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Background and Objectives: Myocardial bridging (MB) is still not yet considered a significant finding in Indonesia both radiographically and clinically. Hence, this article aims to assess the prevalence of MB using multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) and look at factors contributing to stenosis amongst patients with MB. Materials and Methods: This study is cross-sectional in a single centre, with consecutive sampling, looking at all patients who underwent a multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) scan from February 2021 until February 2023. GraphPad Prism version 9.0.0 for Windows (GraphPad Software, Boston, MA, USA) was used to analyse the results. Results: There are 1029 patients with an MB, yielding a prevalence of 44.3% (95%CI 42.3-46.4). The left anterior descending vessel is the most commonly implicated, with 99.6%. Among those with stenosis, the middle portion of the bridging vessel is the most common site of stenosis (n = 269), followed by the proximal portion (n = 237). The severity of stenosis is more often moderate, with 30-50% (n = 238). Females (odds ratio [OR] of 1.8, 95%CI 1.4-2.3; p-value < 0.0001), older age (t-value 5.6, p-value < 0.0001), symptomatic patients (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.9; p-value = 0.013), and higher mean coronary artery calcium score (t-value 11.3, p-value < 0.0001) are more likely to have stenosis. The degree of stenosis is significantly higher in the proximal stenosis group than in the middle stenosis group (t-value 27, p-value < 0.0001). Conclusions: Our research demonstrates that MB may prevent atheromatosis of the coronary segment distal to the MB and predispose the development of atherosclerosis in the section proximal to the bridge.

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Smoking is related to vascular aging. However, the hazardous effect of e-cigarette is often debatable, with limited studies available. In contrast, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is well known to decrease aortic stiffness. We provide novel research to determine the effect of e-cigarette and aerobic moderate-intensity exercise on the aortic structure of Wistar rats. A total of 26 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) 8 weeks aged, 200-250 g b.w., were randomly divided into 4 groups, namely, K0 (normal rats), K1 (rats were given moderate-intensity aerobic exercise by animal treadmill 20 m/30 min), K2 (rats were given e-cigarette with 6 mg nicotine, 40% propylene glycol, and 60% vegetable glycerine 30 min for 5 days/week), and K3 (rats were given e-cigarette and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise). After exposure for 6 weeks, all animals were sacrificed to isolate the aorta for histopathological analysis with hematoxylin-eosin stain to evaluate the elastic fiber layer and intimal-medial thickness. The Verhoeff-Van Gieson staining was done for quantification elastic lamina fragmentation. Our study found that the e-cigarette group had the highest elastic lamina fragmentation among groups (8.14 ± 2.85). The exercise only group showed the lowest elastic lamina fragmentation (2.50 ± 1.87). Fragmentation in the e-cigarette and exercise group was higher than in the exercise only group (5.83 ± 0.753 vs. 2.50 ± 1.87, p = 0.002). There is a significant difference of NO serum between four groups. The result of post hoc analysis using LSD showed that there is a significant difference of NO serum between K0 and K2, K0 and K3, K1 and K2, and K1 and K3. Therefore, our research demonstrated that the most injury of aorta elastic lamina was in the group that was exposed to e-cigarette that leads to vascular aging while exercise is not yet proven to reverse this effect.

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BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that females with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may have excess mortality risk compared to their male counterparts. An important next step to address the high global burden of T2DM and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an umbrella review to summarize data on sex differences in cardiovascular outcomes for patients with T2DM and assess the strength of the evidence observed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Medline and Embase were searched from inception till 7 August 2022 for systematic reviews and meta-analyses studying the effects of sex on cardiovascular outcomes in T2DM patients. Results from reviews were synthesized with a narrative synthesis, with a tabular presentation of findings and forest plots for reviews that performed a meta-analysis. 27 review articles evaluating sex differences in cardiovascular outcomes were included. Females with T2DM had a higher risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD; RRR: 1.52, 95%CI: 1.32-1.76, P < 0.001), acute coronary syndrome (ACS; RRR: 1.38, 95%CI: 1.25-1.52, P < 0.001), heart failure (RRR: 1.09, 95%CI: 1.05-1.13, P < 0.001) than males. Females had a higher risk of all-cause mortality (RRR: 1.13, 95%CI: 1.07-1.19, P < 0.001), cardiac mortality (RRR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.11-2.00, P = 0.009) and CHD mortality (RRR: 1.44, 95%CI: 1.20-1.73, P < 0.001) as compared to males. CONCLUSIONS: This umbrella review demonstrates that females with T2DM have a higher risk of cardiovascular outcomes than their male counterparts. Future research should address the basis of this heterogeneity and epidemiological factors for better quality of evidence, and identify actionable interventions that will narrow these sex disparities.

