RESUMEN
This paper deals with the characterization study of topical and intraocular biocompatibility and toxicity of cationic hydroxyethylcellulose Polyquaternium 10 (PQ10). It also evaluates the rheological properties of gels. The cytotoxicity assays were done in two cell lines: HEp-2 and VERO (human larynx epidermoid carcinoma cell and African green monkey kidney cells respectively). For the in vivo study, New Zealand albino rabbits were used. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of PQ10 shows no statistically significant differences in relation to the control of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) in any of the cell lines used in this study. Similarly, the signs of inflammation observed after treatment showed no significant difference between the groups of animals treated with the polymer compared to the control group. Normal histological characteristics were seen in both groups with no histological inflammatory reaction. After 1 month of the intracameral application of 2% PQ10 (treatment group) or 0.3% HPMC (control group), electroretinograms showed similar levels of a- and b-waves latencies and amplitude. In summary, PQ10 gel was well tolerated in these experiments, with proper monitoring, it could stand as a new alternative in the development of ophthalmic viscosurgical devices.
Asunto(s)
Celulosa/análogos & derivados , Ojo/efectos de los fármacos , Ojo/patología , Soluciones Oftálmicas/química , Soluciones Oftálmicas/toxicidad , Compuestos de Amonio Cuaternario/química , Compuestos de Amonio Cuaternario/toxicidad , Administración Oftálmica , Administración Tópica , Animales , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Materiales Biocompatibles/toxicidad , Celulosa/química , Celulosa/toxicidad , Chlorocebus aethiops , Módulo de Elasticidad , Geles/química , Geles/toxicidad , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Ensayo de Materiales , Conejos , Células Vero , ViscosidadRESUMEN
PURPOSES: To assess the risk factors of age-related macular degeneration in Argentina using a case-control study. METHODS: Surveys were used for subjects' antioxidant intake, age/gender, race, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes (and type of treatment), smoking, sunlight exposure, red meat consumption, fish consumption, presence of age-related macular degeneration and family history of age-related macular degeneration. Main effects models for logistic regression and ordinal logistic regression were used to analyze the results. RESULTS: There were 175 cases and 175 controls with a mean age of 75.4 years and 75.5 years, respectively, of whom 236 (67.4%) were female. Of the cases with age-related macular degeneration, 159 (45.4%) had age-related macular degeneration in their left eyes, 154 (44.0%) in their right eyes, and 138 (39.4%) in both eyes. Of the cases with age-related macular degeneration in their left eyes, 47.8% had the dry type, 40.3% had the wet type, and the type was unknown for 11.9%. The comparable figures for right eyes were: 51.9%, 34.4%, and 13.7%, respectively. The main effects model was dominated by higher sunlight exposure (OR [odds ratio]: 3.3) and a family history of age-related macular degeneration (OR: 4.3). Other factors included hypertension (OR: 2.1), smoking (OR: 2.2), and being of the Mestizo race, which lowered the risk of age-related macular degeneration (OR: 0.40). Red meat/fish consumption, body mass index, and iris color did not have an effect. Higher age was associated with progression to more severe age-related macular degeneration. CONCLUSION: Sunlight exposure, family history of age-related macular degeneration, and an older age were the significant risk factors. There may be other variables, as the risk was not explained very well by the existing factors. A larger sample may produce different and better results.
Asunto(s)
Degeneración Macular/etiología , Luz Solar/efectos adversos , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Argentina/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Salud de la Familia , Femenino , Humanos , Degeneración Macular/epidemiología , Degeneración Macular/patología , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
PURPOSES: To assess the risk factors of age-related macular degeneration in Argentina using a case-control study. METHODS: Surveys were used for subjects' antioxidant intake, age/gender, race, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes (and type of treatment), smoking, sunlight exposure, red meat consumption, fish consumption, presence of age-related macular degeneration and family history of age-related macular degeneration. Main effects models for logistic regression and ordinal logistic regression were used to analyze the results. RESULTS: There were 175 cases and 175 controls with a mean age of 75.4 years and 75.5 years, respectively, of whom 236 (67.4%) were female. Of the cases with age-related macular degeneration, 159 (45.4%) had age-related macular degeneration in their left eyes, 154 (44.0%) in their right eyes, and 138 (39.4%) in both eyes. Of the cases with age-related macular degeneration in their left eyes, 47.8% had the dry type, 40.3% had the wet type, and the type was unknown for 11.9%. The comparable figures for right eyes were: 51.9%, 34.4%, and 13.7%, respectively. The main effects model was dominated by higher sunlight exposure (OR [odds ratio]: 3.3) and a family history of age-related macular degeneration (OR: 4.3). Other factors included hypertension (OR: 2.1), smoking (OR: 2.2), and being of the Mestizo race, which lowered the risk of age-related macular degeneration (OR: 0.40). Red meat/fish consumption, body mass index, and iris color did not have an effect. Higher age was associated with progression to more severe age-related macular degeneration. CONCLUSION: Sunlight exposure, family history of age-related macular degeneration, and an older age were the significant risk factors. There may be other variables, as the risk was not explained very well by the existing factors. A larger sample may produce different and better results.
OBJETIVO: Determinar os fatores de risco para degeneração macular relacionada à idade na Argentina utilizando um estudo caso-controle. MÉTODOS: Questionários foram usados para a obtenção de informações dos participantes em relação à ingesta de antioxidantes, idade/sexo, raça, índice de massa corporal, hipertensão, diabetes (e tipo de tratamento), tabagismo, exposição à luz solar, consumo de carne vermelha/peixe, presença de degeneração macular relacionada à idade e história familiar de degeneração macular relacionada à idade. Modelos de efeito principal para regressão logística e regressão logística ordinal foram usados para analisar os resultados. RESULTADOS: Foram recrutados 175 casos e 175 controles com uma média de idade de 75,4 anos e 75,5, respectivamente, dos quais 236 (67,4%) eram mulheres. Cento e cinquenta e nove (45,4%) tinham degeneração macular relacionada à idade em seus olhos esquerdos, 154 (44,0%) em seus olhos direitos, e 138 (39,4%) em ambos os olhos. Entre os casos de degeneração macular relacionada à idade no olho esquerdo, 47,8% apresentavam o tipo seca, 40,3% o tipo úmida, e o tipo era desconhecido em 11,9%. Os achados para os olhos direitos foram: 51,9%, 34,4% e 13,7%, respectivamente. O modelo de efeito principal foi dominado por maior exposição à luz solar (OR [odds ratio]: 3,3) e história familiar de degeneração macular relacionada à idade (OR: 4,3). Outros fatores incluindo hipertensão (OR: 2,1), tabagismo (OR: 2,2), e pertencente à raça mestiça, que diminuiram o risco de degeneração macular relacionada à idade (OR: 0,40). Consumo de carne vermelha e de peixe, índice de massa corporal e coloração da íris não foram fatores de risco. Idade avançada foi associada com progressão para degeneração macular relacionada à idade mais grave. CONCLUSÃO: Exposição à luz solar, história familiar de degeneração macular relacionada à idade, e idade avançada foram os fatores de risco significativos. Podem existir outras variáveis, já que os riscos não foram bem explicados pelos fatores existentes. Um maior tamanho amostral poderia produzir resultados diferentes e melhores.