 10% for the prevention of Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) infection in dogs. For this purpose, a randomized and controlled clinical trial was conducted between August 2021 and October 2022, in the municipality of Goiana, state of Pernambuco, north-eastern Brazil, where heartworm is highly prevalent. Of the 213 dogs initially sampled (baseline), 68 (31.9%) were positive for adult antigens (SNAP 4Dx Plus, Idexx) and/or microfilariae (modified Knott's test). On day 0, 140 negative dogs were randomly included in the treatment and control groups, 70 animals each. During the study, 60 dogs (34 treated and 26 untreated) were removed for different reasons. At the end of the study (day 360 ± 2), 36 treated and 44 untreated were sampled and included in the efficacy calculation. The efficacy against the development of adults and microfilariae was 84.7%, with only one treated dog being positive for adult antigens but negative for microfilariae. On the other hand, eight untreated dogs were positive for adult antigens and/or microfilariae, resulting in a significant difference in the number of positives between groups (Chi-square test = 4.706, df = 1, P = 0.0301). Remarkably, the efficacy against the appearance of D. immitis microfilariae was 100% (i.e., all treated dogs negative) and three untreated dogs were positive for microfilariae. The topical combination of moxidectin 3.5%, imidacloprid 10% and praziquantel 10% significantly reduced the risk of D. immitis infection in treated dogs as compared with untreated dogs, in a highly endemic area in north-eastern Brazil.

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O movimento em prol da Ciência Aberta (CA) abarca diferentes escolas de pensamento e diferentes iniciativas, defendendo não somente o acesso aberto às publicações e aos dados, mas também uma maior transparência no processo de pesquisa. Entretanto percebe-se uma resistência do pesquisador à adesão às práticas de CA. Este artigo sintetiza argumentos pró e contra ao movimento da CA percebidos a partir de reflexões desenvolvidas no âmbito de disciplina eletiva de curso de pós-graduação stricto sensu interdisciplinar. Os resultados da discussão realizada por discentes e docentes são apresentadas em oito categorias: reprodutibilidade, acesso aberto, dados abertos, transparência, assimetria entre setor público e privado, integridade, avaliação por pares aberta e preprints, sistema de avaliação da produção científica e políticas de Ciência Aberta. Em síntese, por um lado o uso das práticas de CA parece ter potência para revelar dilemas sobre integridade e promover a abertura de dados de pesquisa, o que pode "assombrar" pesquisadores. Por outro lado, a possibilidade de mitigar riscos à qualidade das evidências científicas, fortalecer a reprodutibilidade e a credibilidade na ciência favorece a disseminação destas práticas e de seu debate nos ambientes formativos do pesquisador contribuindo para o distensionamento ao uso de práticas de CA.

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Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) is a major neglected tropical disease and Brazil is the responsible for most cases reported in the Americas. In this region, L. infantum is primarily transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis and Migonemyia migonei (França) (Diptera: Psychodidae) is considered a permissive vector. We evaluated the susceptibility of Lu. longipalpis and Mg. migonei to Beauveria bassiana and to Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) essential oil. A spore suspension of B. bassiana was prepared and sand flies divided into five groups: test 1 (107 spores/ml of B. bassiana with E. globulus essential oil at 4 mg/ml), test 2 (107 spores/ml of B. bassiana), test 3 (E. globulus essential oil at 4 mg/ml), positive control (cypermethrin 0.1%), and negative control (sterile distilled water). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on specimens from each group. A 50% reduction was recorded in the survival time of Lu. longipalpis in test 1 and 2, where hyphal adhesion and cuticle damage were observed by SEM. No significant differences in the survival time of Mg. migonei were found, probable due to the high mortality rate observed in the negative control group, which may be a result of the greater sensitivity of this species to laboratory conditions. The results obtained herein suggest that B. bassiana may be a potential biological control agent against Lu. longipalpis, the main vector of L. infantum in the Americas.