This umbrella review highlights the sex differences in adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with females at a higher risk than males. This is contributed by both biological and healthcare disparities and underscores the need for equitable care and personalized medical therapy.Females with T2DM have a higher risk of coronary heart disease, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, and cardiac mortality compared to males.Clinicians need to be aware of the substantial heterogeneity across the current T2DM studies, and future meta-analysis and large-scale studies examining sex differences in outcomes should attempt to address the heterogeneity and epidemiological factors for a better quality of evidence.

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Moderate intensity exercise is considered as a primary step to prevent coronary artery diseases (CADs) by stimulated FSTL-1 secretion as a novel myokines to improve endothelial cell function, prevent arterial stiffness, or vascular inflammation. This review aims to provide the current evident role of FSTL-1 as a novel myokine secreted during exercise to prevent atherosclerosis progression. A systematic review using databases from (PubMed), ScienceDirect, and The Cochrane Library, was conducted up to October 2021 to identify all the eligible experimental and observational studies that assess how moderate intensity exercises stimulate FSTL-1 secretion to prevent atherosclerosis. Results were described through narrative synthesis of the evidence. From 84 retrieved references, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The overall results suggest that exercise or physical activity can stimulate myokines secretion, especially in FSTL-1. FSTL-1 is a myokine or adipokine that plays a potential role in preventing atherosclerosis by various mechanisms such as via improvement of endothelial functions, suppression of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) proliferation, and reduction of arterial thickening. FSTL-1 is a relatively new and less known myokine, but probably holds a key role in assessing how moderate intensity aerobic exercise prevents atherosclerosis progression by preventing endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, or vascular inflammation.

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The popularity of the electronic cigarette has soared in the last decades. However, the health effect of smoking electronic cigarettes on the vascular system is unclear. This systematic review examines the electronic cigarettes' effect on the vascular system from recent evidence. A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed) database from January 2016 to August 2021 for studies assessing the vascular effect of chronic use of electronic cigarettes on human and animal. The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2, NIH Quality Assessment for Cross-Sectional Study, and SYRCLE's Risk of Bias were used to assess the risk of bias in interventional, observational, and animal study, respectively. A narrative synthesis of evidence is provided to describe results. From 101 retrieved studies related to electronic cigarettes effect on the vascular system, a total of 16 studies are included in this review. The overall results indicated that electronic cigarette use is associated with adverse events in the vascular, including the incident of elevated oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, arterial stiffness, and the development of atherosclerotic lesion. Further studies should broaden perspectives and reveal more about the mechanism of how electronic cigarettes impact on vascular system.

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Coronary artery diseases (CAD), also known as coronary heart disease (CHD), are the world's leading cause of death. The basis of coronary artery disease is the narrowing of the heart coronary artery lumen due to atherosclerosis. The use of electronic cigarettes has increased significantly over the years. However, harmful effects of electronic cigarettes are still not firm. The aim of this article is to review the impact of electronic cigarette and its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis from recent studies. The results showed that several chemical compounds, such as nicotine, propylene glycol, particulate matters, heavy metals, and flavorings, in electronic cigarette induce atherosclerosis with each molecular mechanism that lead to atherosclerosis progression by formation of ROS, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation. Further research is still needed to determine the exact mechanism and provide more clinical evidence.

