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Excess body weight has been causally linked to an increased risk of different cancer types, including gastric cancer but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are not well understood. Superoxide generation rate, activity of complex I in electron transport chain of mitochondria, activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and 9) of adipose tissues (AT) of patients with gastric cancer in AT located adjacent to tumor (ATAT) and at a distance of 3 cm (ATD) are measured to follow the connection of the redox state with some of the microenvironment indicators (HIF-1α, CD68, Plin5), body mass index (BMI) and cancer metastasis. Superoxide generation rate in ATAT positively correlates with BMI (r = 0.59, p < 0.05) being 4 times higher than in control (p < 0.05). MMP-2, 9 activities in ATAT positively correlate with BMI (r = 0.67, p < 0.05) being 3.3-4.0 higher than in control (p < 0.05). In ATD a statistically significant increase of MMP-2 activity is found. In ATAT for the group of patients with distant metastasis (M1) the superoxide generation rate, MMP-2, 9 activities are about 2 times higher (p < 0.05) than in the subgroup without distant metastases (M0). M1 is also characterized by the increased values of HIF-1α+ (factor 1.25), CD68+ (factor 1.4) and Plin5+ (factor 2.1) compared to M0 category in tumor tissues (p < 0.05). The results can be used for better understanding the mechanism(s) of symbiosis of tumor and adipose tissues as well as serve as a basis for new therapeutic approaches.

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Excess body weight has been causally linked to an increased risk of different cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC) but the mechanisms underlying this association are practically unknown. We investigate redox state-superoxide (SO) generation rate, activity of complex I in electron transport chain (ETC) of mitochondria and of dinitrosyl iron complexes by electron paramagnetic resonance; activity of matrix metalloproteinase (gelatinase) MMP-2 and MMP-9 by gel zymography of adipose tissues (AT) from 46 patients (64.0 ± 1.6 y.o.) with CRC (II-III stages, pT2-3N0-2M0) in the AT adjacent to tumor (ATAT) and at a distance of 3 cm from the tumor (ATD) to follow the connection of the AT redox state with some of the tumor microenvironment indicators. We have incubated the AT species with the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) to follow its influence on the measured values. As a control, normal AT (NAT) obtained during the liposuction is used. Tumor-induced changes in mitochondrial ETC of ATAT, particularly for Complex I, lead to the enhanced SO generation and consequent oxidative modifications of DNA in ATAT (up to 6.1 times higher than that in NAT and 3.7 times higher than that in ATD, p < 0.05). Gelatinase activity in ATAT is significantly higher than in ATD. A considerable effect of TNF-α on ATAT and ATD (but not on NAT, i.e., only on the tissues where the reprogramming of metabolism has already occurred under the influence of tumor) manifested in increase of cellular hypoxia, gelatinase activity, and SO generation rate is observed. The results can be used for better understanding the mechanism(s) of metabolic symbiosis of tumor and AT as well as serving as a basis for new therapeutic approaches.

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Experimental and clinical studies have shown that a skeletal trauma causes a whole complex of pathophysiological disorders, both local and systemic. The main factors determining the severity of the trauma, as well as the nature of the course of the post-traumatic period, are the degree of hypoxia (acidosis), hypercoagulation and immune disorders. To influence these pathophysiological disorders in the patients presenting the with skeletal traumas, various approaches have been proposed, including the use of antihypoxants and antioxidants, the methods and means for the stimulation and support of the immune system, medications to regulate hemostasis. According to the literature publications, terahertz-frequency therapy is presently regarded as a promising method the minimally invasive interference in the metabolic processes proceeding in the tissues of the musculoskeletal system. The analysis of the literature data and clinical observations indicate that electromagnetic waves of the terahertz range are efficient in the treatment of many chronic diseases when applied both as monotherapy and in combination with other physical methods and medications strengthening and consolidating the therapeutic effect of the latter. The electromagnetic waves of the terahertz range are currently used in medicine as a biophysical factor for the correction of the microcirculatory disorders. It has been shown that the use of these waves for the combined restorative treatment of the patients suffering fractures of the limb bones not only improves the dynamics of fracture consolidation symptoms but also contributes to the prevention of posttraumatic complications (thrombosis, ossification of soft tissues). However, the experience with the application of the electromagnetic waves of the terahertz range waves in clinical traumatology and orthopedics is rather modest. The analysis of the results of fundamental research and experience with the application of electromagnetic waves in the terahertz range has shown that the systemic effects produced by the waves of this range promote the correction of such pathophysiological disorders as hypoxia, hypercoagulation, and impaired immunity. Given that these disorders develop during the post-traumatic period in the patients presenting with severe multiple and combined traumas, it can be assumed that the use of electromagnetic waves of the terahertz range for the the combined treatment of these patients provides a very promising tool for the stimulation of the reparative processes especially bearing in mind that the first results described in the literature, look quite optimistic. The investigation into the mechanisms regulating the regenerative capacity of connective tissue, the creation of the scientifically-sound foundations for its management with the help of the modern electronics devices is a promising task for the developers of the new biomedical technologies.