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Essential oils (EOs) and entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana (Bb) strains have the potential to be used as alternative insecticides and acaricides for controlling ectoparasites as Dermanyssus gallinae. These compounds have some limitations in their use: the acaricidal effect of EOs is rapid, but short-lived, whilst that of Bb is delayed, but long-lived. To evaluate the effect of both compounds combined against D. gallinae, the non-toxic dose of Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus citriodora, Thymus vulgaris and Eugenia caryophyllata essential oils were firstly calculated for "native" strains of Bb. Subsequently, the effects of the combination of selected EOs with Bb against nymph and adult poultry red mites (PRMs) was assessed. EO concentrations ranging from 0.0015 to 8% v/v (i.e., nine double dilutions) were used to evaluate their effect on germination, sporulation and vegetative growth rates of native strains of Bb. A total of 1440 mites (720 nymphs and 720 adults) were divided into three-treated group (TGs) and one control group (CG). In TGs, mites were exposed to Bb in combination with the selected EO (TG1), EO alone (TG2) or Bb (TG3) alone. In the CG, mites were exposed to 0.1% tween 80 plus EO solvent (CG). E. globulus and E. citriodora were toxic for Bb in concentrations higher than 0.2% and 0.003% respectively, whilst E. caryophyllata and T. vulgaris were toxic at all concentrations tested against Bb. Based on the results of the toxicity assays against Bb, E. globulus was chosen to be tested as acaricide resulting non-toxic for Bb at concentration lower than 0.4%. Increased mortality of D. gallinae adults was recorded in TG1 than those in other TGs from 4days post-infection (T+4DPI). A 100% mortality of D. gallinae was recorded in adults at T+9DPI and at T+10DPI in nymphs in TG1 and later than T+11DPI in the other TGs. Used in combination with E. globulus, Bb displayed an earlier acaricidal effect towards both haematophagous D. gallinae stages. The combination of B. bassiana and E. globulus at 0.2% might be used for controlling arthropods of medical and veterinary importance as D. gallinae.

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The aims of this study is to examine whether global dominance depends on the opening size of the stimulus with concentric hierarchical figures and orientation classification task and to determine the role of the salience of global opening and its coincidence with vertical symmetry axis of context. In the first experiment, participants had to indicate the opening direction of stimuli, which were open-left and open-right figures. Three openings were included: 10, 25 and 50% of the total circle perimeter. The results showed a local advantage with stimuli of 10%, absence of global or local advantage with stimuli of 25% and global advantage with stimuli of 50%. In the second experiment, stimuli with an opening of 50% were presented randomly in several positions in the visual field in order to avoid the coincidence of global opening with the vertical symmetry axis of context. The results showed an absence of global or local advantage. These findings indicate that global dominance with orientation classification task depends on stimulus characteristics such as opening size, and strategies used in visual recognition.

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El objetivo del presente trabajo es averiguar si la dominancia global está en función del grado de apertura del estímulo en tareas de categorización de la orientación y el papel que desempeña la saliencia de la apertura global y su coincidencia con los ejes de simetría verticales del contexto. En el primer experimento se introdujeron estímulos jerárquicos concéntricos abiertos a la derecha o izquierda, en los que los participantes debían indicar la dirección de la apertura. Se incluyeron aperturas del 10, 25 y 50% del contorno total de la circunferencia. Los resultados mostraron ventaja local con estímulos del 10%, ausencia de ventaja global o local con estímulos del 25% y ventaja global con los del 50%. En el segundo experimento se introdujeron estímulos con apertura del 50%, presentados aleatoriamente en diversas posiciones del campo visual con el objetivo de anular la coincidencia de la apertura de la figura global con ejes de simetría vertical del contexto. Los resultados muestran una ausencia de ventaja global. Estos hallazgos muestran que la dominancia global con tareas de categorización de la orientación está en función de características del estímulo, como el grado de apertura, y de estrategias que se utilicen en el reconocimiento visual (AU)