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Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) predominantly affects women and increases their cardiovascular disease risk up to three-fold. Young women with SLE face various challenges and gender-specific issues, especially concerning pregnancy. Case summary: A female patient, 37 years old, married with two children, hospitalized for SLE, consulted for chest pain, shortness of breath, and dry cough. She quit her medication in the past 7 years prior to her admission in the hope of conceiving. Physical examinations showed signs of heart failure. Electrocardiogram revealed recent myocardial infarction. She had increased hs-Troponin T 180.3 pg/mL and NTproBNP 13 419 ng/L. An echocardiogram demonstrated a low ejection fraction at 30.4%, left ventricle thrombus, and wall motion abnormalities. The angiogram showed severe coronary artery disease. Her condition was then complicated by embolic stroke and recurrent bleeding from anticoagulant subcutaneous punctured sites. Discussion: Patients with SLE are prone to hypercoagulability and accelerated atherosclerosis, which may lead to pre-mature mortality. In this case, balancing risk for bleeding vs. ischaemia is a see-saw decision. The current risk scores do not cater specifically to this population, but the existing ones suggest this patient will have an equally undesired outcome. Hence, a multi-disciplinary team discussion was needed. Considering the immense risk of any intervention at the time, the decision was to administer a conservative treatment. Conclusion: Recognizing and anticipating gender-specific issues in managing patients with SLE are keys to preventing catastrophic complications. Multi-disciplinary team involvement is critical in dealing with complex cases.

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OBJECTIVES: Find the discriminant and calibration of APACHE II (Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation) score to predict mortality for different type of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. METHODS: This is a cohort retrospective study using secondary data of ICU patients admitted to Siloam Hospital of Lippo Village from 2014 to 2018 with minimum age ≥17 years. The analysis uses the receiver operating characteristic curve, student t-test and logistic regression to find significant variables needed to predict mortality. RESULTS: A total of 2181 ICU patients: men (55.52%) and women (44.48%) with an average age of 53.8 years old and length of stay 3.92 days were included in this study. Patients were admitted from medical emergency (30.5%), neurosurgical (52.1%) and surgical (17.4%) departments, with 10% of mortality proportion. Patients admitted from the medical emergency had the highest average APACHE score, 23.14±8.5, compared with patients admitted from neurosurgery 15.3±6.6 and surgical 15.8±6.8. The mortality rate of patients from medical emergency (24.5%) was higher than patients from neurosurgery (3.5%) or surgical (5.3%) departments. Area under curve of APACHE II score showed 0.8536 (95% CI 0.827 to 0.879). The goodness of fit Hosmer-Lemeshow show p=0.000 with all ICU patients' mortality; p=0.641 with medical emergency, p=0.0001 with neurosurgical and p=0.000 with surgical patients. CONCLUSION: APACHE II has a good discriminant for predicting mortality among ICU patients in Siloam Hospital but poor calibration score. However, it demonstrates poor calibration in neurosurgical and surgical patients while demonstrating adequate calibration in medical emergency patients.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Body mass index (BMI) has previously been shown to increase mortality and disease severity in patients with COVID-19, but the pooled effect estimate was heterogeneous. Although BMI is widely used as an indicator, it cannot distinguish visceral from subcutaneous fat. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association between visceral adiposity, subcutaneous fat, and severe COVID-19. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search using the databases: PubMed, Embase, and EuropePMC. Data on visceral fat area (VTA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA), and total fat area (TFA) were collected. The outcome of interest was severe COVID-19. We used a REML random-effects model to pool the mean differences and odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: There were 5 studies comprising of 539 patients. Patients with severe COVID-19 have a higher VTA (mean difference 41.7 cm2 [27.0, 56.4], p < 0.001; I2: 0%) and TFA (mean difference 64.6 cm2 [26.2, 103.1], p = 0.001; I2: 0%). There was no significant difference in terms of SFA between patients with severe and non-severe COVID-19 (mean difference 9.3 cm2 [-4.9, 23.4], p = 0.199; I2: 1.2%). Pooled ORs showed that VTA was associated with severe COVID-19 (OR 1.9 [1.1, 2.2], p = 0.002; I2: 49.3%). CONCLUSION: Visceral adiposity was associated with increased COVID-19 severity, while subcutaneous adiposity was not. PROSPERO ID: CRD42020215876.