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A role of pro- and antioxidants for reducing rectal cancer (RC) incidence in operative, preoperative, and postoperative treatments is still disputable and controversial. The redox state of venous blood and tissues of blood vessels of 60 patients with RC (T2-4N0-2M0G2) and 20 donors is studied by means of the conventional and spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The intensity of the signals from ceruloplasmin (CP), transferrin (TF), and labile iron pool (LIP) at temperature T = 77 K as well as superoxide generation rate and nitric oxide (NO) levels at T = 300 K is measured. The reduced CP and TF activity and decreased NO levels increased LIP levels and superoxide-generating rates are detected in blood species. Correlation analysis for the five-year survival rate as a function of the extracted values is done. The results show that the intensities of the corresponding EPR signals from the "native" and "trapped" paramagnetic centers can be potentially used for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the RC progression and treatment.

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AIM: To study the redox-dependent mechanism of antiradical, antitumor and antimetastatic action of L-arginine hydrochloride (L-Arg) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed on С(57)Вl mice with transplanted Lewis lung carcinoma treated by intraperitoneal injections of L-Arg at low or high doses (60 and 360 mg/kg body weight), CoQ10 (0.2 and 1.2 mg/kg body weight) or their combinations. Electron paramagnetic resonance was applied for analysis of mitochondrial electron transport chain, СoQ10 levels, free iron (FI), the level of NO, and the rate of superoxide radical generation. The activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 in tumor tissue was determined by zymography method in polyacrylamide gel. RESULTS: Administration of L-Arg at high doses caused an inhibition of tumor growth by 48 ± 8.0%, increase of superoxide radical generation rate and NO levels to a value of 1.23 ± 0.14 and 2.26 ± 0.31 nm/g tissue · min, and decreased activity of MMP-2 and -9 (3.55 ± 0.8 and 4.8 ± 1.0 r.u., respectively). Treatment with L-Arg at low doses stimulated tumor growth and increased the levels of MMP-2 and -9 activities (8.44 ± 2.7 and 9.8 ± 3.1 r.u., respectively). Administration of СoQ10 at high doses significantly decreased superoxide radical generation rate to the values of 0.44 ± 0.09 nm/g tissue · min, levels of free iron and NO, and caused tumor growth inhibition by 54 ± 11.3%. The combined use of L-Arg and СoQ10 at high doses caused tumor growth inhibition by 51 ± 7.4% compared to Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing untreated animals (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of L-Arg and СoQ10 caused the dose-dependent effect on the rate of generation of superoxide radicals, level of ubisemyquinone, complexes NOFeS-proteins, levels of FI and NO. L-Arg at low doses positively modulated MMP-9 activity that promoted tumor progression. Upon combined use of L-Arg and СoQ10, superoxide radicals and NO form the redox state that causes decrease of MMP-2, -9 activities with consequent inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis.