The aims of this study is to examine whether global dominance depends on the opening size of the stimulus with concentric hierarchical figures and orientation classification task and to determine the role of the salience of global opening and its coincidence with vertical symmetry axis of context. In the first experiment, participants had to indicate the opening direction of stimuli, which were open-left and open-right figures. Three openings were included: 10, 25 and 50% of the total circle perimeter. The results showed a local advantage with stimuli of 10%, absence of global or local advantage with stimuli of 25% and global advantage with stimuli of 50%. In the second experiment, stimuli with an opening of 50% were presented randomly in several positions in the visual fi eld in order to avoid the coincidence of global opening with the vertical symmetry axis of context. The results showed an absence of global or local advantage. These findings indicate that global dominance with orientation classification task depends on stimulus characteristics such as opening size, and strategies used in visual recognition (AU)

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The hypothesis of global precedence was investigated by manipulating the similarity between target and relevant level, and between target and global and local levels of hierarchical stimuli, both in divided and selective attention conditions. The similarity was measured on the basis of the amount of shared contour between two visual forms. The stimuli were circles, right-facing semicircles, i.e., 1/2 of the circumference missing, and right-facing partial circles with a 1/4 of the circumference missing. The circle was used as a target and, consequently, the similarity between target and semicircle and between it and the partial circle was 50% and 75%, respectively. In the divided attention condition, the results showed a local advantage in the two similarity conditions between target and distractor level (50% and 75%) and a bidirectional and symmetrical interference at both levels of similarity. However, in the 'selective attention condition', a local reaction time advantage was only found when the similarity between target and irrelevant level was of 50%. When attention was directed towards the global level, local interference increased depending on the decrease in the degree of the local level similarity. When the attention was directed towards the local level, there was global interference but it was independent of the degree of the global level similarity. These results show the importance of the physical shape of the local elements used in experiments with hierarchical stimuli, since they may determine the relative speed of global processing, facilitating or impairing it.

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Recientemente se ha sugerido que el análisis de los rasgos globales y locales depende de la demanda de la tarea experimental. Blanca, Luna, López, Zalabardo y Rando (en prensa) encontraron ventaja global con estímulos de alta densidad en tareas de categorización de la orientación izquierda/derecha y ausencia de ventaja global o local con tareas de detección de una figura-objetivo. El objetivo del presente experimento es comprobar si los resultados de Blanca et al. (en prensa) encontrados con tareas de categorización de la orientación se replican con estímulos jerárquicos que contienen un menor número de elementos locales. Si la demanda de la tarea es un factor influyente, entonces es de esperar que una reducción en la densidad estimular no afecte al procesamiento global, de forma que aparezca la ventaja global encontrada con estímulos de mayor densidad. En el experimento se instruye a los sujetos para que indiquen la dirección, izquierda o derecha, de la apertura de un semicírculo bajo condiciones de atención dividida o selectiva. Los estímulos se presentan hasta la respuesta del sujeto o durante 150 msg. Los resultados indican ventaja global en las dos condiciones de atención e independientemente del tiempo de exposición del estímulo, aportando datos a favor de una dominancia global en juicios sobre orientación. (AU)