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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate whether the addition of candesartan to the standard care regimen improved the outcome in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: A prospective non-randomized open-label study was undertaken from May to August 2020 on 75 subjects (aged 18-70 years) hospitalized in Siloam Kelapa Dua Hospital. Uni- and multi-variable Cox regression analyses were performed to obtain hazard ratios (HRs). The primary outcomes were: (1) length of hospital stay; (2) time to negative swab; and (3) radiological outcome (time to improvement on chest X ray). RESULTS: None of the 75 patients with COVID-19 required intensive care. All patients were angiotensin-receptor-blocker naïve. In comparison with the control group, the candesartan group had a significantly shorter hospital stay [adjusted HR 2.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16-5.29] after adjusting for a wide range of confounders, and no increased risk of intensive care. In the non-obese subgroup, the candesartan group had a shorter time to negative swab (unadjusted HR 2.11, 95% CI 1.02-4.36; adjusted HR 2.40, 95% CI 1.08-5.09) and shorter time to improvement in chest x ray (adjusted HR 2.82, 95% CI 1.13-7.03) compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Candesartan significantly reduces the length of hospital stay after adjustment for covariates. All primary outcomes improved significantly in the non-obese subgroup receiving candesartan.

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BACKGROUND: The negative impacts of proton pump inhibitor (PPI), including the risk of pneumonia and mortality, have been reported previously. This meta-analysis aimed to address the current interest of whether the administration of PPI could increase the susceptibility and risk of poor outcome in COVID-19. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search from PubMed, Embase, EBSCOhost, and EuropePMC databases up until 3 December 2020. The main outcome was composite poor outcome which comprised of mortality and severe COVID-19. Severe COVID-19 in this study was defined as patients with COVID-19 that fulfill the criteria for severe CAP, including the need for intensive unit care or mechanical ventilation. The secondary outcome was susceptibility, based on cohort comparing COVID-19 positive and COVID-19 negative participants. RESULTS: There were a total of 290,455 patients from 12 studies in this meta-analysis. PPI use was associated with increased composite poor outcome (OR 1.85 [1.13, 3.03], p = 0.014; I2 90.26%). Meta-regression analysis indicate that the association does not vary by age (OR 0.97 [0.92, 1.02], p = 0.244), male (OR 1.05 [0.99, 1.11], p = 0.091), hypertension (OR 9.98 [0.95, 1.02], p = 0.317), diabetes (OR 0.99 [0.93, 1.05], p = 0.699), chronic kidney disease (OR 1.01 [0.93, 1.10], p = 0.756), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use (OR 1.02 [0.96, 1.09], p = 0.499), and pre-admission/in-hospital PPI use (OR 0.77 [0.26, 2.31], p = 0.644). PPI use was not associated with the susceptibility to COVID-19 (OR 1.56 [0.48, 5.05], p = 0.46; I2 99.7%). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis showed a potential association between PPI use and composite poor outcome, but not susceptibility. PROSPERO ID: CRD42020224286.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this meta-analysis was to synthesize the latest evidence on the effect of probucol on the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG)/percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: A systematic literature search of PubMed, ScienceDirect, EuropePMC, ProQuest, and Clinicaltrials. gov was performed to retrieve studies that assessed probucol and CIN in CAG/PCI. RESULTS: Four studies that compared probucol with hydration alone, comprising 1270 subjects, were identified and analyzed. There was no significant difference between probucol and control groups in the baseline level of creatinine and at 48 hours; however, a significant difference was observed at 72 hours (mean difference: -3.87 µmol/L; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -6.58, -1.15; p=0.005). The meta-analysis indicated that probucol did not reduce the CIN incidence (odds ratio [OR]: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.20, 1.08; p=0.08). After performing a leave-one-out sensitivity analysis, removal of a study resulted in a lower risk of CIN (OR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.56; p<0.001). Probucol did not reduce the CIN incidence in a pooled adjusted effect estimate (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.15, 3.87; p=0.73). There was no significant difference in the rate of major adverse events between the 2 groups (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.05, 3.05; p=0.37). Funnel plot results were asymmetrical, indicating possible publication bias. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations qualification demonstrated a low and very low certainty of evidence in unadjusted and adjusted effect estimates, respectively. CONCLUSION: Probucol did not reduce the incidence of CIN; however, due to the low certainty of evidence, further study is required for a definite conclusion. Although the p value was not significant, the confidence interval showed a nonsignificant trend toward benefit. However, this trend might have been due to publication bias.

