RESUMEN

Environmental wealth is the main basis of the social, cultural and economic development of a country, but if there is an absence of the valuation of these natural resources, it can lead to a disproportionate usufruct that causes the deterioration of the ecosystem and even collateral effects of human health. This research aimed to know the total economic value of the ecosystem of the high Andean water basin tributary of the Chumbao River, located between 2000 to 4800 meters above sea level belonging to the province of Andahuaylas, Apurimac region in Perú. The valuation procedure consisted of using the analytical method of multicriteria valuation applying the concept of Total Economic Value, which involved direct and indirect uses related to environmental assets, in which a collective panel of people from different training disciplines (experts) participated, which were made up of researchers, engineers, public officials, farmers and ecologists who had extensive knowledge about the environmental asset. of the geographical area in reference; and once the paired comparison survey was done, the total economic value was quantified up to three amounts, so the respondents were formed into three statistically significant segments (SIG<0.05). The cluster (1): assigned a weighting that quantifies to an economic value of USS 4,359,179,489.46; followed by cluster (2): an intermediate value of USS 4,029,902,444.41 and cluster (3): assigned a lower value to USS 774,163,167.16. Thus, it follows that, on average, 51.78% equals value in use and 48.21% equals value in non-use, respectively. This value expressed as an interval reflects the environmental ethical positions of the groups and makes available as an indicator to government authorities and society in order to exercise actions of environmental sustainability high andean.

Asunto(s)

Ecosistema , Ríos , Humanos , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos

RESUMEN

The aim of the work was to analyze the susceptibility of the placental syncytiotrophoblast (STB) and cytotrophoblast (CTB) cells to infection by the causal agent of congenital Chagas' disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, and the possible parasite route for placental invasion. Monolayers of CTB and STB and VERO as control cells were used. The infection of STB was significantly lower that of the CTB and Vero cells (p < 0.05) which coincided with a significantly increased mortality of parasite cells in the culture medium and trypanocidal levels of nitric oxide. We conclude that the syncytiotrophoblast, the first placental barrier, is the main barrier of the chorionic villous that limits the infection by T. cruzi. This work opens the possibility of a new mechanism for placental infection when there are discontinuities in the first placental barrier.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedad de Chagas/parasitología , Trofoblastos/parasitología , Trypanosoma cruzi/fisiología , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Enfermedad de Chagas/congénito , Enfermedad de Chagas/patología , Enfermedad de Chagas/transmisión , Chlorocebus aethiops , Medios de Cultivo Condicionados/metabolismo , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Femenino , Humanos , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Embarazo , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/parasitología , Trofoblastos/citología , Trofoblastos/patología , Trypanosoma cruzi/crecimiento & desarrollo , Trypanosoma cruzi/aislamiento & purificación , Células Vero

RESUMEN

Biochemical and structural modifications were investigated in axenic cultured Trypanosoma cruzi after treatment with gangliosides. Fluorescence anisotropy showed dose dependent increments in parasite membranes of ganglioside treated epimastigotes. NADP-GDH activity increased in parasites treated at day 4 (13%), 7 (137.2%), and 14 (28.50%) while NAD-MDH but decreased from day 7 to 21 (-5.74%, -32.22%, -27.92%). Treated parasites presented electron-lucent vacuoles opposite to the cytostoma, multilamellar bodies and dilated mitochondrion cristae, disorganized kinetoplast and altered heterochromatin structure. Gangliosides inhibited fusogenic ability (80%) and PLA2 activity (>75%) from the parasite. The same occurred with anti-PLA2 antibodies. Trypomastigotes suffered loss of cytoplasmic material and organelles when GM1 was present in culture medium. We propose that exogenous gangliosides produced: altered lipid order, inhibited membrane enzymes, the parasite energy source shifted from glucose to amino acids, ending on a structural transformation which signals parasite cell death.

