RESUMEN
A multicenter cross-sectional study with the participation of 356 healthy children aged 1 to 3 years from the cities of the Central Federal District: Moscow (n=106), Ivanovo (n=126), Yaroslavl (n=124) has been carried out. Questionnaire method, the method of 24-hour diet recall for 3 days (2 weekdays and 1 weekend) and the method of diary recording of food intake were used. The average daily volumes of food were consistent with the recommended age norms only in 31.2% of the surveyed children; after 1 year of life children actively started to transfer to nutrition from the family table and only 51.7% of children continued to receive individually prepared for baby food. The recommended dietary allowances were inadequate in macro- and micronutrients: 48.6% of all children received excessive amounts of protein and fat, and 74.1% were less in carbohydrates. The consumption of vitamins D and A and minerals (calcium, iron and zinc) did not correspond to existing recommendations in the majority of cases: only 10-30% of the examined children received physiological norms of vitamins from food and 13-34% - some minerals and trace elements. These results indicate that the nutrition of young children living in the Central Federal District is imbalanced on daily caloric, macro- and micronutrient composition, does not fully meet the requirements of the balanced diet and needs serious optimization.
Asunto(s)
Desarrollo Infantil/fisiología , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales Infantiles/fisiología , Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Ingestión de Energía/fisiología , Fórmulas Infantiles , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Preescolar , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Proteínas en la Dieta/análisis , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Minerales/administración & dosificación , Minerales/análisis , Moscú , Vitamina A/administración & dosificación , Vitamina A/análisis , Vitamina D/administración & dosificación , Vitamina D/análisisRESUMEN
The article provides an overview of the current literature on nutritional epigenetics. There are currently actively studied hypothesis that nutrition especially in early life or in critical periods of the development, may have a role in modulating gene expression, and, therefore, have later effects on health in adults. Nutritional epigenetics concerns knowledge about the possible effects of nutrients on gene expression. Human breast milk is well-known for its ability in preventing necrotizing enterocolitis, infectious diseases, and also non-communicable diseases, such as obesity and related disorders. This paper discusses about presumed epigenetic effects of human breast milk and some its components. While evidence suggests that a direct relationship may exist of some components of human breast milk with epigenetic changes, the mechanisms involved are stillunclear.