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Objective: This meta-analysis aims to assess whether elevated De Ritis ratio is associated with poor prognosis in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, and EuropePMC databases up until September 17, 2021. De Ritis ratio is also known as Aspartate aminotransferase/alanine transaminase (AST/ALT) ratio. The main outcome was poor prognosis, a composite of mortality, severity, the need for ICU care, and intubation. The effect measure was odds ratios (ORs) and mean differences. We generated sensitivity and specificity, negative and positive likelihood ratio (NLR and PLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under curve (AUC). Results: There were eight studies with 4,606 patients. De Ritis ratio was elevated in 44% of the patients. Patients with poor prognosis have higher De Ritis ratio [mean difference 0.41 (0.31, 0.50), p < 0.001; I 2: 81.0%] and subgroup analysis showed that non-survivors also have higher De Ritis Ratio [mean difference 0.47 (0.46, 0.48), p < 0.001; I 2: 0%]. Elevated De Ritis ratio was associated with poor prognosis [OR 3.28 (2.39, 4.52), p < 0.001; I 2: 35.8%]. It has a sensitivity of 55% (36-73), specificity of 71% (52-85), PLR 1.9, NLR.63, DOR of 3 (2-4), and AUC of.67 (0.63-0.71). The posterior probability of poor prognosis was 38% if De Ritis is elevated, while 17% if De Ritis is not elevated. Conclusion: Elevated De Ritis ratio is associated with poor prognosis in patients with COVID-19. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42020216634.

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INTRODUCTION: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) endorsed clinical frailty scale (CFS) to help with decision-making. However, this recommendation lacks an evidence basis and is controversial. This meta-analysis aims to quantify the dose-response relationship between CFS and mortality in COVID-19 patients, with a goal of supplementing the evidence of its use. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search from several electronic databases up until 8 September 2020. We searched for studies investigating COVID-19 patients and reported both (1) CFS and its distribution (2) CFS and its association with mortality. The outcome of interest was mortality, defined as clinically validated death or non-survivor. The odds ratio (ORs) will be reported per 1% increase in CFS. The potential for a non-linear relationship based on ORs of each quantitative CFS was examined using restricted cubic splines with a three-knots model. RESULTS: There were a total of 3817 patients from seven studies. Mean age was 80.3 (SD 8.2), and 53% (48-58%) were males. The pooled prevalence for CFS 1-3 was 34% (32-36%), CFS 4-6 was 42% (40-45%), and CFS 7-9 was 23% (21-25%). Each 1-point increase in CFS was associated with 12% increase in mortality (OR 1.12 (1.04, 1.20), p = 0.003; I2: 77.3%). The dose-response relationship was linear (Pnon-linearity=0.116). The funnel-plot analysis was asymmetrical; Trim-and-fill analysis by the imputation of two studies on the left side resulted in OR of 1.10 [1.03, 1.19]. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis showed that increase in CFS was associated with increase in mortality in a linear fashion.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and new onset renal replacement therapy (RRT) with the outcome of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients. METHODOLOGY: A systematic literature search from several databases was performed on studies that assessed CKD, use of RRT, and the outcome of COVID-19. The composite of poor outcome consisted of mortality, severe COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), need for intensive care, and use of mechanical ventilator. RESULTS: Nineteen studies with a total of 7216 patients were included. CKD was associated with increased composite poor outcome (RR 2.63 [1.33, 5.17], P = .03; I 2 = 51%, P = .01) and its subgroup, consisting of mortality (RR 3.47 [1.36, 8.86], P = .009; I 2 = 14%, P = .32) and severe COVID-19 (RR 2.89 [0.98, 8.46], P = .05; I 2 = 57%, P = .04). RRT was associated with increased composite poor outcome (RR 18.04 [4.44, 73.25], P < .001; I 2 = 87%, P < .001), including mortality (RR 26.02 [5.01, 135.13], P < .001; I 2 = 60%, P = .06), severe COVID-19 (RR 12.95 [1.93, 86.82], P = .008; I 2 = 81%, P < .001), intensive care (IC) (RR 14.22 [1.76, 114.62], P < .01; I 2 = 0%, P < .98), and use of mechanical ventilator (RR 34.39 [4.63, 255.51], P < .0005). CONCLUSION: CKD and new-onset RRT were associated with poor outcome in patients with COVID-19.