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AIM: To investigate the changes of redox-state of mammalian brain cells as the critical factor of initiation and formation of radiation damage of biological structures in setting of continuous exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation or fractionated ultra high frequency electromagnetic radiation (UHF EMR) at non-thermal levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The influence of low-intensity ionizing radiation was studied on outbred female rats kept for 1.5 years in the Chernobyl accident zone. The effects of total EMR in the UHF band of non-thermal spectrum were investigated on Wistar rats. The rate of formation of superoxide radicals and the rate of NO synthesis in mitochondria were determined by the EPR. RESULTS: After exposure to ionizing or UHF radiation, the levels of ubisemiquinone in brain tissue of rats decreased by 3 and 1.8 times, respectively. The content of NO-FeS-protein complexes in both groups increased significantly (р < 0.05). In the conditions of ionizing or EMR the rates of superoxide radical generation in electron-transport chain of brain cell mitochondria increased by 1.5- and 2-fold, respectively (р < 0.05). In brain tissue of rats kept in the Chernobyl zone, significant increase of NO content was registered; similar effect was observed in rats treated with UHFR (р < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The detected changes in the electron transport chain of mitochondria of brain cells upon low-intensity irradiation or UHF EMR cause the metabolic reprogramming of cell mitochondria that increases the rate of superoxide radical generation and nitric oxide, which may initiate the development of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "The Chornobyl Nuclear Accident: Thirty Years After".

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The closed injury of chest with the breaks of edges is the vital problem of traumatology, anesthesiology and resuscitation For the change to conservative treatment with the aid of mechanical ventilation of lungs today come the methods of surgical fixation with the closed injury of chest. The conducted investigation showed the clinical and economic expediency of introducing the method of active surgical tactics.

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AIM: Long-term exposure of humans to low intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) leads to a statistically significant increase in tumor incidence. Mechanisms of such the effects are unclear, but features of oxidative stress in living cells under RF-EMR exposure were previously reported. Our study aims to assess a production of initial free radical species, which lead to oxidative stress in the cell. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Embryos of Japanese quails were exposed in ovo to extremely low intensity RF-EMR of GSM 900 MHz (0.25 µW/cm2) during 158-360 h discontinuously (48 c - ON, 12 c - OFF) before and in the initial stages of development. The levels of superoxide (O2·-), nitrogen oxide (NO·), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) and antioxidant enzymes' activities were assessed in cells/tissues of 38-h, 5- and 10-day RF-EMR exposed and unexposed embryos. RESULTS: The exposure resulted in a significant persistent overproduction of superoxide and nitrogen oxide in embryo cells during all period of analyses. As a result, significantly increased levels of TBARS and 8-oxo-dG followed by significantly decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were developed in the exposed embryo cells. CONCLUSION: Exposure of developing quail embryos to extremely low intensity RF-EMR of GSM 900 MHz during at least one hundred and fifty-eight hours leads to a significant overproduction of free radicals/reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage of DNA in embryo cells. These oxidative changes may lead to pathologies up to oncogenic transformation of cells.

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To study the mechanism of interaction of tumor cells with bone marrow cells continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments at 9 GHz including a spin trapping of superoxide were carried out. The common features of the EPR spectra in healthy and tumor affected tissues of donors and rats as well as their difference are presented and discussed. It is proposed that labile iron pool plays a significant role in mechanisms of tumor invasion. We hope that the observed EPR features could be used to study the mechanisms of invasion and progression of tumor in different organs.

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UNLABELLED: It is proposed to use the novel paradigm of treating cancer with hyperthermic therapy using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) stimulated with near infrared (NIR) irradiation. AIM: To establish the capacity of MWCNT stimulated with NIR irradiation to destroy Erlich ascitic carcinoma (EAC) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: EAC cells suspension was irradiated with NIR heating lamp with a wavelength of 0.78-1.40 mm and power density of 3.5 W/cm2 over 1.5 min in the presence of MWCNT (0.1 mg/ml). The changes in the temperature of suspension with the NIR exposure time was measured using the differential cooper-constantan thermocouple. The viability of EAC cells was evaluated by trypan blue staining. RESULTS: The death of 95.2% of EAC cells in the presence of MWCNT was observed after 1.5 min of NIR light irradiation: thermal ablation temperature was approximately 50 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: It was demonstrated that addition of MWCNT to EAC cell suspension results in the photo-ablative destruction of cells exposed to short time NIR irradiation.