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La primacía de los rasgos globales de una forma visual sobre los locales, o viceversa, es todavía una cuestión sin resolver. Algunos autores han señalado que la precedencia global sucede cuando se iguala la excentricidad de los niveles global y local mediante la utilización de estímulos concéntricos. Sin embargo, otras investigaciones con patrones visuales similares han obtenido precedencia local. El presente trabajo incluye dos experimentos planificados para arrojar luz sobre la interpretación de estos resultados inconsistentes. En conjunto, se pretende analizar si la diferencia en la densidad estimular utilizada en los distintos experimentos o la diferencia en el tipo de tarea pueden ser hipótesis plausibles para explicar la obtención de los resultados contradictorios. En el primer experimento, bajo condiciones de atención selectiva y dividida, se incluye una tarea de detección de una figura-objetivo en el estímulo con un tiempo de exposición de 150 msg. y con estímulos concéntricos con mayor número de elementos locales que los empleados en experimentos previos (Blanca, López, Luna, Zalabardo y Rando, 2000; 2001). Los resultados apuntan a una ausencia de ventaja global o local y a una interferencia bidireccional para la condición de atención selectiva, y bidreccional pero asimétrica para la condición de atención dividida, siendo mayor la interferencia global. En el segundo experimento, se instruye a los sujetos para que indiquen la dirección, izquierda o derecha, de la apertura de un semicírculo en el nivel pertinente, según la condición de dirección de la atención. Los estímulos se presentan con un tiempo de exposición de 150 msg. o ilimitado. Los resultados muestran una ventaja global, tanto bajo condiciones de atención dividida como selectiva, la cual es independiente del tiempo de exposición del estímulo. La comparación de los resultados extraídos de los dos experimentos, junto con los derivados de otras investigaciones, sugiere que la tarea es un importante determinante de la relativa velocidad de procesamiento global o local. Estos hallazgos se comentan en función de los procesos cognitivos subyacentes a las dos tareas incluidas (AU)

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El presente experimento pretende analizar la influencia de la similitud de la identidad de los niveles de un estímulo jerárquico con la figura-objetivo en el procesamiento de los rasgos globales y locales, durante un tiempo de exposición limitado bajo tareas de atención dividida y selectiva. La similitud se manipuló en función de la cantidad de contorno compartido. Los estímulos fueron círculos y semicírculos con una apertura de 1/2 o de 1/4 de la circunferencia total. La figura objetivo fue el círculo y la similitud que éste mantenía con los semicírculos podía ser del 50% o del 75%. En relación con la tarea de atención dividida, los resultados muestran que no existe ventaja global ni local en tiempo de reacción, pero se evidencia una interferencia bidireccional y simétrica. Una mayor similitud del nivel irrelevante (nivel donde la figura-objetivo está ausente) provoca respuestas más lentas y afecta por igual al procesamiento de los niveles global y local. En la tarea de atención selectiva, se encuentran los mismos resultados en relación con la ventaja e interferencia. Sin embargo, una mayor similitud del nivel irrelevante (nivel no atendido) con la figura-objetivo provoca menores tiempos de reacción. Los resultados se comentan en términos de un efecto facilitador o inhibidor de la similitud según la demanda de la tarea experimental (AU)

The aim of the present experiment is to analyze, with a limited exposure duration, the effect of physical similarity between target and levels of a hierarchical stimulus on the global and local processing. Similarity was manipulated on the basis of the amount of the shared contour. The stimuli were circle and semicircle with a gap of 1/2 or 1/4 of the circumference. The circle was used as target and the similarity with de semicircles was either of 50% or 75%. In the divided attention task, the results showed neither a global nor a local advantage in RT, but the interference was bidirectional and symmetrical. The interference increased as a function of the increase in the degree of similarity between target and irrelevant level (target absent). In divided attention task, the same results were found in relation to advantage and interference, but the similarity had a different effect. The interference increased as a function of the decrease in the degree of similarity. The results are discussed in terms of a facilitating or inhibiting effect of similarity, depending on the demands of the experimental task (AU)

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Esta publicaçäo apresenta os resultados do aproveitamento de partes normalmente desprezadas de plantas hortículas regionais, para suplementaçäo dos pratos base da merenda servida aos alunos de escolas da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Juiz de Fora, como fontes alternativas de proteínas, energia, vitamina A e ferro. A maioria das partes alternativas utilizadas foram aprovadas e os pratos aos quais foram adicionadas, apresentaram aroma e aparência agradáveis. A inclusäo de partes desprezadas de vegetais convencionais na composiçäo do cardápio rotineiro, visando a melhoria da qualidade da merenda escolar, mostra-se satisfatória e indica uma soluçäo para a diminuiçäo de seus custos

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