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BACKGROUND: and Aims; To investigate the association between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) and outcomes of hypertensive COVID-19 patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, EuropePMC, ProQuest, and Cochrane Central Databases using the terms "(COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2) AND (angiotensin converting enzyme OR angiotensin receptor blocker)". The primary and second outcomes were mortality (non-survivor) and severe COVID-19, respectively. RESULTS: Totally, 7410 patients were included from 15 studies. Pooled analysis showed that the use of ACEI/ARB was not associated with mortality (OR 0.73 [0.38, 1.40], p = 0.34; I2: 81%) and severity (OR 1.03 [0.73, 1.45], p = 0.87; I2: 65%). Pooled adjusted OR showed no risk/benefit associated with ACEI/ARB use in terms of mortality (OR 0.83 [0.54, 1.27], p = 0.38; I2: 0%). Subgroup analysis showed that the use of ARB was associated with reduced mortality (OR 0.51 [0.29, 0.90], p = 0.02; I2: 22%) but not ACEI subgroup (OR 0.68 [0.39, 1.17], p = 0.16; I2: 0%). Meta-regression showed that the association between ACEI/ARB use and mortality in patients with COVID-19 do not varies by gender (p = 0.104). GRADE showed a very low certainty of evidence for effect of ACEI/ARB on mortality and severity. The certainty of evidence was very low for both ACEI and ARB subgroups. CONCLUSION: Administration of a renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitor, was not associated with increased mortality or severity of COVID-19 in patients with hypertension. Specifically, ARB and not ACEI use, was associated with lower mortality.

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OBJECTIVES: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and mortality in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: Systematic literature search from several electronic databases were performed. The outcome was mortality (non-survivor) in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. NT-proBNP data were in continuous variable (pg/mL), dichotomous data (elevated/non-elevated) and effect estimate adjusted to cardiac injury/elevated biomarkers of cardiac injury. RESULTS: A total of 967 patients from six studies were included in this analysis. NT-proBNP was higher in non-survivor group (standardised mean difference 0.75 (0.44, 1.07), p<0.001; I2: 61%). Elevated NT-proBNP was associated with increased mortality (RR 3.63 (92.21, 5.95), p<0.001; I2: 60%). Sensitivity analysis by removing a study reduces heterogeneity (risk ratio 3.47 (2.36, 5.11), p<0.001; I2: 49%). Pooled adjusted HR (adjusted to cardiac injury/elevated biomarkers of cardiac injury) showed that elevated NT-proBNP was independently associated with mortality (HR 1.37 (1.19, 1.57), p<0.001; I2: 0%, p=0.77). Pooled analysis of multiple cut-off point resulted in a sensitivity of 76% (46%-92%) and specificity of 88% (71%-96%). Summary receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrates an area under curve of 0.90 (0.87-0.93). Elevated NT-proBNP has a likelihood ratio (LR) +6.4 and LR -0.3. CONCLUSION: Elevated NT-proBNP level was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 pneumonia.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between hypertension and outcome in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search from several databases on studies that assess hypertension and outcome in COVID-19. Composite of poor outcome, comprising of mortality, severe COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), need for intensive care unit (ICU) care and disease progression were the outcomes of interest. RESULTS: A total of 6560 patients were pooled from 30 studies. Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome (risk ratio (RR) 2.11 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.85, 2.40), p < 0.001; I2, 44%) and its sub-group, including mortality (RR 2.21 (1.74, 2.81), p < 0.001; I2, 66%), severe COVID-19 (RR 2.04 (1.69, 2.47), p < 0.001; I2 31%), ARDS (RR 1.64 (1.11, 2.43), p = 0.01; I2,0%, p = 0.35), ICU care (RR 2.11 (1.34, 3.33), p = 0.001; I2 18%, p = 0.30), and disease progression (RR 3.01 (1.51, 5.99), p = 0.002; I2 0%, p = 0.55). Meta-regression analysis showed that gender (p = 0.013) was a covariate that affects the association. The association was stronger in studies with a percentage of males < 55% compared to ⩾ 55% (RR 2.32 v. RR 1.79). CONCLUSION: Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.