Asunto(s)

Gangliósidos/farmacología , Trypanosoma cruzi/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Rastreo Diferencial de Calorimetría , Adhesión Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Membrana Celular/química , Membrana Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Chlorocebus aethiops , Glutamato Deshidrogenasa (NADP+)/análisis , Malato Deshidrogenasa/análisis , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Proteínas Protozoarias/análisis , Proteínas Protozoarias/química , Radiometría , Trypanosoma cruzi/fisiología , Trypanosoma cruzi/ultraestructura , Células Vero , Viscosidad/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

UNLABELLED: We hypothesize that a sustained infection of Trypanosoma cruzi into placental tissue might be diminished. Human placental chorionic villi and VERO cells as controls were co-cultured with T. cruzi. Parasites occupied 0.0137% at 3h, 0.0224% (24h), and 0.0572% (72 h) of the total chorionic villi area analyzed and some few placental samples were negative to parasite DNA, whereas 52% of VERO cells were infected at 3h and parasites occupied 0.57%, at 24h the parasite area was of 2.78% and at 72 h was of 3.32%. There were no live parasites in placenta-T. cruzi culture media at 72 h of co-culture. There were significantly increased dead parasites when T. cruzi was treated with unheated culture media coming from placental explants and fewer dead parasites when pre-heated culture media were employed. CONCLUSION: Low productive infection by T. cruzi into placental tissue associated with no viable parasites in the culture media partially due to placental thermo labile substances.

Asunto(s)

Vellosidades Coriónicas/parasitología , Trypanosoma cruzi/fisiología , Animales , Enfermedad de Chagas/transmisión , Chlorocebus aethiops , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Femenino , Humanos , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Ratones , Microscopía Electrónica , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Embarazo , Técnicas de Cultivo de Tejidos , Trypanosoma cruzi/ultraestructura , Células Vero

RESUMEN

Objetivo: Analizar la experiencia de la Unidad de Tumores Mamarios y Radioterapia del Servicio de Oncología del Hospital General de México en el manejo del cáncer mamario con cirugía conservadora. Diseñoo: Estudio clínico, retrospectivo, no comparativo. Pacientes y métodos: Se revisaron los pacientes sometidos a cirugía conservadora y radioterapia en el periodo comprendido de enero de 1994 a junio de 1999, con diagnóstico de cáncer mamario etapa clínica 0, I, II, confirmado por citología o histología. Fueron excluidas aquellas pacientes con seguimiento menor a seis meses e información incompleta en el expediente. La actualización de datos se realizó por contacto telefónico o visita médica en consultorio. Resultados: Se realizaron 49 cirugías conservadoras de la mama; de éstas se excluyeron tres. Se presentaron dos recurrencias sistémicas al quinto año de seguimiento. El tiempo de seguimiento promedio fue de 26 meses. El intervalo libre de enfermedad promedio fue de 60 meses, y la supervivencia global a cinco años fue de 83 por ciento. Conclusiones: Los resultados de estos cinco años evaluados son al menos equivalentes a lo reportado en series con pacientes con estadios clínicos similares tratados con mastectomía. El resultado cosmético fue de bueno a excelente en el 83 por ciento de los casos.

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias de la Mama , Mastectomía Segmentaria , Recurrencia , Neoplasias de la Mama

RESUMEN

The structure and protective activity of tetanus antibodies elicited in rabbits after whole-cell pertussis diphtheria-tetanus vaccine (DTPw) vaccination was studied. ELISA antibody levels and toxin neutralisation activity (TNT) were measured in individual serum samples. The ratio of symmetric and asymmetric (functionally monovalent) IgG molecules was determined by concanavalin A (Con A) chromatography. This test is based on the fact that the carbohydrate group responsible for the molecular asymmetry has high affinity for the lectin Con A. Asymmetric molecule ratio was observed to increase with immunisation time, as well as differences between TNT and ELISA levels. All serum samples were overestimated by ELISA as compared to TNT assay, in line with the markedly higher proportion of asymmetric molecules which have lower toxin neutralising activity. Protective levels could not be predicted reasonably from ELISA results below 0. 222 IU/ml, because this methodology fails to discriminate between both types of antibodies and only an in vivo serum neutralisation procedure (TNT) reflects the true neutralising serum activity.