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The investigation of soil microbial cenoses in cultivated catenas and in virgin soils at the foot of catenas showed that the structure of these microbiocenoses depends on the type of the vegetation cover, the characteristics of mesorelief, and the degree of soil tillage. The microbiocenoses were found to be dominated by the fungal mycelium. The proportion of bacteria and fungal spores was higher and the seasonal variations in the soil microbial communities were more distinct in the cultivated than in the virgin swamp and forest soils. The type of mesorelief was found to appreciably influence microbial populations in the top humus-rich horizons of the cultivated soils and not in the mineral soil horizons.

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One of the two putative groups of antiadhesions was identified in Pseudomonas fluorescens by the method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A mixture of high-molecular unbranched hydrocarbons (HC) with a chain length from 21 to 33 carbon atoms reduced cell adhesion to a glass surface. These HC accumulated in the culture liquid to a total concentration of 10-15 micrograms/l; the concentrations of individual HC ranged from 0.1 to 3.0 micrograms/l. After the addition of individual HC to the bacterial culture, the number of cells attached to the glass surface decreased. This decrease in cell adhesion was due to the enhanced aggregation of the bacterial cells, which promoted mechanical (hydrodynamic) cell detachment from the surface.

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Allozyme variability in 37 strains of soil bacilli related to Bacillus subtilis was studied. A study of electrophoretic mobility of corresponding enzymes showed that, with one exception the strains did not differ essentially from the standard strain Bacillus subtilis 168 Marburg, in accordance with the results on electrophoretic mobility of corresponding enzymes. However, considerable genetic diversity was revealed at the intraspecific level in the population of bacilli under study. Of the 8 isoenzyme loci, 7 were polymorphic, and the average number of alleles per locus was 3.14. The extent of genetic diversity and the Nei's genetic distance were, on average 0.28 and 0.46, respectively. Significant correlation (r = 0.836) between the value of genetic distance and the level of the DNA-DNA hybridization of the strains was demonstrated.

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Conjugative transfer of plasmid RP4 between populations of azospirilla and between Escherichia coli and Azospirillum brasilense in nonsterile soil has been investigated. The process of genetic exchange was realized at the early stages of interpopulational interactions, further on the process intensity was obviously rather low. Population dynamics of azospirilla transconjugates in soil depends on the presence or the absence of additional food substrate.

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The conjugative transfer of RP4 plasmid from Escherichia coli to Azospirillum brasilense was detected after introduction and subsequent incubation of these microorganisms in soil. The plasmid transfer via transformation from Escherichia coli to Bacillus subtilis was observed in case both bacteria were growing together in sand containing sucrose solution. The possible reason for low frequency interspecies plasmid transformation under conditions close to natural habitats is poor survival of "domesticated" rather than wild type Bacillus subtilis strains and lack of competence state in this case.

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The electrophysiological aspects of the pathogenesis of Kozhevnikov's epilepsy associated with tick-borne encephalitis were investigated. The study involved computerization of 114 scalp EEGs obtained from patients with this form of epilepsy who were observed in the Primorye Territory. In order to receive control data, the analogous methods were used in processing EEGs of healthy age-matched subjects and also of patients with petit mal epilepsy and with Jackson's epilepsy. The computerized analysis was carried out by means of the image recognition method. The results of this study revealed distinctive features in the nature of the spectrograms of the test subjects and showed that apart from the dependence of the power spectra on the severity of the clinical manifestations of the disease, there are some elements of homogeneity between the spectrograms of patients suffering from Kozhewnikov's epilepsy and petit mal epilepsy. This similarity appears to suggest the sommon level of the localization of the pathological impulsation foci in the patients of both groups, with objective findings supporting this assumption.

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