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OBJECTIVE: The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains high despite the use of low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and compression stocking (CS). We aimed to evaluate the use of IPC as VTE prophylaxis in neurosurgical patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted meta-analysis to assess the use of IPC as VTE prophylaxis in neurosurgical patients from several databases. RESULTS: There was a total of 7.515 subjects from 5 studies. Reduction in VTE incidence was demonstrated by the IPC group (OR 0.40 [0.31, 0.52], p < 0.001; I2: 44 %). IPC was shown to reduce the incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (OR 0.43 [0.32, 0.57], p < 0.001; I2: 0 %) compared to the control group. Incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) was lower (OR 0.42 [0.25, 0.70], p < 0.001; I2: 80 %) in IPC. Upon sensitivity analysis, PE was significantly lower in IPC (OR 0.24 [0.13, 0.45], p < 0.001; I2: 0 %). Subgroup analysis on patients undergoing neurosurgical intervention (operation) and receiving LMWH + CS shows a markedly reduced incidence of VTE (OR 0.37 [0.28, 0.50], p < 0.001; I2: 3 %), DVT (OR 0.39 [0.28, 0.54], p < 0.001; I2: 0 %), and PE (OR 0.22 [0.11, 0.43], p < 0.001; I2: 0 %) in IPC. CONCLUSION: Intermittent pneumatic compression was associated with less VTE in neurosurgical patients, especially in those who received neurosurgical interventions, however, the certainty of evidence remained inadequate for creating a strong recommendation and further randomized controlled trials are needed before drawing a definite conclusion.

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BACKGROUND: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We aimed to assess the latest evidence on the effect of nicorandil on the incidence of CIN in patients undergoing CAG/PCI. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive search on topics that assessed nicorandil and CIN in CAG/PCI patients from inception up until November 2019 through several electronic databases. RESULTS: There were a total of 1532 subjects from 7 randomized controlled trials. Nicorandil was associated with decrease CIN incidence (OR 0.31 [0.20, 0.46], p < 0.001; I2: 0%). Funnel plot was asymmetrical, indicating the risk of publication bias. Oral administration (OR 0.29 [0.18, 0.46], p < 0.001; I2: 0%) has a greater efficacy compared to intravenous route (OR 0.40 [0.17, 0.93], p < 0.001; I2: 73%). Pooled analysis of adjusted OR revealed that nicorandil reduced CIN incidence independent to other factors in the respective studies (OR 0.34 [0.16, 0.74], p = 0.006, I2: 75%). Protection against CIN (OR 0.37 [0.22, 0.61], p < 0.001; I2: 22%) was also demonstrated in renal dysfunction subgroup, pooled adjusted OR showed that the effect is independent (OR 0.30 [0.10, 0.90], p = 0.03, I2: 86%). GRADE assessment showed moderate level of certainty for the CIN reducing effect of nicorandil in both unadjusted and adjusted models with an absolute reduction of 85 per 1000 and 87 per 1000. Harbord test showed no evidence of small-study effects (p = 0.866). CONCLUSION: Nicorandil is associated with a lower risk of CIN in patients undergoing CAG/PCI with a moderate level of certainty.

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