Asunto(s)

Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/análisis , Toxina Tetánica/inmunología , Animales , Vacuna contra Difteria, Tétanos y Tos Ferina/inmunología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Fragmentos Fab de Inmunoglobulinas/inmunología , Pruebas de Neutralización , Conejos

RESUMEN

This paper discusses the effect that high altitudes have on iron metabolism and summarizes the results of an iron-folate supplementation trial. The two main objectives of the trial were to determine hemoglobin cut-off values for the diagnosis of anemia in Bolivian women of childbearing age living at high altitudes, and to estimate the prevalence of anemia in this population. The study showed that nutritional anemia is an important public health problem in such populations and that many methods of assessing it lead to an underestimation of prevalence. The cut-off values defined through this study, one of the few iron supplementation trials conducted at high altitudes, confirm the need to establish revised hemoglobin values for the diagnosis of anemia in populations living at high altitudes.

Asunto(s)

Altitud , Anemia Ferropénica/tratamiento farmacológico , Anemia Ferropénica/epidemiología , Ácido Fólico/uso terapéutico , Hierro/uso terapéutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Envejecimiento/sangre , Anemia Ferropénica/diagnóstico , Antropometría , Bolivia/epidemiología , Femenino , Ácido Fólico/administración & dosificación , Ácido Fólico/sangre , Alimentos Fortificados , Hemoglobinas/análisis , Humanos , Hierro/administración & dosificación , Hierro/sangre , Modelos Lineales , Estado Nutricional , Prevalencia , Salud Pública

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of a daily and a weekly iron supplementation on the hematological status of anemic children living at high altitude. DESIGN: Double blind iron supplementation trial including a placebo control group. SETTING: A socioeconomically disadvantaged district of La Paz, Bolivia (altitude of 4000 m). SUBJECTS: Anemic (hemoglobin concentration < or = 144 g/L), 3.3-8.3 y old children of both sexes. INTERVENTION: Children received a placebo (n = 57) or a dose of 3-4 mg of elemental iron per kg body weight (FeSO4 tablets) 1 d per week (n = 58) or 5 d per week (n = 58) for 16 weeks. RESULTS: Hemoglobin and zinc erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentrations improved significantly in supplemented groups but not in the placebo group. Changes in hemoglobin during the study were not significantly different between supplemented groups (weekly group: 15.2 +/- 6.9 g/L and daily group: 18.6 +/- 11.1 g/L) but were different from the placebo group (0.5 +/- 7.1 g/L, P < 0.001). At the end of the supplementation period, the hemoglobin distribution was Gaussian, and similar in both supplemented groups. Adjusting for the initial hemoglobin concentration, final hemoglobin and its changes were similar in both supplemented groups. CONCLUSION: Weekly iron supplementation is as efficacious as daily iron supplementation in improving iron status and correcting moderate iron deficiency anemia in Bolivian school children living at high altitude. SPONSORSHIP: Program supported in part by ORSTROM, the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Secretary's Office of Health, Bolivia.

Asunto(s)

Altitud , Hierro/administración & dosificación , Anemia Ferropénica/tratamiento farmacológico , Anemia Ferropénica/prevención & control , Bolivia , Niño , Preescolar , Método Doble Ciego , Eritrocitos/química , Femenino , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Placebos , Protoporfirinas/sangre , Zinc/sangre

RESUMEN

The nutrition of 57 native Bolivian boys living at high altitude (HA) in La Paz (+/- 4000 m) and of 63 boys living at low altitude (LA) in St. Cruz (+/- 400 m) is described. The dietary information was obtained with a 24-h recall method, by interviewing the child and mother. The food items are listed in household measures and weight if possible. All food items were converted into grams, and nutrients were calculated by using food composition tables of Latin America. The results show that the energy and nutrient intake of the HSES boys was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the intake of the LSES boys, at both altitudes. At HA the mean energy intake of the HSES boys was about 9.8 MJ per day (+/- 0.7); for the LSES boys an intake was found of 8.4 MJ per day (+/- 0.4). At LA the HSES boys had an energy intake of 10.7 MJ per day (+/- 0.6) and the LSES boys 7.7 MJ per day (+/- 0.3). The daily protein intake was in HAHSES boys 85 g (+/- 8), LAHSES 100 g (+/- 8), HALSES 60 g (+/- 4), and LALSES 52 g (+/- 3). In comparison with the recommended daily requirements the dietary intakes of the HSES boys seem too "rich," and of the LSES boys to some extent too "poor." These results are reflected in smaller body height and body weight of LSES boys and a higher fat mass in HSES boys irrespective of altitude.

Asunto(s)

Altitud , Fenómenos Fisiológicos de la Nutrición , Clase Social , Adulto , Bolivia , Niño , Dieta , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino

RESUMEN

This study describes habitual physical activity (HPA) of Bolivian boys living at different altitudes and from different socioeconomic status. The boys were living at high altitude (HA) in La Paz (4000 m) and at low altitude (LA) in Santa Cruz (400 m). At both altitudes samples of 10- to 12-year-old boys were chosen from a relatively low socioeconomic status (LSES) and a relatively high socioeconomic status (HSES). At HA 19 boys from LSES and 10 boys from HSES were measured and at LA 14 boys from LSES and 13 boys from HSES. HPA was measured by 24-h heart rate (HR) monitoring. Also an interview was completed to recall the HPA. By comparing the registered HR data with the time they were asleep the mean HR during sleep was calculated (HRsleep). The maximal HR (HRmax) was measured from a maximal exercise test on a bicycle ergometer. Heart rate reserve (HRR = HRmax-HRsleep) was used to measure the mean level of physical activity of the subjects. The results show that HRsleep (= HRrest) in HA boys with 70 (+/- 6) beats/min was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in LA boys with 77 (+/- 10) beats/min. HRmax was also significantly lower (p < 0.05) in HA boys (187 +/- 12 beats/min) compared to LA boys (195 +/- 8 beats/min). Because HA influences HRsleep and HRmax in the same way, HRR is not significantly different between boys of HA and LA. The mean heart rate over 24 h (HRmean) in HA boys (87 +/- 7 beats/min) was significantly lower than in LA boys (93 +/- 8 beats/min).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Asunto(s)

Altitud , Actividad Motora/fisiología , Clase Social , Constitución Corporal , Bolivia , Niño , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Monitoreo Fisiológico

RESUMEN

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional status of children based on anthropometric measurements, biochemical indicators of protein energy malnutrition as well as hematological variables. The subjects were 93 10- to 12-year-old Bolivian boys: 12 HAHSES, 28 HALSES, 36 LALSES, and 17 LALSES (see Introduction to this Supplement). The overall nutritional status of the boys was evaluated by anthropometric indicators (weight for age [W/A], height for age [H bd, and weight for height [W/H]). The biochemical indicators included proteins total, albumin, prealbumin, orosomucoid and protein C-reactive (for MPE) as well as hematocrit (Ht), hemoglobin (Hb), serum iron, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation (TS). The prevalence of growth retardation of LSES boys at HA as well as at LA was found to be high when the 3rd percentile was used as the cutoff point. The corresponding prealbumin levels were found to be lower in LSES than in HSES boys at both altitudes. The study shows that LSES boys at both altitudes have significantly lower prealbumin levels than HSES boys. The socioeconomic factor seems to be more critical for the nutritional status of prepubertal boys than altitude. The study also shows that all the boys had hematological parameters within normal range. The HA boys of both SES had higher hemoglobin concentration and hematocrits than the LA boys, a fact that is explained by high-altitude hypoxia. The hematological data do not provide evidence of malnutrition among the boys.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Hierro/sangre , Estado Nutricional , Altitud , Antropometría , Constitución Corporal , Bolivia , Niño , Humanos , Masculino